Incazelo nezici zebhubesi lasolwandle
Kuphinwe ulwandle ingonyama kubhekwa njengesihlobo esiseduze sezimpawu zezinwele futhi kungokwasemndenini wezimpawu zezinhlamvu ezivezwe ososayensi I-Streamlined, bulky, kodwa iguquguqukayo futhi izacile, uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezimpawu, umzimba walesi silwane esincelisayo ungafinyelela ubude bamamitha amabili noma ngaphezulu.
Lesi sibalo sikhuluma kabanzi ngokuhlaba umxhwele ubukhulu bengonyama yasolwandle... Ngokwesisindo, abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu, bahlaba umxhwele ngamakhilogremu angamakhulu amathathu enyama ephilayo. Kuliqiniso, amabhubesikazi asolwandle mancane kathathu kunabamele uhhafu wesilisa.
Umbala ojwayelekile wezilwane umnyama noma onsundu ngokumnyama. Njengoba ukwazi ukubona ku- isithombe sebhubesi lasolwandle, ikhanda lalezi zidalwa zasemanzini lincane; isifonyo sifana nesenja, side, sinamadevu aminyene abizwa nge-vibrissae.
Amehlo esilwane aphume kancane, makhulu. Abesilisa abafinyelele ekuvuthweni bahlukaniswa ngummango okhule kakhulu, obukeka ngaphandle njengesikhumba esikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesilisa bahlotshiswe ngemane elifushane elenziwe entanyeni ngezinwele ezikhule kakhulu kunezabesifazane.
Incazelo yengonyama yolwandle akunakwenzeka ukubheka okuphelele, ngaphandle kwesibonakaliso sokugcina kulezi ezishiwo, ngoba nguyena owaba yisizathu segama lalesi silo, esihlose kahle impela, ngenxa yokuthi amabhubesi olwandle olujulile enza imisindo efana nokubhonga okuhoshozelayo, kepha amazwi abo anokubhonga okuncane izimvu zoboya.
Intamo yezilwane iyaguquguquka futhi yinde ngokwanele. Izipikili zazo ezicijile ezinemilenze ehambayo ziyazivumela ukuba zihambe ngokushesha ngokwanele emhlabathini, okuzihlukanisa nezimpawu eziyisixakanxaka.
Kodwa-ke, uboya bezingonyama zasolwandle abujabuli ngobuningi obuthile, ngaphezu kwalokho, bufushane impela, ngakho-ke buthathwa njengobuphansi ngekhwalithi futhi bunenani elincane kunezihlobo zomndeni.
Indlela yokuphila yaseLwandle nengonyama
Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zihlukanisa izinhlobo ezinhlanu zezilwane ezinjalo. Enye yazo inyakatho yolwandle, ebizwa nangokuthi ibhubesi lasolwandle. Lesi silwane sihlotshiswe ngomhlwathi wegolide nokubuna okukhulu. Isisindo samadoda salokhu kuhlukahluka sifinyelela kuma-350 kg.
Ama-rookeries wezingonyama zasolwandle aseSteller asakazeke cishe kulo lonke ugu lolwandle iPacific Ocean naseziqhingini eziseduze. Zitholakala emanzini aseMpumalanga Ekude, eJapane, e-USA naseCanada. Ukukhuluma ngalezi zinhlobo, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi amabhubesi olwandle abhekwa njengokungajwayelekile futhi adinga ukuvikelwa.
I-Southern Sea Lion ijwayelekile ogwini nasemanzini olwandle eNew World, etholakala ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-equator. Lezi zinhlobo ziyathakazelisa ngomehluko omangalisayo ngosayizi phakathi kwamabhubesi aphinjiwe namabhongo ezingonyama.
Izinhlobo zesilisa kwesinye isikhathi cishe zingamamitha amathathu ubude, nezintombi zabo zincane kakhulu. Abamele lolu hlobo banombala onsundu ngokukhanyayo futhi abanamane.
I-sea lion rookery
Izakhamizi zamanzi asenyakatho oLwandlekazi iPacific zingabamele izinhlobo zaseCalifornia. Izidalwa ezinjalo zihlukaniswa ngobuhlakani obuvelele futhi kulula ukuziqeqesha.
