Ingquza enekhanda elimnyama - ujwayelene nathi sonke, kepha kusuka kule nyoni engeyona ethokozisayo. Imvamisa, yilolu hlobo abalobi bezincwadi zezingane abalukhombisayo. Noma iyiphi ingane ingahlukanisa le nyoni kwezinye izinyoni. Izakhamizi zasengxenyeni esenyakatho yezwe lethu zivame ukubona isithombe senhlwathi emhlophe enekhanda elimnyama ebamba izinhlanzi ezincane ogwini lolwandle. Ngezimpelasonto, abantu abaningi bayaphuma emakhaya abo bayobheka okujwayelekile kwabaningi, kepha lokhu akusona isithombe esimangazayo sokuthi umhlambi wezinhlanzi zasolwandle uwujaha kanjani umkhumbi wezimoto.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ingulube enamakhanda amnyama
Ngokuvamile, ukukhulunywa kokuqala komndeni we-gull kwavela ngekhulu le-18. Kuze kube manje, abantu abakwazanga ukuqonda ukuthi igama lale nyoni lixhumene nani, kepha kukhona ukucabanga nje ukuthi ihlangana ngandlela thile nomsindo eyenzayo.
Lezi zinhlobo ezithile ze-seagull zavela ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuvela kwama-genome amasha. Njenganoma yisiphi isilwane, izinhlanzi zasolwandle kwakudingeka zivumelane nemvelo yazo futhi ziqhubeke nomjaho wazo. Kwakungalesi sici esathonya ukuvela kwenyoni enjengokhakhayi olumnyama.
Inhlwathi enamakhanda amnyama uqobo iyona nhlobo ejwayelekile yomndeni wama-gull. Zisatshalaliswa ngokoqobo kuwo wonke umhlaba, kepha eziningi zazo zihlala eYurophu. Futhi, le nyoni iyona encane kunazo zonke emndenini wayo omkhulu, ehlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-40 zama-gulls ahlukahlukene.
Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi inhlanzi enamakhanda amnyama iyizinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu ze-oda le-Charadriiformes, elihlanganisa nezinyoni ezinjenge-oystercatchers, avdotki, snipe nezinye.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ingulube enamakhanda amnyama
Ingquza enekhanda elimnyama, njengoba sishilo, iyinyoni encane. Ubukhulu bayo bungafinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-38 kuphela. Amaphiko ezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo esizicabangelayo nawo mancane - ngamasentimitha angama-90 kuphela, futhi isisindo saso siyahluka kusuka ku-200 kuye ku-350 amagremu. Uqhwaku lwenhloko enekhanda elimnyama aluphuzi, njengezinhlobo eziningi zama-gull, kodwa imaroon emnyama.
Phakathi kwezici zokubukeka kwale ntshontsho enekhanda elimnyama iqiniso lokuthi ishintsha izimpaphe zayo kuye ngesizini. Ebusika, ikhanda lakhe lipendwe mhlophe, kuthi ehlobo, libe mnyama kakhulu. Kubuye kuhlukaniswe nezinye izinhlobo zomndeni we-gull ngomugqa omhlophe ocacile, osengxenyeni engenhla yophiko ngaphambili. Ngendlela, umjikelezo wezimpaphe we-gull-head gull uthatha cishe iminyaka emibili.
Izimpaphe zamachwane zihluke kancane kwezabantu abadala. Zilawulwa yimibala ebomvu emaphikweni. Imilenze ipendwe mpunga, ngakho-ke kusuka ohlangothini kubonakala sengathi iphuphu lihlala lihamba emhlabathini ongcolile.
Izinkunzi ezinamakhanda amnyama zinezwi elicace bha. Ososayensi bathi imisindo abayenzayo ivame ukucishe ifane namagwababa, kepha ibukhali, ngakho-ke ingafana nokuhleka ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ihlala kuphi inhlwathi enekhanda elimnyama?
Isithombe: Ingulube enamakhanda amnyama
Izinkumbi ezinamakhanda amnyama zihlala ikakhulukazi endaweni enesimo sezulu esipholile, kepha izindawo zazo zokufuduka zifaka nezindawo ezishisayo nezishisayo zasenyakatho ye-latitude.
Iningi lezidleke ezinamakhanda amnyama zitholakala ngasogwini lolwandle, ikakhulukazi uLwandle Olumnyama. Lolu hlobo lwe-gull lungatholakala emazweni ahlukahlukene:
- EFrance
- I-Italy
- ESerbia
- IBulgaria
- I-Russia nabanye
Ensimini yezwe lethu, kungabonakala ogwini loLwandle Olumhlophe, uLwandle iBering, eduze nase-Arkhangelsk nasogodini lwemifula ehlukahlukene njengeLena, Ob, Yenisei nabanye.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinkumbi ezinamakhanda amnyama zifudukela endaweni entsha kaningi ngemihlambi emincane, zihamba ngesimo sonxantathu.
