Kuyini i-biocenosis?
Ake sicabange ukuthi kunenkampani enkulu. Isebenzisa inqwaba yabantu. Futhi amakhompyutha, amaphrinta, izimoto neminye imishini nayo iyasebenza. Ngenxa yezenzo ezigcotshwe kahle, ukuhamba komsebenzi kuhamba njengokuhamba kwewashi. Indlela efanayo ikhona emvelweni.
Lesi sithombe sonke siwuchaza ngokusobala umqondo onjengokuthi i-biocenosis... Kuphela esikhundleni sabantu nemishini - izilwane, izitshalo, ngisho nezinto ezincane kakhulu nefungi. Futhi esikhundleni senkampani - indawo ekhethiwe yendawo ethile (enesimo sezulu esithile, izingxenye zenhlabathi).
Kungaba indawo encane kakhulu, isibonelo, isiphunzi esibolile, noma i-steppe enkulu. Ukuqhubeka nokufanisa, ake sithi wonke amakhompyutha akulesi sitshalo awekho esimeni. Kuzokwenzekani? - Umsebenzi uzoma.
Kuyafana ngokwemvelo - susa noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo emphakathini - futhi kuzoqala ukuwa. Ngemuva kwakho konke, wonke umuntu uyawenza umsebenzi wakhe, futhi kufana nokuthi bafaka isitini odongeni olufanayo. Inani lezinhlobo ezihlangene ku-biocenosis libizwa ngokuthi yi-biodiversity.
Igama elithi biocenosis livele ngekhulu le-19. Omunye usosayensi waseJalimane wayelandela eduze ukuziphatha kwama-bivalve molluscs. Ngemuva kokuchitha isikhathi esiningi kulo msebenzi, wabona ukuthi izingenamgogodla zihola impilo yomphakathi esebenzayo, zakha "umbuthano wezenhlalo": i-starfish, i-plankton, ama-coral.
Futhi abakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle komunye nomunye. Ngemuva kwakho konke, bonke laba "bangane" akuyona nje kuphela ukudla komunye nomunye, kepha futhi banegalelo empilweni ejwayelekile. Ngakho-ke futhi, i-biocenosis - lokhu ukuhlala kwabantu bezidalwa eziphilayo ezahlukene.
Inani labantu - iqembu lezinto eziphilayo zezinhlobo ezifanayo ezihlala endaweni efanayo. Kungaba ngumhlambi wezinyoni, umhlambi wezinyathi, umndeni wezimpisi. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuxhumana phakathi kwazo: ngenzuzo yeqembu ngalinye elisebenzisanayo, nomncintiswano. Kodwa-ke, kaningi, inyunyana enjalo inezinzuzo eziningi.
Futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, amathuba okusindisa impilo ezimweni eziyingozi ayanda. Ngemuva kwakho konke, omunye umuntu angaxwayisa ngengozi futhi ahlanganyele empini nomphikisi welungu lephakethe lakhe. Ngokuqondene nombango, le nto ikuvumela ukuthi ugcine inani elilungile labantu kusoseshini, uvimbele ukukhiqizwa okungalawulwa.
Isibalo sabantu ngasinye asinasiphithiphithi, sinesakhiwo esithile. Labo. isilinganiso sabantu ngokuya ngobulili, ubudala, ngokomzimba. amandla, nokuthi asatshalaliswa kanjani endaweni ekhethiwe.
Izinkomba zokuqala zesilinganiso sabesilisa nabesifazane zingu-1 kuye ku-1. Kodwa-ke, ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane ngesikhathi sokuphila, lesi silinganiso siyashintsha ngenxa yamaqiniso asebenza ngaphandle. Okufanayo kuya kumuntu.
Ekuqaleni, kufanele kube nabesilisa abaningi kunabesifazane, kepha-ke, ubulili obuqine budedengu kakhulu ngempilo yabo nangempilo yabo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngeminyaka yobuningi, izinombolo ziyalingana, futhi mancane kakhulu amadoda asebekhulile kunabesifazane.