Kusukela endulo, izakhamizi zomdabu zaseNew World zazizingela lezi zilwane, zilingwa yinyama yazo, amafutha nezikhumba zazo. Futhi ngokufika kwabaseYurophu kuleli zwekazi, ukuhweba ngobuningi kwaqala ngokushesha, lapho isikhundla sezilwane saba sibi kakhulu. Kodwa okwamanje kunemikhawulo eqinile ekubanjweni nasekuzingelweni kwalaba bameleli bezilwane.
Abantu bezinhlobonhlobo zase-Australia, kuya ngobulili, bahluke kakhulu ngombala womzimba. Abesilisa bagqama ngombala onsundu onsundu, kuyilapho abesifazane bekhaphukhaphu, futhi ngokuvamile beziqhayisa ngejazi elimpunga ngesiliva. Olunye uhlobo lwalezi zilwane ludinga kakhulu ukuvikelwa. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi uma izingonyama zasolwandle zaseNew Zealand sezitholakele emvelweni kaningi kakhulu kunamanje.
Kepha njengoba bebe yisisulu sentuthuko yezimboni ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, inani labo labantu lehle kakhulu. Futhi kwezinye izindawo zendawo eyayihlala kuyo, isibonelo, eziqhingini zase-Auckland, lolu hlobo lwaqothulwa ngokuphelele.
Zonke izinhlobo zama-pinniped ezichazwe zihlukaniswa ngamakhono amahle engqondo, njengoba kufakazelwa izingxenye ezithile zobuchopho ezikhule kakhulu kuzo. Izilwane zihamba kalula emanzini, okuyiyona eyinhloko indawo yokuhlala yezingonyama zasolwandlelapho bekwazi khona ukukhombisa izimangaliso zangempela ze-acrobatics.
Ngokuyinhloko, laba, yizakhamizi zaseningizimu nenkabazwe, ezitholakala ogwini oluvulekile phansi kwezilwandle nolwandle, emabhishi anesihlabathi namatshe, ezihlahleni zasolwandle.
Ukuchitha izimpilo zabo emanzini afudumele, abadingi ukugcinwa okukhulu kwamafutha, ngakho-ke abanakho ungqimba olunamafutha. Lesi simo, kanye nekhwalithi ephansi yoboya bazo, kwenza ukuzingela isilo kungasizi ngalutho kwezomnotho, okubasindisile ekubhujisweni okukhulu.
Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo eziningi zamabhubesi asolwandle, njengoba sekushiwo, zisadinga ukuvikelwa okukhethekile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, ngaphezu kwalabo asebevele babaliwe, kanye nenye yama-subspecies aseCalifornia - galapagos ingonyama yolwandle.
Indlela yokuphila kwalezi zidalwa ngumhlambi, futhi ukuqoqwa kwezilwane endaweni yemvelo kukhulu kakhulu. Bachitha isikhathi esiningi emhlabathini, kepha kuyenzeka ukuthi baphumele olwandle oluvulekile.
Ngesikhathi sokubhukuda, izingalo zazo zangaphambili zihamba impela. Ukugwedla ngale ndlela, izilwane zihamba esikhaleni samanzi olwandle. Imvamisa zizulazula emabangeni angadluli kuma-25 km, futhi azenzi ukufuduka kwesizini.
Izitha zezilwane emvelweni yimikhomo ebulalayo noshaka, ezihlasela njalo. Ukufuna ukwazi imininingwane mayelana amabhubesi olwandle kanye nobufakazi bokuhlakanipha kwabo okuthuthuke kakhulu ngamaqiniso ngamanye ngokukhalazwa kwalaba bameleli bezilwane ukuze bavikeleke ekuhlaselweni kwezilwane kubantu abadlula imikhumbi nezikebhe.
Ukudla kwebhubesi lasolwandle
Izilwane zasolwandle ezichaziwe ziyakwazi ukudonsela ekujuleni kwamamitha ayikhulu noma ngaphezulu, zeqe phansi zisuka ebangeni eliphakeme ngamamitha angamashumi amabili. Ukuhamba ezimweni ezinjalo ngokukhululeka okukhulu nobuhle bokundiza kwenyoni esibhakabhakeni, zizingela izinhlanzi nama-crustaceans, zidle ama-molluscs, futhi zivame ukugasela inyamazane yazo ndawonye. Lokhu kuwusizo ikakhulukazi lapho kuvela izikole ezinkulu zezinhlanzi.
