Noma ngubani osacabanga ukuthi inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yi-whale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wenza iphutha elikhulu. Imikhomo ibalwa phakathi kwesigaba sezilwane ezincelisayo, futhi phakathi kwazo nguyena kakhulu-kakhulu. Futhi lapha i-whale shark iyona edlula zonke inhlanzi ephilayo enkulu kunazo zonke.
Incazelo kanye nezici zewhale shark
Le nhlanzi enkulu yafihla emehlweni ama-ichthyologists isikhathi eside futhi yatholakala futhi yachazwa muva nje - ngo-1928. Vele, ezikhathini zasendulo kwakukhona amahemuhemu ngobukhulu obungakaze bube khona besilo esihlala ekujuleni kolwandle, abadobi abaningi babona izinhlaka zalo ngokusebenzisa ikholamu lamanzi.
Kodwa ngokokuqala ngqa, usosayensi waseNgilandi u-Andrew Smith waba nenhlanhla yokubona ngamehlo akhe, nguyena owachaza ngokuningiliziwe kososayensi bezilwane ngokubukeka nokwakheka kwayo. Izinhlanzi ezibanjwe ogwini lwaseKapa, ezingamamitha angu-4.5 ubude, zabizwa ngeRhincodon typus (ushaka whale).
Cishe, isazi semvelo sabamba osemusha, ngoba ubude obumaphakathi balesi sakhamuzi esingaphansi kwamanzi sisuka kumamitha ayi-10-12, isisindo somkhomo whale - 12-14 amathani. Abaningi ushaka omkhulu whale, eyatholakala ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, yayinesisindo esingamathani angama-34 futhi yafinyelela ebangeni elingamamitha angama-20 ubude.
Ushaka wayenegama lakhe hhayi ngosayizi walo omangalisayo, kepha ngesakhiwo somhlathi: umlomo wawo utholakala phakathi kwekhanda, njengemikhomo yangempela, hhayi nakancane engxenyeni engezansi, njengezihlobo zayo eziningi zoshaka.
I-whale shark yehluke kakhulu kozakwabo kangangokuba yehlukaniswe yaba umndeni ohlukile, oqukethe uhlobo olulodwa nohlobo olulodwa - i-Rhincodon typus. Umzimba omkhulu ka-whale shark umbozwe izikali ezikhethekile zokuzivikela, ipuleti ngalinye elinjalo lifihliwe ngaphansi kwesikhumba, futhi ebusweni ungabona kuphela amathiphu acijile acijile afana namazinyo esimweni.
Izikali zimbozwe ngento efana noqweqwe i-vitrodentin futhi azikho ngaphansi ngamandla okushaka amazinyo. Lezi zikhali zibizwa ngokuthi yi-placoid futhi zitholakala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zoshaka. Isikhumba se-whale shark singafika ku-14 cm ngogqinsi. Isendlalelo samafutha esingaphansi - wonke ama-20 cm.
Ubude be-whale shark bungadlula amamitha ayi-10
Ukusuka ngemuva, ushaka whale unombala ompunga omnyama onemigqa eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nansundu. Amabala amhlophe akhanyayo womumo oyindilinga ahlakazekile phezu kwesizinda esikhulu esimnyama. Ekhanda, emaphikweni nasemsileni, mancane futhi axovekile, kuthi ngemuva akhe iphethini elihle lejometri kusuka emigqeni ejwayelekile eguqukayo. Ushaka ngamunye unephethini ehlukile, efana neminwe yomuntu. Isisu sikashaka omkhulu simhlophe qwa noma sinombala ophuzi kancane.
Ikhanda liyisicaba, ikakhulukazi ngasekupheleni kwempumulo. Ngesikhathi sokudla, umlomo kashaka uvuleka kakhulu, wakhe uhlobo lwe-oval. Amazinyo oshaka whale abaningi bazodumazeka: imihlathi ifakwe amazinyo amancane (kufika ku-6 mm), kepha inani lizokumangaza - cishe likhona izinkulungwane eziyi-15 zazo!
Amehlo amancane asethwe ngokujulile atholakala ezinhlangothini zomlomo; kubantu abakhulu ikakhulukazi, izinhlamvu zamehlo azidluli usayizi webhola legalufu. Oshaka abazi ukuthi bacwayiza kanjani, kodwa-ke, uma kukhona into enkulu esondela esweni, inhlanzi idonsela iso ngaphakathi ilimboze ngesibaya esikhethekile sesikhumba.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: whale sharkNjengabanye abameleli besizwe sikashaka, ngokushoda komoya-mpilo emanzini, iyakwazi ukucisha ingxenye yobuchopho bayo bese ingena ebusika ukuze yonge amandla nobungqabavu. Kuyathakazelisa nokuthi oshaka ababuzwa ubuhlungu: umzimba wabo ukhiqiza into ekhethekile evimba imizwa engathandeki.
