Kuphephile ukusho ngenkasa ukuthi inomusa njengensephe. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemilenze emide nezacile enezimpondo ezinhle ezinamajika amahle kwenza le nsephe ibe yinhle kakhulu futhi ibe yinkimbinkimbi. Uma ubheka ukuthi igxuma kanjani insephe kusuka etsheni elilodwa kuya kwelinye, ungabona ngokushesha ukukhanya kwayo, ubuhlakani nomusa wayo. Sizothola konke mayelana nemvelaphi yalesi silwane, sichaza isimo saso, imikhuba yaso, izindawo zokuhlala eziyintandokazi nemikhuba yokudla, qaphela izitha eziyinhloko zezinsephe ukuze siqonde ngokuningiliziwe umsebenzi obalulekile walezi artiodactyls.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Jeyran
Insephe isilwane esincelisayo se-artiodactyl esingesohlobo lwenxala kanye nomndeni wezinkomo. Lolu hlobo luhlobene ngqo nomndeni omncane wezinhlwathi zangempela. Igama elithi "insephe" lafika kithi lisuka olimini lwesi-Arabhu. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kunguhlobo lwezilwane ezinomzimba omncane futhi ezinemilenze emide, okuqinisekiswa ukubonakala kwayo yinsikazi enomusa. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinsephe, phakathi kwazo ungabona insephe. Le nhlwathi inesici esisodwa - abesilisa kuphela abanezimpondo kuzinsephe, ngokungafani nezinye izinsephe eziningi, lapho abantu bobubili ubulili besebenza njengamankankane.
Ngokuqondene nezinsikazi ngokukhethekile, zingabizwa ngokuthi izilwane ezincane futhi ezibukeka kahle kakhulu, zonke izici zangaphandle nokubukeka kwazo okuhambisana ngokugcwele nohlobo lwezinsikazi, yize kukhona ama-nuances nezici ezihlukile. Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo ezine zezinsikazi, kodwa manje abanye ososayensi bazibeka njengezinhlobo ezihlukene.
Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwezinselo kukhona:
- Persian;
- IsiMongolia;
- AmaTurkmen;
- Okwe-Arabia.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngaphandle lawa ma-subspecies acishe afane, kodwa ahluke kuphela endaweni yokuhlala kwawo unomphela. Umusa, ubukhazikhazi nokushesha kwezinsikazi kudala kwamthanda umuntu, ngakho-ke wayevame ukuvezwa ezinhlamvwini zemali nezitembu zokuposa zase-USSR, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan naseRussia zangaphambili.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Insephe yesteppe
Okokuqala, ake sithole ubukhulu balezi zinhlwathi ezimangalisayo. Ubude bomzimba wezilwane ezivuthiwe bungahluka kusuka ku-93 kuye ku-116 cm, nokuphakama kwawo kuyabuna - kusuka kumasentimitha angama-60 kuye kwangama-75. Ubuningi bezinsikazi buphakathi kuka-18 kuye ku-33 kg. Njengoba sekushiwo, abesilisa kuphela abasebenza njengamankentshane kuma-gazelle. Izimpondo zazo ezinhle ze-lyre zimnyama, zingama-28 kuye kuma-30 cm ubude futhi zigcwele uchungechunge lwamasongo ajikelezayo. Abesifazane abanikezwa izimpondo, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kunezibonelo ezinezimpondo ezincane ezingajwayelekile ezisukela ku-3 kuye ku-5 cm ubude.
Ama-Jeyrans ayizidalwa ezinemilenze emide, izitho zawo zinomusa futhi mncane, kepha izinselo zawo zinamandla impela futhi zibukhali, okufaka isandla ekunyakazeni okusheshayo nokushesha kwalezi zinkabi emhlabathini onamatshe nobumba. Kodwa-ke, imilenze yezinhlwathi ayenzelwanga nhlobo ukuhamba kukhaphethi weqhwa, futhi izinsephe azifani ngokukhuthazela okukhulu, ngakho-ke zivame ukufa lapho zenza ushintsho olude ngenkani.