Kukhona uphawu olukhethekile olwenza sikwazi ukuqonda ukuthi ukuqoqwa kwabantu ngabanye kubhekisa ngqo kubantu - amandla okugcina izinombolo zawo, ezikhona endaweni eyodwa, ngokuzala kuphela (kungamukelwa amalungu amasha eqenjini). Futhi manje okuningi mayelana nokuthi yini izingxenye ze-biocenosis:
- Izinto ezingaphili. Lokhu kubandakanya amanzi; izingxenye ezakha ukwakheka komoya kwamakhemikhali; usawoti wemvelaphi yamaminerali.
- Konke lokho kwenza isimo sezulu kule ndawo. Lapha sikhuluma ngezinkomba zokushisa; umoya uhlaziswe kanjani; futhi-ke, inani lokukhanya kwelanga.
- Okungokwemvelo. I-Chem. ihlanganiswe nekhabhoni (amaprotheni, amafutha, ama-carbohydrate).
- Izinto eziphilayo.
Endabeni yokugcina, kuneziqu ze-:
1. Abakhiqizi. Bangabavukuzi bamandla. Sikhuluma ngezitshalo okuthi, ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo, ziguqule imisebe yelanga ibe yizinto eziphilayo. Ngemuva kwalokho, amanye amalungu omphakathi ayakwazi ukuzuza “ngemikhiqizo” enjalo.
2. Ukusetshenziswa. Laba ngabathengi abafanayo, i.e. izilwane nezinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azondli kuphela ezitshalweni, kodwa futhi nasenyameni yomunye umuntu. Umuntu angabhekiswa futhi ngokuphepha lapha.
3. Abanciphisi. Ungakuvumeli ukuthi uguqule indawo ohlala kuyo ibe ngamathuna. Izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo esezivele zingasasebenzi, ngaphansi kwethonya lazo, zidlulela ezintweni ezilula kakhulu eziphilayo, noma ezintweni ezingaphili. Ingaphansi kwamandla amabhaktheriya kanye nesikhunta.
Ngasikhathi sinye, zonke izidalwa ezibumbene emphakathini kufanele zizizwe kahle ezimeni eziphakanyiswe ngu i-biotope (indawo ekhethiwe). Kulesi siqeshana somhlaba, amanzi, noma umoya, kumele bakwazi ukondla nokuzala. I-Biotope ne-biocenosis zihlangana ndawonye biogeocenosis... Akunakwenzeka ukungasho ukuthi yini ukwakheka kwe-biocenosis:
- Ingxenye ebaluleke kunazo zonke yenhlangano enjalo iqembu lezitshalo ezigcwele insimu. Kuya ngabo ukuthi "enye inkampani" izoba yini. Inyunyana yabo ibizwa ngokuthi phytocenosis... Futhi, njengomthetho, lapho kuphela khona imingcele ye-phytocenosis eyodwa, impahla yomphakathi wonke iyaphela.
Kukhona nezindawo ezithile zesikhashana (ngemuva kwakho konke, le mingcele ayibukhali), ikhethwe yigama ecotones... Isibonelo yi-step-steppe - indawo yokuhlangana yehlathi ne-steppe. Izingxenye ezivela kuyo yomibili imiphakathi engomakhelwane zingatholakala kulezi zindawo. Futhi-ke, ukugcwaliswa kwezinhlobo zazo kuphakeme kakhulu.
- I-Zoocenosis - lokhu sekuyingxenye yezilwane zomzimba owodwa omkhulu.
- Microcenosis - ingxenye yesithathu, equkethe amakhowe.
- Ingxenye yesine yi-microorganisms, ukubizwa kwabo kubizwa microbiocenosis.
Cishe, uvame ukuzwa umqondo onjengokuthi imvelo... Kodwa-ke, lokhu akufani neze ne-biocenosis, okuyisiqeshana nje sephazili enkulu emele uhlelo lwezinto eziphilayo.