Lokhu okungenhla kukhombisa lokho kudla ingonyama yolwandle yilokho olwandle olujulile oluthumela khona, kodwa ngokugcwele ekudleni kwakhe kufanele kuchazwe ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala.
Isibonelo, amabhubesi asolwandle avame ukudla ama-herring amancane, i-pollock ne-capelin, ama-halibuts amakhulu nama-greenlays, izinhlobo eziningi zama-gobies nama-flounders, kanye nama-perches, ama-salmonids, imisebe, ama-gerbils nezinye izinhlanzi ezihlala olwandle.
Kulokhu kufanele kungezwe ama-cephalopods nama-octopus, kwezinye izimo izimila zasolwandle ngisho noshaka basebenza njengokudla kwabo. Futhi izinhlobo zamadoda ezingonyama zaseningizimu eziseningizimu azidli nje octopus nama-squid, kodwa futhi zizingela ama-penguin. Imvamisa bathatha ingxenye yokubanjwa kwabadobi, bonakalisa amanetha abo.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila sebhubesi lolwandle
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, esenzeka kanye ngonyaka ogwini kuma-rookeries, amabhubesi asolwandle aziphatha ngokuzola kakhulu kunezibonelo, izindlovu noma izindlovu. Ukuhlala endaweni ethile nokuvikela imingcele yayo ekungeneleleni kwabantu ongabazi, ingonyama yolwandle eyiduna yize ejwayele ukulwa nezihlobo eziyimbangi yakhe, evikela amalungelo akhe kwizindlovukazi, kwesinye isikhathi eziba neshumi, futhi kaningi ngaphezulu, abesifazane, kepha izimpi ezinegazi ngokuvamile azenzeki.
Esithombeni, ibhubesi lasolwandle elinengane
Kuliqiniso, kukhona okuhlukile kulo mthetho. Isibonelo, amabhubesi amaduna asolwandle aseningizimu, lapho esekhulile, agada amabutho esizukulwane esidala efuna abangane. Njengomphumela wokuhlaselwa okunjalo, kuvame ukubambana ngezihluthu okunodlame, futhi abalahlekile bathola amanxeba ajulile anegazi.
Ema-harem, abantu abangahlanganyeli ekukhiqizeni ngokuvamile bahlala emaphethelweni esayithi, bahlala endaweni ehlukile erokishini. FUTHI ibhubesi lasolwandle lensikazi ngemuva kokukhwelana, bathwala amawundlu abo unyaka wonke ukuze baphinde bakhulelwe futhi ngemuva konyaka baphinde bazale abantwana.
Umnikazi we-harem uqaphile ukuze izintandokazi zakhe zingagqolozi eceleni futhi zingabi nabudlelwano nezimbangi. Kepha ngokwabo, okwamanje, bakulungele ukukwenza nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, bahlale bebuka impahla yabanye abesilisa.
Okufanekisiwe ingane yengonyama yolwandle
Amawundlu ezingonyama zasolwandle anoboya begolide ngemuva nje kokuzalwa futhi anesisindo esingaba ngama-20 kg. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala, abashiyi omama abavikelayo. Kepha ngemuva kokukhwelana okulandelayo, okungenzeka ngesonto ngemuva kokubeletha, baqala ukuncipha kancane kancane ngentshisekelo kumawundlu bese beya olwandle isikhathi eside beyofuna ukudla. Kodwa-ke, omama bezingonyama zasolwandle bayaqhubeka nokondla izingane zabo ngobisi, olunamafutha afinyelela kuma-30%, izinyanga ezingaba yisithupha.
Kancane kancane, abasha baqala ukuduka babe ngamaqembu abo futhi ngaleyo ndlela bafunde ubuhlakani bempilo, bakhulele ekuthombaneni emhlambini we-bachelor. Ngaphambi kwamadoda, abesifazane bavuthiwe, banamathela ezindlekeni zabesilisa abaneminyaka emibili noma emithathu ubudala.
Abesilisa, abancintisana bodwa ukuze banakekele abakhethiwe, banesikhathi esinzima ekufuneni ithuba lokuthola izifumbu ezifunwayo, ngakho-ke bathola abesifazane babo kungakabi neminyaka emihlanu ubudala. Ngokwesilinganiso, amabhubesi asolwandle aphila cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili.