Muva nje, inhlwathi enamakhanda amnyama isiqalile ukuzivumelanisa ngokwengeziwe nempilo eseduze nabantu. Abanye abantu baqala ukwakha izidleke zabo eduze kwamadolobhana amancane. Lezi yizinyathelo eziphoqelelwe zezinkunzi ezinamakhanda amnyama, njengoba ngale ndlela zizama ukuzitholela ukudla okuningi kunalokho okungahlinzekwa ulwandle.
Idlani inhlwathi enekhanda elimnyama?
Isithombe: Ingulube enamakhanda amnyama
Ukudla kwenhlwathi enekhanda elimnyama kuyehluka kakhulu, kodwa okokuqala kuncike kakhulu endaweni lapho isidleke senyoni sikhona. Uma isidleke siseduze nolwandle lolwandle, khona-ke ukudla kwale nyoni ngokuvamile kuqukethe ama-invertebrates (imisundu yomhlaba, ojekamanzi, amabhungane, izibungu nezinye). Futhi, ngezikhathi ezithile, inhlanzi enekhanda elimnyama ayikuphikisi ukudla izinhlanzi ezincane namagundane amancane, njengama-voles.
Endabeni esiyicabangele esigabeni esedlule, lapho izinyoni zihlala eduze nendawo yokuhlala abantu, zivame ukudla imfucuza ezindaweni zokulahla udoti, kanye nasemabhizinisini amancane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ingulube enamakhanda amnyama
Ingquza enekhanda elimnyama ayinayo indlela eyodwa yokuphila. Lezi zinhlobo zombili ziyafuduka futhi zihlala phansi. ENtshonalanga naseningizimu yeYurophu, izinhlobo eziningi azifuduki ngaphandle kwezinga lokushisa. Kodwa-ke, lo mthetho awusebenzi ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo, ngoba ngemuva kwezinyoni ezingama-0 degrees Celsius ziqala ukuthutheleka eduze nolwandle lwezilwandle eziningi kuzo:
- IMedithera
- Mnyama
- ICaspian
Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1900, izinhlwathi ezinamakhanda amnyama nazo zaqala ukuvela ogwini lwe-Atlantic Ocean, ngase-Afrika.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Inhlwathi enamakhanda amnyama empeleni inekhono lokuzivumelanisa kalula nanoma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala, ngakho-ke isikhathi sasebusika asethusi kubo.
Izinkunzi ezinamakhanda amnyama zisebenza kakhulu ekuseni nakusihlwa. Emini, bangabandakanyeka ekuqedeni izidleke zabo nasekufuneni ukudla. Lezi zinyoni zivame ukukhetha ezinye izindawo okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo njengendawo yezidleke zazo. Ngakho-ke bazama ukuzivikela namachwane abo ezingozini ezahlukahlukene zangaphandle. Amasayithi wokwakha izidleke angabonakala kalula ngezimpawu zezingcingo ezinamakhanda amnyama.
Izinkunzi ezinamakhanda amnyama zisetshenziselwa ukwakha izidleke zazo ikakhulukazi ezintweni eziqinile eziqinile. Isidleke, inyoni ivame ukudinga indawo encane, kepha le ndawo kufanele ibekwe ngokwesilinganiso ekuphakameni kwamasentimitha angama-30 kuye kwangama-40. Ezindaweni ezinomswakama ophakeme ngokukhethekile wokwakha isidleke, izinhlwathi ezinamakhanda amnyama zivame ukwaba isikhala esithe xaxa ukuze singabi manzi futhi singawi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ingulube enamakhanda amnyama
Imibhangqwana ayithuthi ngesikhathi sokuzala, incamela ukuhlala endaweni yayo. Ishintsha kuphela uma kunezimo ezingezinhle. Izinyoni sezikulungele ukuzala sezineminyaka engama-1 kuya kwengu-4 ubudala, kanti ezesilisa zivuthwa kamuva kunabesifazane. Izinja ezimnyama ezinamakhanda amnyama zizwana zodwa, yize zingashintsha abalingani abaningi ngaphambi kokwenza umbhangqwana wokugcina. Baqala ukwakha isidleke entwasahlobo, lapho isimo sezulu sifudumala, ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki ezilwaneni eziyingozi.