Ayinayo imingcele echazwe ngokucacile izitshalo, kepha inezinto ezintathu: i-biocenosis + biotope + uhlelo lokuxhumana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo (njengesiduli, ipulazi, noma nedolobha lonke njengesibonelo). Ukuze i-biocenosis kanye ne-ecosystem izinto ezihlukile.
Izinhlobo ze-biocenosis
Cabanga ngalokhu izinhlobo biocenosis... Kunemigomo eminingi yokuthola iziqu. Enye yazo ngosayizi:
- Microbiocenosis. Lona umhlaba ohlukile, owenziwe esikalini sembali eyodwa, noma isiphunzi.
- I-Mesobiocenosis. Amafomu amakhulu, isibonelo, ixhaphozi, ihlathi.
- Macrobiocenosis. Izilwandle ezinkulu, izintaba, njll.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukuhlukaniswa okusekelwe ohlotsheni lwe-biocenosis: amanzi angenasawoti, olwandle nolwasemhlabeni.
Kodwa-ke, imvamisa sizwa imiqondo efana nale:
- Ngokwemvelo. Zakhiwa ngamaqembu asenziwe ngomumo ezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuphila. Ezinye izinhlobo zingashintshwa zifane nezinye ngaphandle kwemiphumela. Wonke amaqembu ayalingana emphakathini, ahlanganyele futhi akuvumele ukuthi kuhlale "kuntanta".
- Okwenziwe. Lokhu sekuvele kudaliwe komuntu (isikwele, i-aquarium). Phakathi kwazo kune-agrocenoses (eyakhelwe ukukhipha noma iyiphi inzuzo): amachibi, amadamu, amadlelo, izingadi zemifino. Ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka komdali wayo, umphakathi onjalo ungabhidlika. Kumele inakekelwe njalo ngokunisela nangokubhubhisa ukhula, isibonelo.
Isakhiwo se-Biocenosis
Okulandelayo, ake sikhulume ngokwenzekayo isakhiwo se-biocenosis:
- Izinhlobo zezinhlobo
Lokhu kusho ukwakheka kwekhwalithi yomphakathi, isb. yiziphi izinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuwo (izinhlobo ze-biocenosis). Ngokwemvelo, ezimweni ezivumayo zezidalwa eziningi, le nkomba izophakama kakhulu kunalapho kunzima ukuzwana khona.
Kuyindlala kakhulu ezingwadule nasezingxenyeni ezibandayo zase-Arctic. Ngakolunye uhlangothi - izindawo ezishisayo nezixhobo zamakhorali ezinabantu bazo abacebile. Emiphakathini emincane kakhulu kuzoba nezinhlobo ezimbalwa, kuyilapho kwemidala isibalo sezinhlobo singafinyelela izinkulungwane eziningana.
Kuwo wonke amalungu eqembu kukhona abaphezulu. iningi labo. Kungaba zombili izilwane (umqhele ofanayo wamakhorali) nezitshalo (i-oki grove). Kukhona nezinhlangano eziswele noma yiziphi izingxenye ze-biocenosis. Kepha lokhu akusho nakancane ukuthi umphakathi awunakubakhona, kungaba ngumgodi edwaleni, lapho kwakhiwa khona umhlaba ngaphandle kwezitshalo.
- Indawo
Lesi sikhathi, kusho ukuthi yiziphi izindiza zezinhlobo ezithile ezitholakala kuzo. Uma kukhulunywa nge mpo system, khona-ke ukwahlukaniswa kuya kuma-tiers. lapha kubalulekile ukuthi into ebhekwayo ibude buni. Ukucabangela ihlathi biocenosis, bese kuthi ubulembu nobulembu - ungqimba owodwa, utshani nokukhula okuncane - okunye, amahlamvu ezihlahlana - okunye, iziqongo zezihlahla eziphansi - okwesithathu, izihlahla ezinde - zesine. Njengoba zikhula, izihlahla ezincane zihlala endaweni ephezulu futhi zingashintsha ukwakheka kwe-biocenosis.