Indlela yokuphila ye-Whale shark nendawo yokuhlala
Whale shark, ubukhulu okunqunywa ukungabi bikho kwezitha zemvelo, kulima kancane izilwandle zasolwandle ngejubane elingeqile ku-5 km / h. Lesi sidalwa esibabazekayo, njengomkhumbi-ngwenya, sihamba kancane emanzini, sivule umlomo waso ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze sigwinye ukudla.
Indawo yamabala ku-whale shark ihlukile njengezigxivizo zeminwe zabantu
Oshaka be-Whale izidalwa ezihamba kancane nezingenandaba ezingakhombisi ubudlova noma intshisekelo. Ungakuthola kaningi isithombe se-whale shark cishe ekwamukelweni nge-diver: impela, lolu hlobo aluyona ingozi kubantu futhi lukuvumela ukuthi ubhukude eduze kwalo, uthinte umzimba noma ngisho nokugibela, ubambelele ku-dorsal fin.
Ukuphela kwento engenzeka ukushaywa ngomsila onamandla kashaka, okwaziyo, uma ungabulali, kuhle kakhulu ukukhubaza. Ngokwezifundo zesayensi, oshaka be-whale bahlala ngamaqembu amancane, kaningi ngamunye ngamunye, kepha kwesinye isikhathi, ezindaweni zokuqoqwa kwezinhlanzi zesikole ngezikhathi ezithile, isibalo sabo singafinyelela emakhulwini.
Ngakho-ke, ngasogwini lwaseYucatan ngo-2009, izichyyologists zabala abantu abangaphezu kwama-400, lokhu kunqwabelana kwabangelwa ubuningi bamaqanda ama-mackerel asanda kuzalwa, oshaka ababezitika ngawo.
Oshaka, kuhlanganisa nemikhomo, kufanele bahlale behamba, ngoba abanaso isinye sokubhukuda. Isisipha sokuphela sisiza inhliziyo yenhlanzi ukuthi iphampa igazi futhi igcine ukugeleza kwegazi okwanele impilo yonke. Azikaze zilale futhi zingacwila phansi kuphela noma zicashe emihumeni engaphansi kwamanzi ukuze ziphumule.
Oshaka basizwa ukuthi bahlale betha ngesibindi sabo esikhulu, okungama-60% adipose tissue. Kepha nge-whale shark, lokhu akwenele, kufanele intante ngaphezulu futhi igwinye umoya ukuze ingangeni ezansi. I-whale shark ingeyezinhlobo ze-pelagic, okungukuthi, ezihlala ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zolwandle lomhlaba. Imvamisa ayiziki ngaphansi kwama-70 m, yize ikwazi ukucwila ku-700 m.
Ngenxa yalesi sici, oshaka be-whale bavame ukungqubuzana nemikhumbi emikhulu yasolwandle, bakhubazeke noma bafe nokufa. Oshaka abazi ukuthi bame kanjani noma banciphise ijubane ngokucijile, ngoba kulokhu ukuhamba komoya-mpilo ngemiphunga kuncane futhi izinhlanzi zingancipha.
Ama-whale shark yi-thermophilic. Amanzi angaphezulu ezindaweni lapho ahlala khona afudunyezwa aze afike ku-21-25 ° С. Lawa ma-titan awatholakali enyakatho noma eningizimu ye-40th parallel. Lezi zinhlobo zitholakala emanzini olwandle iPacific, Indian kanye ne-Atlantic.
Oshaka be-Whale nabo banezindawo abazithandayo: ugu olusempumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Afrika, iziqhingi zaseSeychelles, isiqhingi saseTaiwan, iGulf of Mexico, iPhilippines kanye nogu lwase-Australia. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi ama-20% wabantu emhlabeni ahlala ngasogwini lwaseMozambique.
Ukudla kwe-whale shark
Kuyindida ukuthi, kepha ushaka whale ayithathwa njengesilwane ngomqondo ojwayelekile. Ngobukhulu bayo obukhulu, i-whale shark ayihlaseli ezinye izilwane ezinkulu noma inhlanzi, kepha idla ama-zooplankton, ama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi ezincane eziwela emlonyeni wayo omkhulu. Ama-sardine, ama-anchovies, i-mackerel, i-krill, ezinye izinhlobo ze-mackerel, i-tuna encane, i-jellyfish, i-squid kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "uthuli bukhoma" - lokho kudla okuphelele kwalesi silwane.
