Impungushe kaScorpion noma impungushe ifumana igama layo ekubukekeni kwayo. Ingxenye yesisu yempukane yeduna iphela ngokuqina okufana ncamashi ne-metadome ye-caudal ofezela. Kwabesifazane, isisu sijwayelekile. Akukho okunye ukufana phakathi kwempukane nofezela. Impukane ayinabungozi ngokuphelele.
IScorpionfish ithathwa njengenye yezinhlobo zasendulo zezinambuzane ezihamba kuzo zonke izigaba zenguquko. Intombazane yeScorpionNjengohlobo, kwavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-500 nangaphezulu eyedlule esikhathini sePaleozoic. EMesozoic, eminyakeni ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-250 edlule, izinhlobonhlobo zezimpukane zafika lapho zikhona. Basakazeka kulo lonke izwekazi lasePangea.
Kulezi zinsuku, ososayensi bavame ukuthola izinsalela ezinemizimba yezimpukane ezibhalwe kuzo. Kunokuningi okutholakele ukuthi izimpukane zangaphambi komlando zihlelisiwe. Ingxenye yezinhlobo ezaziwa yisayensi izinambuzane ezingasekho. Ukuqhathanisa kwabo nalabo abakhona kucacisa izinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo eMhlabeni, kunomthelela kwisayensi ye-phylogenetics.
Incazelo nezici
Izimpukane ezidadlana ezindala - izinambuzane ezisesigabeni esibizwa nge-imago - ziyefana kwi-morphology nosayizi kwezinye izimpukane. Ubude bomzimba abudluli ku-1.5 cm, ubude bephiko bunqunyelwe ku-3 cm.Umzimba omnyama ophuzi uthweswe umqhele ngekhanda nge-rastrum, ingxenye engaphambili ebanzi, lapho kukhona khona izinto zomlomo ezifakwe imihlathi yohlobo oludlayo. Kuphela zikwazi ukuzala ukulunywa ufezela.
Izimpondo ezimbili zempondo ziphuma phezulu kwekhanda. I-antenna ngayinye inezingxenye ezihlukene. Kungaba kusuka ku-16 kuye ku-60 kuzo, kuya ngohlobo lwe-scorpionfish. Idizayini yesigaba inikeza ukuguquguquka namandla ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Inhloso yama-antenna ama-sensorics, ukuqashelwa kwezimpawu zamakhemikhali ezivela ekudleni noma kumlingani ongaba naye ocansini. Le ntombazane ifezela inamehlo amathathu anobuso ekhanda. Lezi zitho zombono ezinganyakazi ezinamaphilisi aphumile zihlala cishe kuyo yonke indawo yekhanda.
Impukane inombono wombala womhlaba, kepha ibona imininingwane emincane kabi. Uyakwazi ukubamba ukukhanya kwemvamisa nge-200-300 Hz, okungukuthi, umbono wempukane uhlala isikhashana. Umuntu angazizwa edanyaza aze afike kumvamisa we-40-50 Hz. Ngemuva kwalokho konke kuhlangana ekukhanyeni okuqhubekayo.
IScorpio sinosayizi onesizotha, cishe njengomiyane
Isitho esibalulekile sezimpukane yisifunda se-thoracic. Ibeka ngokukhululeka ngekhanda nasesiswini. Izimpiko nezitho kuqondiswe engxenyeni yesifuba. Izimpiko, eziguquguqukayo ezinamabala amnyama, zikhule kahle, kepha ofezela abathandi ukundiza. Izindiza ezimfushane zamamitha amaningana - impukane ayilinge ngokuningi.
Impukane inamabhangqa amabili amaphiko. Iphiko langaphambili ngababili likhulu kunephiko langemuva. Izimpiko zihlanganiswe ngendiza eyodwa. Kugcwele umugqa ongajwayelekile wokuqinisa imicu (imithambo). Engxenyeni engaphambili yophiko, kukhona ukukhukhula okusika (ukwakheka okungewona amaselula).
Imilenze yesinambuzane inamathiselwe engxenyeni yesifuba somzimba wofezela. Lezi yimilenze egijimayo onyawo oluqukethe izingxenye ezi-5 nozipho aba-2. Ngaphezu komsebenzi wokunyakaza, emadodeni imilenze yenza omunye umsebenzi obalulekile. Ngosizo lwabo, insikazi iyabanjwa futhi ilungiswe ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.