Ama-biocenoses nawo anezitezi ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ukuze ungashiywa ngaphandle kwezakhamzimba, uhlelo lwempande lwesitshalo ngasinye luzikhethela lona ukujula okuthile. Ngenxa yalokho, izimpande zisabalalisa izingqimba zenhlabathi phakathi kwazo. Kwenzeka okufanayo nasembusweni wezilwane. Izimpethu ezifanayo zenza imigudu yazo engaphansi komhlaba ekujuleni okuhlukile ukuze zinganqamuki futhi ziphazamisane nokuba khona komunye nomunye.
Kungokufanayo nangezilwane nezinyoni. ibanga eliphansi liyisiphephelo sezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ngenhla kunesiphephelo sezinambuzane nezilwane ezincelisayo. Izinyoni zihlala emazingeni aphakeme kakhulu. Ukwehlukaniswa okunjalo akuyona into engafani nezakhamuzi zamachibi. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlanzi, ama-molluscs nezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle nazo zihamba ngokhiye owodwa wendawo.
Kukhona olunye uhlobo lokuhlukaniswa kwesakhiwo se-biocenosis - evundlile... Ngokufanelekile, noma ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo endaweni yomphakathi owodwa akutholakali. Imvamisa izilwane biocenosis hlala emihlambini, kanti ubulembu bukhula emibhedeni. Lona ngumfanekiso ofanayo ovundlile.
- Ezemvelo
Lapha sikhuluma ngokuthi yiluphi uhlobo uhlobo ngalunye oluthatha ku-biocenosis eyodwa. Ngemuva kwakho konke, izinto eziphilayo emiphakathini eyahlukene zingahluka, futhi uhlelo lokusebenzisana kwazo luyafana. Abantu abangahlonishwa yilabo abanikezwe imisebenzi efanayo, kepha ngamunye uyayenza "emndenini" wakhe. Futhi, imithombo eminingi igqamisa futhi isakhiwo trophic (i-trophic biocenosis) ngokuya ngamaketanga okudla.
Lonke uhlelo biocenosis is ezisontekile eqinisweni lokuthi amandla (udaba eziphilayo) uzungeza kuwo, edlula esuka komunye aye komunye. Kwenzeka kalula nje - ngokudla ezinye izilwane noma izitshalo ezidla utshani ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi i-trophic chain (noma ukudla).
Njengoba sekushiwo endatshaneni, konke kuqala ngamandla omzimba wasezulwini, okuthi zonke izinhlobo zezihlahla, utshani, izihlahla zikwenze kube "ukukhokhiswa" okutholakala ngokujwayelekile. Sekukonke, le nkokhiso efanayo idlula ngezixhumanisi ezi-4. Futhi ngesigaba ngasinye esisha ilahlekelwa amandla ayo.
Ngemuva kwakho konke, isidalwa esikutholile sisebenzisa le nkokhelo kwimisebenzi ebalulekile, ukugaya ukudla, ukunyakaza, njll. Ngakho-ke umsebenzisi wokugcina weketanga uthola amanani amancane.
Labo bantu abaphakela ngokohlelo olufanayo, futhi bayisixhumanisi esifanayo kulolo chungechunge, bahlala ngokufanayo Izinga le-trophic... amandla elanga azofinyelela kubo, ngemuva kokudlula inani elifanayo lezinyathelo.
Umdwebo weketanga lokudla Ingabe lokhu:
- Ama-Autotrophs (uhlaza, uhlaza). Babokuqala ukuthola "ukudla kwelanga".
- Ama-phytophages (izilwane ezinotshani ekudleni kwazo)
- Bonke abangakuthandi ukudla inyama yomunye umuntu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi lezo ezidla izimila ezidla inyama.
- Izilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye, zisebenzisa "ozakwabo" abancane nababuthakathaka.