Kuyamangaza ukubuka lokhu kudla okukhulu. Ushaka uvula kakhulu umlomo wawo omkhulu, ububanzi bawo bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.5, bese uthatha amanzi olwandle kanye nezidalwa eziphilayo. Lapho-ke umlomo uyavalwa, amanzi ayahlungwa aphume ngezingxenyeni ze-gill, bese ukudla okuhlungiwe kuthunyelwa ngqo esiswini.
Ushaka unezinto zokuhlunga eziphelele, ezinamapuleti angama-20 e-cartilaginous, axhumanisa izingqimba ze-gill, zakhe uhlobo lwentambo. Amazinyo amancane asiza ukugcina ukudla emlonyeni wakho. Le ndlela yokudla ayinayo kuphela whale shark: omkhulu kanti ne-bigmouth idliwa ngendlela efanayo.
I-whale shark ine-esophagus encane kakhulu (cishe i-10 cm ububanzi). Ukuze ududule ukudla okwanele emgodini omncane kangako, le nhlanzi enkulu kufanele ichithe cishe amahora angu-7-8 ngosuku ukuthola ukudla.
Shark gills futha cishe 6000 m³ ketshezi ngehora. I-whale shark ayinakubizwa ngokuthi i-glutton: idla kuphela u-100-200 kg ngosuku, okuyi-0.6-1.3% kuphela yesisindo sayo.
Ukuzaliswa kanye nempilo koshaka whale
Isikhathi eside, bekungekho imininingwane ethembekile yokuthi i-whale shark izala kanjani. Kusanda kuqala ukugcinwa ngempumelelo ekuthunjweni, ezindaweni ezinkulu zasemanzini, lapho imidondoshiya enjalo imahhala impela.
Kuze kube manje, bangu-140 kuphela babo emhlabeni.Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe besimanje obenza kube nokwenzeka ukwakha izakhiwo ezinkulu kangaka, sekulula ukubona impilo yalezi zidalwa nokutadisha indlela eziziphatha ngayo.
Ama-whale shark ayizinhlanzi ze-ovoviviparous cartilaginous. Esibelethweni sakho whale shark eside Amamitha ayi-10-12 angathwala imibungu engafika kuma-300 ngasikhathi sinye, eboshwe ngamaphilisi akhethekile njengamaqanda. Oshaka bachamusela ngaphakathi kowesifazane futhi bazalwa njengabantu abazimele ngokuphelele nabasebenza kahle. Ubude boshaka whale osanda kuzalwa ngu-40-60 cm.
Lapho zizalwa, izingane zinokutholwa okwanele ngokwanele, okuzivumela ukuthi zingondli isikhathi eside. Kunecala elaziwayo lapho ushaka ophilayo ekhishwe ku-harpoon shark wafakwa emanzini amakhulu: izinyane lasinda, kepha laqala ukudla izinsuku eziyi-17 kuphela kamuva. Ngokusho kososayensi, isikhathi sokukhulelwa koshaka whale cishe iminyaka emibili. Ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi ishiya iqembu izulazula yodwa.
Ama-Ichthyologists ajwayele ukukholelwa ukuthi oshaka be-whale bafinyelela ekuvuthweni kwezocansi ngobude bomzimba obungu-4.5 m (ngokwenye inguqulo, kusuka ku-8). Iminyaka kashaka ngalesi sikhathi ingaba yiminyaka engama-30-50.
Isikhathi sokuphila salezi zimpilo ezinkulu zasolwandle cishe iminyaka engama-70, eminye iphila kuze kufike ku-100. Kodwa abantu asebephile iminyaka engu-150 noma ngaphezulu kuseyihaba. Namuhla, oshaka be-whale bayabhekwa, bamakwe ngamabhekhoni omsakazo, futhi kubhekwa nemizila yabo yokufuduka. Kunabantu abacishe babe yinkulungwane kuphela "abamakwe", ukuthi bangaki abasazulazula ekujuleni akwaziwa.
Mayelana noshaka whale, mhlophe noma okunye, ungakhuluma amahora amaningi: ngakunye umhlaba wonke, isikhala esincane nendawo enkulu kakhulu. Kuwubuwula ukucabanga ukuthi sazi konke ngabo - ukuba lula kwabo kuyabonakala, futhi ukutholakala kwesifundo kuyinkohliso. Njengoba sebephila Emhlabeni izigidi zeminyaka, basagcwele izimfihlo futhi abayeki ukumangaza abacwaningi.