Isisu sezimpukane siyindilinga futhi sinezingxenye eziyi-11. Ukuphela komsila emadodeni kuhlukaniswe ngokusobala kube yizigaba futhi kugobile phezulu. Okunikeza ukufana okuphelele nomsila wofezela. Ekupheleni komsila wesilisa kukhona ukuqina kwesitho sangasese ngesimo se-pincer. Okusho ukuthi, ukuqedwa komsila wamantombazane ofezela kunemisebenzi yokuzala kuphela.
Abantu, bebona ufezela wesilisa endiza, ngokushesha bakhumbula ufezela onoshevu. Kukhona ukwesaba kwemvelo kokutinyelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukholelwa ukuthi ubuthi be-scorpion buyingozi kubantu. Kodwa umsila wempukane, ofana kakhulu nodosi, uphephe ngokuphelele.
Owesilisa kuphela onesimulator sezikhali. Scorpion insikazi noma ukufana kwayo akukho. Izibungu ze-Scorpion fly azihlukaniseki nezezibungu zovemvane. Ikhanda elimnyama linezimpondo ezi-2 kanye namehlo aphumile.
Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yekhanda ngumlomo, onemihlathi. Umzimba ohlangene uhlukaniswe kakhulu. Imilenze emifushane kakhulu ye-thoracic iphuma ezigabeni ezintathu zokuqala. Ezingxenyeni ezalandela zomzimba kunezibhangqa eziyi-8 zemilenze yesisu.
Ukuqina ekugcineni, okukhumbuza umsila wofezela, kutholakala kuphela koofezela besilisa
Izinhlobo
Scorpion squad (I-Mecoptera) iqembu elikhulu le-systemic (itekisi) elihlanganisa umndeni we-scorpion (igama lesistimu iPanorpidae). Izizukulwane ezi-4 kuphela ezinikezwe lo mndeni, kepha ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo kukhulu kakhulu. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-420 zibhekwa njengofezela beqiniso.
Izinhlobo zezimpukane zeScorpion zisatshalaliswa ngokungalingani kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Sekukonke, kungaphansi kwezinhlobo ezintathu zezinhlobo ezihlala endaweni yaseYurophu neyaseRussia. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia nangaphesheya kwe-Urals, izinhlobo eziyi-8 zezimpukane zihlala futhi zizale:
- I-Panorpa communis. Waziwa ngo scorpionfish... Incazelo yesayensi yale mpukane yenziwa ngo-1758. Isatshalaliswa eYurophu nakuyo yonke iRussia, ngaphandle kwamaphethelo asenyakatho.
- I-Panorpa horni. Kufakwe ekwahlukanisweni kwezinto eziphilayo ngo-1928. Kusatshalaliswe ngaphezu kwensimu enkulu yaseRussia.
- IPanorpa hybrida. Ucwaninge wachaza ngo-1882. Ngaphezu kweRussia, itholakala eJalimane, eRomania, eBulgaria. Kubhekwe eFinland.
- I-Panorpa cognata. Impukane yachazwa ngo-1842. Isatshalaliswa kakhulu emazweni aseMpumalanga Yurophu. Ukusuka eRussia kwafika enyakatho ye-Asia.
- IPanorpa amurensis. Scorpion, ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo abazazi kusukela ngo-1872. Ukuphila nezinhlobo eziseMpumalanga Ekude YaseRussia, kutholakala eKorea.
- I-Panorpa arcuata. Incazelo yesayensi yenziwa ngo-1912. Izwe lakubo yiMpumalanga Ekude yaseRussia.
- Panorpa indivisa. Kwaba ngo-1957 kuphela lapho kwenziwa khona incazelo yesayensi ebukeziwe. Impukane ivamile enkabeni naseningizimu yeSiberia.
- I-Panorpa sibirica. Uhlala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeRussia ukusuka lapho indizela eMongolia nasezifundeni ezisenyakatho neChina. Kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe ngo-1915.
Ezinye izinhlobo zofezela zitholakala eRussia.
Ezinhlotsheni ezingamakhulu amaningana zezimpukane ze-scorpion, i-scorpionfish ejwayelekile ihlala ihlukaniswa. Ifundwe kangcono kunezinye futhi isabalele eYurophu, kubandakanya neRussia. Scorpion esithombeni - imvamisa yi-scorpionfish ejwayelekile. Lesi sinambuzane senzelwe lapho bekhuluma ngofezela bendiza ngaphandle kokucacisa igama lesayensi lohlobo.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Izimpukane zeScorpion zitholakala ngobuningi emahlathini amahlathi, utshani obude, amahlathi amancane. Zidonswa izindawo ezinomthunzi, ezinomswakama lapho ezinye izinambuzane zigonene khona. Ama-Scorpionworms ahlangabezana nezikhathi ezomile noma ezibandayo lapho zisesigabeni samaqanda noma se-pupa.