Futhi ngokucacile-ke: phytoplankton-crustaceans-whale. Kukhona nabantu abanjalo abangabudeleli utshani, hhayi inyama, khona-ke bazongena emazingeni amabili we-trophic ngasikhathi sinye. Indima yabo lapho izoncika enanini lokudla kohlobo oluthile olumunciwe.
Kwenzekani uma ukhipha okungenani isixhumanisi esisodwa kuketanga? Ake sihlolisise isihloko sisebenzisa isibonelo sehlathi biocenosis (akunandaba ukuthi ngabe yisihlahla esivamile sephayini, noma ihlathi eligcwele imivini). Cishe sonke isitshalo sidinga umphathi, i.e. isinambuzane, noma inyoni, ezoba yisithunywa sempova yakhe.
La mavektha, wona, ngeke akwazi ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile ngaphandle kwempova. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho uhlobo, ngokwesibonelo, isihlahlana, luqala ukufa ngokuzumayo, ophethe naye uzoshesha awushiye umphakathi.
Izilwane ezidla amahlamvu ehlathini zizohlala zingenakho ukudla. Bazofa noma bashintshe indawo abahlala kuyo. Into efanayo isongela izilwane ezidlayo ezidla lezi zilwane ezidla utshani. Ngakho-ke i-biocenosis izomane ihlakazeke.
Imiphakathi ingahle izinze, kepha ingabi ngunaphakade. ngoba ushintsho ku-biocenosis kungenzeka ngenxa yezinguquko emazingeni okushisa asemkhathini, umswakama, ukugcwaliswa kwenhlabathi. Ake sithi ihlobo lishisa kakhulu, khona-ke izimila zingakhetha ukoma, futhi izilwane azikwazi ukusinda ngokuntuleka kwamanzi. Kuzokwenzeka ushintsho lwe-biocenosis.
Umuntu uvame ukwenza umnikelo wakhe, aqothule izinhlangano ezisunguliwe.
Zonke lezi zinqubo zibizwa ukulandelana... Ngokuvamile, inqubo yokushintsha i-biocenosis eyodwa iye kwenye ivele ngokushelela. Isibonelo, lapho ichibi liphenduka idamu elinamanzi. Uma sibheka umphakathi owenziwe ngokungeyikho, khona-ke insimu elinyiwe ngaphandle kwesondlo efanele ikhula nokhula.
Kukhona nezimo lapho umphakathi wakhiwa kusukela ekuqaleni, kusukela ekuqaleni. Lokhu kungenzeka ngemuva kwemililo emikhulu, isithwathwa esibi, noma ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo.
I-biocenosis izoshintsha ukwakheka kwayo ize ibe ilungele i-biotope ekhethiwe. Kunezinhlobo ezinhle zama-biocenoses ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba. Kuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ukudala umphakathi ofanele wendawo. Kepha izinhlekelele ezahlukahlukene azishiyi thuba lemvelo lokuqedela le nqubo.
Kukhona ukuhlukaniswa okuthile kwamaketanga okudla abe yizinhlobo:
- Idlelo. Lo ngumdwebo wakudala ochazayo izixhumanisi ku-biocenosis... Konke kuqala ngezitshalo kuphele ngezilwane ezidla ezinye. Nasi isibonelo: uma uthatha idlelo elijwayelekile, khona-ke okokuqala imbali isebenzisa ilanga, bese uvemvane ludla umpe walo, oba yisisulu sexoxo eliyisiminzi. Lokho-ke kuhlangana nenyoka, ephenduka inyamazane yenyoni.
- Ezomthetho. Iketanga elinjalo liqala ngesidumbu noma imfucuza yezilwane. Imvamisa, lapha sikhuluma ngemiphakathi ye-benthic eyakhiwe ngokujula okukhulu emzimbeni wamanzi.