Isiko lomshado lenzeka ngale ndlela elandelayo. Eyesilisa, ememeza, yelula ikhanda layo endaweni ethambekele kuyo, bese iyaqonda phezulu bese iyafulathela. Ngakho-ke udlulisa ukubingelela kwakhe kumngane wakhe wesikhathi esizayo. Insikazi yona iphendula owesilisa ngokukhala okwehlukile futhi itshekise ikhanda, kube sengathi icela ukudla. Izinyoni zakha izidleke cishe imitha kusuka komunye nomunye, noma ngisho namashumi amamitha. Umndeni ngamunye uvikela indawo yawo ebangeni elingama-32-47cm.
Amaqanda ahluke kakhulu ngombala, isibonelo, onsundu onsundu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokukhanyayo, onsundu womnqumo, ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Amanye amaqanda anephethini yawo, kepha futhi angaba ngaphandle kwawo nhlobo. Imvamisa i-clutch eyodwa amaqanda ama-3, okungenani amaqanda ayi-1-2. Uma belahlekile, baphinde bahlehliswe futhi. Kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane bayabandakanyeka kule nqubo.
Amachwane ambozwe i-ocher-brown fluff, ukuwahlanganisa nemvelo, enamabala amnyama oketshe. Izingane ziqala ukundiza ezinsukwini ezingama-25-30. Ziphila ngokudla okuvela emlonyeni womzali wazo noma zikhiphe ukudla okulahlwa ngabazali bazo ngqo esidlekeni.
Izitha zemvelo zekhanda elimnyama
Isithombe: Ingulube enamakhanda amnyama
Izinkukhu ezinamakhanda amnyama zinezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo, ngoba zona ngokwazo ziyizinyoni ezinkulu nezinolaka.
Uma isidleke sezinhloko ezinamakhanda amnyama siseduze nendawo yehlathi, khona-ke impungushe ejwayelekile ingaba isitha sayo. Uchitha isidleke, futhi angalimaza nezinyoni uqobo, uma isilwane esincelisayo sizifica ngenkathi siphumule.
Iqiniso ngukuthi zonke izinhlobo zama-gulls zibonakala ngokuthi zidala umonakalo omkhulu komunye nomunye. Lolu hlobo luvame ukubonwa ngabaphenyi ngesikhathi kunenkinga yokudla. Kokunye, kuze kwafika ngisho nasekucekeleni phansi isidleke sezihlobo zabo.
Abantu bangabuye bahlukaniswe njengezitha zemvelo zezinhlanzi ezinamakhanda amnyama. Kwesinye isikhathi baba yizisulu zokuphila kwabo okunolaka. Izinyoni zivame ukundiza ziye ezitshalweni zokulungisa izinhlanzi ngethemba lokuntshontsha okungenani inani elincane lokuzingela bona namachwane abo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ingulube enamakhanda amnyama
Inani lamakhanda amnyama akhula minyaka yonke. Okwamanje, isivele idlula izinhlobo eziyizigidi ezimbili. Kancane kancane, lolu hlobo luqala ukuthuthukisa izindawo eziningi zokufuduka nokuzala.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amanye amadada akhetha ukuba nomndeni endaweni efanayo nezingwengwezi zasolwandle. Lokhu kuhlala ndawonye kunikeza amadada okuhlangana namadada ngokwabo amathuba amaningi okusinda, ngakho-ke, singasho ukuthi inani lama-gulls "livikela" inani lamadada.
Inhloko emnyama enekhanda elikhulu elisakazeka. Ngenxa yalesi sici, zisiza abantu ukuthi balahle izinambuzane kwezolimo. Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi lolu hlobo ludlala indima yomuthi. Ama-seagulls aqoqa ukudla okusele emapulazini anoboya.
Yize kube negalelo elikhulu elihle lenhlwathi enamakhanda amnyama, linomthelela omubi kwezokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi, yize abaningi bethi lo monakalo uyihaba kakhulu.
Ukufingqa ukucabanga kwethu, okokuqala ngithanda ukusho lokho inhlanyelo enekhanda elimnyama iyinyoni enhle kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwendlela yethu yokuphila enolaka, thina - abantu - sidinga ukuzama ukunakekela izilwane ezisizungezile. Ukuze kube khona ukuhlala ngempumelelo kwezinhlobo, izindawo ezikhethekile ekuthunjweni zingabonakala, lapho izinyoni zingathola khona ukudla futhi zizalane ngaphandle kwesifo somuntu. Kufanele sithole izindlela zokuxazulula ngokuthula ukungezwani kwethu nezilwane.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03/29/2020
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 03/29/2020 ngo-22: 44