Befuna ukuba nocezu lwezilwane zasendle ekhaya, abathandi bomuntu ngamunye baqala ukwakha izinambuzane. Lawa ma-vivariums ezinambuzane avame ukuba nezimvemvane ezishisayo. Kunqwabelene ulwazi olwanele ekubhekaneni nabo. Amanye ama-arthropods alandelayo.
Imizamo ephumelelayo yokugcina amantombazane ofezela isetshenzisiwe. Bazwana kahle phakathi kwabantu besizwe sakubo. Akunzima ukubanikeza ukudla. Amantombazane eScorpion awadingi isikhala sezindiza ezinde. Ukuzibuka kuyathakazelisa njengokubheka izinhlanzi ezise-aquarium. Ososayensi bezinambuzane - ochwepheshe nabayizimfundamakhwela - basathatha isinqumo ngokugcinwa kwasekhaya kwama-scorpionworms.
Kumuntu, owesifazane ofezela akayona ingozi, ngokungafani nenkolelo evamile, akakwazi ukuluma
Ukudla okunomsoco
Noma yikuphi ukufa phakathi kwama-invertebrates kuyithuba lokuthi odokotela badle. Ngaphezu kwenyama efile, izimpukane ezindala zikhangwa izimila ezibolayo. Ibona isinambuzane esibhajwe kuwebhu, intombazane ewofezela izama ukuya phambili kwesicabucabu isidle. Kuthathwe izinambuzane, owesifazane ofezela naye angaba isisulu sesicabucabu.
Impungushe kaScorpion, isithombe okuhlala kulungiswe ukulengiswa kwakhe kubheke phansi, hhayi kuphela ngumkhwabanisi, kepha futhi nomzingeli. Ukusuka kulesi sikhundla, ubamba omiyane nezinye izimpukane ngemilenze yakhe emide eminyene. Ezinye izinhlobo zisebenzisa impova nompe ngaphezu kwenyama. Kukhona izimpukane ezimunca okuqukethwe amajikijolo. Isibonelo, inani labantu baseNingizimu Siberia lezimpukane ezibanga udaka lidala umonakalo omkhulu esitshalweni esimhlophe se-currant.
Izimpungushe ezindizayo, ezihamba engxenyeni engenhla ye-substrate, zimunca ukudla okutholakala kakhulu kule ungqimba lokuphila - izinsalela zezitshalo, ezisesigabeni sokugcina ngaphambi kokuba zibe uthuli. Le nto ebonakala ingenamsoco muhle ngoba kusetshenziswa umzamo omncane ekugayeni kwawo.
Owesifazane weScorpion uqobo angaya esidlweni senambuzane noma inyoni edlayo. Ngaphezu kwezicabucabu, zizingelwa izimbungulu ezidlayo, ama-mantis wokuthandaza. Izinyoni, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhulisa, ziba yisitha sokuqala. Umsila ofana nofezela ungaba isivimbelo esihle. Kepha abesifazane baphucwa yona. Kusele into eyodwa - ukuphindaphindeka ngamandla.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Phuma ngaphandle krysalis isinambuzane i-scorpion kumatasa nezinkinga ezimbili: ukuthola ukudla nokuzala. Ukuthola abalingani, amantombazane ofezela anikeza izimpawu zamakhemikhali - zikhipha ama-pheromones. Lapho uhlala emahlathini futhi ungaboni kahle kakhulu, ukuxhumana kwamakhemikhali kuyindlela ethembeke kunazo zonke yokwakha umbhangqwana.
Abesilisa bescorpionfish basebenzisa inqubo evivinyiwe. Bagcina insikazi eduze kwabo ngokufihla uketshezi lwamathe. Insikazi, imunca amaconsi oketshezi, iba buthule kakhulu futhi iholele ekufunweni kowesilisa. Izinambuzane zixhuma isikhashana ngenkathi owesilisa wondla umlingani wakhe ngamathe.
Abesilisa bezinye izinhlobo ze-scorpion banendlela efanayo ku-arsenal yabo. Banikela ngokuluma okudliwayo noma isinambuzane esifile ngokuphelele. Isikhathi senqubo yokulingisa sincike kusayizi wokudla okunikezwayo. Lapho ukudla sekuphelile, izinambuzane ziphelelwa isithakazelo komunye nomunye.