Ngokuhlinzekwa nokukhanya kwelanga lapho, yonke into ayilula, kulula kakhulu ukukhipha amandla ekuqhekekeni okuhlala kusuka ezingqimbeni zamanzi aphezulu. Futhi uma ngendlela eyedlule yeketanga ababambiqhaza bayo bekhula ngosayizi ngesixhumanisi ngasinye, lapha, njengomthetho, okuphambene kuyiqiniso - konke ukhunta, noma amabhaktheriya, kuphelele.
Baguqula ukudla kube yizimo ezilula kakhulu, ngemuva kwalokho kungagaywa yizimpande zezitshalo. Ngakho-ke umbuthano omusha uqala.
Amafomu wokuxhumana kwe-interspecies
Ukuxhumana ngaphakathi kwe-biocenosis efanayo kungaba ngobukhulu obuhlukile:
1. Ukungathathi hlangothi. Izinto eziphilayo ziyingxenye yomphakathi owodwa, kepha empeleni azihambelani. Ake sithi kungaba yisikwele kanye nendololwane kude nayo. Kodwa ukuxhumana okunjalo kuvame ukuqoshwa kuphela kuma-biocenoses ezinhlobo eziningi.
2. Amensalism. Lo ngumncintiswano onzima vele. Kulokhu, abantu bohlobo olufanayo bakhipha izinto ezingaba nomthelela ekubhujisweni komphikisi. Lezi kungaba ubuthi, ama-acid.
3. Ukudla. Kukhona ukuxhumana okuqinile lapha. Abanye abantu baba yisidlo sakusihlwa sabanye.
4. Parasitism. Kuhlelo olunjalo, umuntu oyedwa usebenza njengendawo yokuphephela komunye, umuntu omncane. Lo "ohlalayo" uyondla futhi aphile ngokucekela "umphathi wakhe". Okokugcina, lokhu kaningi akupheli ngaphandle komkhondo, kepha kubangela ukulimala okukhulu. Noma kunjalo, ayikwazi ukuholela ekufeni njalo ngomzuzwana.
Kunezinhlobo zama-parasites adinga ukusingathwa unomphela. Futhi kukhona labo abaphendukela kusizo lomunye ophilayo kuphela uma kunesidingo, ngokwesibonelo, ukuguqula izimo zemvelo, noma ukondla (omiyane, imikhaza).Ama-parasites angahlala womabili ebusweni bomzimba womsingathi nangaphakathi kuwo (isibungu somkhuhlane).
5. Isifo se-Symbiosis. Isimo lapho wonke umuntu ajabule, i.e. zombili izinhlangothi zibekezelela izinzuzo zokusebenzisana. Noma inketho enjalo kungenzeka: isidalwa esisodwa sisebumnyameni, futhi ukuxhumana okunjalo akuthinti impilo yesinye. Kuyisimo esinjalo lapho sibona lapho ushaka uhambisana nohlobo olukhethekile lwezinhlanzi, kusetshenziswa ukugcinwa kwesilwane esidla ezinye.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba freeloader badla izingcezu zokudla okusele ngemuva kokudla isilo sasolwandle. Kanjalo nezimpisi zicosha izinsalela zamabhubesi. Enye inketho yokusebenzisana okunjalo ukwabelana.
Uma sithatha izakhamuzi ezifanayo zasolwandle, njengesibonelo, izinhlanzi eziphila phakathi kwameva ama-urchins olwandle. Emhlabathini, banomzimba othambile, bahlala emigodini yezinye izilwane.
Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi abantu ababili abakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle komunye nomunye. Kepha isizathu akusona neze esothando. Isibonelo, uma sikhuluma ngomuhlwa, nokuhlala unicellular emathunjini abo. Lezi zinsuku zizizwa zikhululekile lapho, kukhona okudliwayo, futhi azikho izingozi.
Izinambuzane ngokwazo azikwazi ukucubungula i-cellulose engena ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla, okuyikho kanye okusizwa abahlali bazo. Kuvela ukuthi akusali muntu ngemuva.
Indima ye-biocenosis
Okokuqala, uhlelo olunjalo lokuba khona kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo lwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuvela. Ngemuva kwakho konke, izinto eziphilayo zidinga ukuzivumelanisa njalo nezakhi ezishintshayo zomphakathi wazo, noma zibheke okusha.
Futhi indima ye-biocenosis ngoba igcina ibhalansi yokulinganisa yezidalwa zemvelo, ilawula inani lazo. Ukuxhumeka kokudla kunomthelela kulokhu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, uma izitha zemvelo zanoma yisiphi isidalwa zinyamalala, lezi zokugcina ziqala ukwanda ngokungalawuleki. Lokhu kungaphazamisa ibhalansi futhi kuholele enhlekeleleni.
Izibonelo ze-biocenosis
Ukufingqa le ndaba, ake sibheke izibonelo ezithile ze-biocenoses. Sizothatha izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamahlathi njengesisekelo. Ngempela, kusemiphakathini enjalo lapho iningi labantu likhona, kanti i-biomass ingaphezu kwesilinganiso.
Ihlathi leConiferous
Yini ihlathi? Lokhu kunqwabelana kwezimila endaweni ethize ebuswa izihlahla ezinde. Imvamisa, indawo yokuhlala yama-spruces, amaphayini nezinye izitshalo ezihlala ziluhlaza yizintaba. Ubuningi bezihlahla ehlathini elinjalo buphakeme impela. Uma sikhuluma nge-taiga, khona-ke ayikwazi ukuziqhayisa ngenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezitshalo ezinkulu - ubuningi be-5. Uma isimo sezulu singesibi kangako, lesi sibalo singakhuphukela ku-10.
Ake sihlale esicongweni se-taiga futhi. Ngakho-ke, kufika ezinhlotsheni ezi-5 zama-conifers yilezi: i-spruce, i-pine, i-fir, isitimela. Ngenxa yezinaliti zazo ezinenhlayiya, lezi zihlahla ziyasinda ebusika obunzima baseSiberia. Ngemuva kwakho konke, i-resin isebenza njengesivikelo eqhweni elibabayo. Enye indlela "yokufudumeza" ukusondelana ngangokunokwenzeka komunye nomunye. Futhi ukuze amakhilogremu eqhwa angaphuli amagatsha, akhula ekwehleni.
Kusukela ekuncibilikeni kokuqala, ama-conifers aqala ngenkuthalo i-photosynthesis, okungenzeka ukuthi ozakwabo abanqabayo, abangenalo uhlaza. Izilwane zehlathi le-coniferous: kusuka kuzingwejeba ezidla utshani, izingulube, amagundane, izinyamazane nezinyamazane, ezivela ezinyonini lokhu kungondlunkulu, ama-hazel grouses. Kukhona nezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye: i-lynx, i-mink, i-fox, i-sable, ibhere, i-eagle owl, igwababa.
Ihlathi elinamanzi
Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwayo kwendawo yezimila kanje: isigaba sokuqala - izihlahla ezinde kunazo zonke: i-linden, noma i-oki. I-tier engezansi ungathola i-apula, i-elm, noma imephu. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona izihlahla ze-honeysuckle ne-viburnum. Futhi utshani bukhula eduze komhlaba. Abakhiqizi izihlahla uqobo lwazo, izihlahla, udoti wotshani, ubulembu. Okusetshenziswayo - ukudla okudla imifino, izinyoni, izinambuzane. Ama-Reducers - amabhaktheriya, isikhunta, ama-invertebrates angenawo umzimba othambile.
Isiziba se-biocenosis
Ama-Autotrophs (izitshalo zokuqoqa) emanzini algae notshani basogwini. Ukudluliselwa kwenkokhiso yelanga kwezinye izidalwa eziphilayo kuqala ngabo. Okusetshenziswayo izinhlanzi, izibungu, ama-molluscs, nezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Amagciwane ahlukahlukene kanye namabhungane asebenza njengokubola, okungakunaki ukudla izidumbu.