Ngemuva kokuhlangana nendoda, insikazi iqala ukufuna indawo enenhlabathi egcwele amanzi. Amaqanda ayishumi nambili abekwa ezingxenyeni ezingenhla ze-substrate. Inqubo yokuba khona esigabeni samaqanda ayihlali isikhathi eside, kuphela izinsuku eziyi-7-8. Isibungu esivelayo siqala ngokushesha ukondla.
Izibungu zidinga ukuthola usayizi nobukhulu obanele i-pupation. Njengoba sesikhuphuke cishe izikhathi eziyi-10, lesi sibungu sikhasa singene kusayizi we-substrate namazinyane ezinja. Esigabeni se-pupal, lesi sinambuzane sichitha cishe amasonto ama-2. Bese kuba nokuguqulwa kwesimo - isiphungumangathi siba yimpukane.
Isikhathi sokuguqulwa kweqanda sibe yisibungu neziphungumangathi sibe yimpukane singaguqulwa kakhulu. Konke kuncike esikhathini sonyaka okulesi simo. Umsebenzi ulula - ukulala emhlabathini ngezikhathi ezibandayo noma ezomile. Imvelo ibhekana nalokhu ngempumelelo.
Izibungu zivela lapho umhlaba ungafriziwe futhi womile, lapho kunezinsalela eziningi zokubola enhlabathini. Izimpukane zivela ngemuva kokuhamba kwezinye izinambuzane - ukudla okungaba khona kofezela. Emzileni ophakathi phakathi nesikhathi sehlobo, okungenani kuvela izizukulwane ezi-3 zabesifazane abafezwayo. Esimweni sabantu abadala, izimpukane zikhona kusuka enyangeni eyodwa kuya kwezintathu.
Esithombeni, isibungu se-scorpion
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
Isazi sezinambuzane sase-Austrian A. Handlirsch, saphenya ngo-1904 ifosili equkethe impukane egcinwe kahle. Umsila wesinambuzane sezinsalela wadukisa usosayensi. Wayecabanga ukuthi usethole uhlobo lwakudala lwofezela, iPetromantis rossica. Iphutha latholakala futhi lalungiswa kuphela ngemuva kwekota yekhulu leminyaka yisazi sezinambuzane u-A. A. Martynov.
Izinhlobo zokugcina ze-scorpion fly (Mecoptera) zitholwe muva nje. Ngo-2013, watholakala epulazini laseBrazil esifundazweni saseRio Grande do Norte. Lokhu kusikisela izimo ezimbili:
- Umndeni omkhulu we-scorpionfish ungagcwaliswa isikhathi eside;
- ihlathi elibizwa nge-Atlantic alihlolisiswa kahle futhi lilungele ukwethula abantu ngokutholwa okusha kwezitshalo nezokuphila.
Izinambuzane, kufaka phakathi izimpukane ze-scorpion, kwesinye isikhathi ziba ngabasizi be-forensic. Laba bathandi benyama engaphili bangabokuqala ukuba semzimbeni womuntu oshonile noma isilwane. Amaqanda abekwa ngokushesha. Ngokwesilinganiso sokukhula kwamaqanda, izibungu, ochwepheshe bafunde ukubala ngokunembile isikhathi sokufa.
Ukufundwa kwemikhondo eshiywe kumuntu ofile yizimpukane, izintuthwane, amabhungane kungatshela okuningi kochwepheshe be-forensic. Ngosizo locwaningo lwezinto eziphilayo, kwakhiwa uchungechunge lonke lwezenzakalo ezenzeka emzimbeni ngemuva kokushona komuntu.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi abesilisa bezinhlobo ezithile zofezela babelana ngezimfihlo zabo zamathe nowesifazane. Abanye banikeza insikazi intwana yokudla ukuze bathole umusa wakhe. Owesifazane uyakwamukela ukuqomisana kowesilisa ukuze athole ukudla. Umshado wesikhashana ofanele wenzeka.
Akubona bonke abesilisa abazimisele ukufuna inyamazane. Baqala ukuzenza abesifazane, baphinda indlela abaziphethe ngayo. Umnikazi odidekile wesipho somshado usinikeza owesilisa owayezenzisa. Yena, ethola ucezu lokudla, eyeka ukwenza, ushiya umkhohlisi wenjabulo yomuntu siqu engenalutho.