Ividiyo: Jeyran
Uma sikhuluma ngombala walezi zilwane, ngakho-ke, ingxenye enkulu, inesihlabathi (umzimba ophezulu nezinhlangothi). Umbala omhlophe ubonakala entanyeni, esiswini nangaphakathi kwemilenze. Ngemuva, ungabona indawo emhlophe ebizwa nge "mirror". Iphuzu lomsila linombala omnyama, ligqama ngokuqhathaniswa nesizinda esimhlophe, futhi libonakala ngokucacile lapho insephe ishesha ngokushesha. Ngenxa yalesi sici esihlukile sangaphandle, abantu bavame ukusibiza ngokuthi "umsila omnyama". Ukwehlukaniswa okuphakanyisiwe koboya bezinwele ngaphansi kwezingubo zangaphansi kanye nezinwele zokuqapha akubonakali kuma-gazelle. Ebusika, ijazi labo lilula kunezingubo zasehlobo. Ubude bejazi lengubo yasebusika buqala ku-3 kuye ku-5 cm, kanti ehlobo akufiki ngisho ku-1.5 cm.Kufanele kungezwe ukuthi izinwele ebusweni nasemilenzeni zifushane kunezinye izidumbu zomzimba wezinhlwathi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinsephe ezincane zinesimo sobuso esivezwe ngokuqinile, okuyindawo emnyama nsundu ebhulohweni lasekhaleni kanye nemivimbo emibili emnyama ekhishwe emehlweni ezimpisi kuya emakhoneni omlomo wayo.
Ihlala kuphi insephe?
Isithombe: Jeyran ehlane
AmaJeyrans akhetha amathafa kanye nezingwadule ezinamagquma, ezinamagquma, lapho inhlabathi iminyene khona. Le nhlwathi ebabazekayo ingatholakala ezindaweni zemizila yezintaba nasezigodini ezithambile. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwezitho zomzimba, lezi zilwane zidlula izindawo ezinesihlabathi esikhulu kakhulu, lokhu kuyisici sehlobo sasehlobo.
Imvamisa kakhulu izinsephe zithanda izingwadule nezingwadule, zihlala:
- ama-semi-desert angama-cereal-saltwort;
- ama-semi-shrub saltwort ogwadule oluncane;
- izingwadule zezihlahla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimila ezindaweni ezihlala unomphela zingahluka kakhulu futhi zihluke ngokuphelele. Imvamisa lezi zinhlwathi zizivumelanisa nobukhulu bezingwadule ezinamadwala ezingaphili.
Uma ukhuluma ngezindawo ezithile zokuhlala kwezinsephe, kufanele uqaphele ukuthi njengamanje bahlala:
- e-Iran;
- entshonalanga yePakistan;
- eningizimu yeMongolia;
- e-Afghanistan;
- endaweni yaseChina;
- E-Kazakhstan;
- IGeorgia;
- EKyrgyzstan;
- ITajikistan;
- Uzbekistan;
- I-Turkmenistan.
Ngokuqondene nezwe lethu, ngokusho kwendawo yokuhlala yomlando, esikhathini esedlule, izinsephe zazihlala engxenyeni eseningizimu yeDagestan, kodwa manje, ngeshwa, azitholakali lapho, zikhetha izindawo eziwugwadule nezingagwadule zalezi zindawo esesizibalile.
Idla yini insephe?
Isithombe: Insephe yensikazi
Akufanele kusimangaze ukuthi maqondana nomsoco, izinsephe aziyona into ehlekisayo, ngoba zihlala ezindaweni eziwugwadule nezingagwadule ezingathi shu maqondana nohlaza. Akudingeki ukhethe, ngakho-ke izinsephe ziyajabula ukuthi zinemenyu yazo yokuzincisha, ukwakheka kwayo, ikakhulukazi ekwindla nasebusika, kuncane kakhulu.
Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-gazelle anokudla okulula:
- ameva ekamela;
- i-hodgepodge;
- umhlonyane;
- amahlumela we-saxaul;
- prutnyak;
- i-ephedra;
- ubuso bamatamariski.
Ehlobo nasentwasahlobo, imenyu ibukeka icebile futhi inamanzi amaningi, ngoba impilo yezimila ivuselelwa futhi. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinsephe zingadla okusanhlamvu zasendle, ama-capers, i-ferula, i-barnyard, u-anyanisi, kwesinye isikhathi zidla ummbila, i-melon, nemidumba. Njengabantu abahlala ogwadule, izinsephe zijwayele ukungaziphuzi isikhathi eside. Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba ukuthola umgodi wokuchelela oseduze kungaba sebangeni elingu-10 kuye ku-15 km, ngakho-ke izinhlwathi ziphuza amanzi kanye ngesonto noma izinsuku ezinhlanu.
Ogwini olugcwele izihlahlana, izinsephe zizama ukungaphuzi, ngoba izidalwa ezahlukahlukene zingacasha lapho. Emgodini wokunisela, izinhlwathi zikhetha indawo evulekile futhi eyisicaba, zikhuphukele intaba yamanzi kusihlwa noma lapho kuqala ukuntwela kokusa. Zonke lezi zilwane zizenzela ukuphepha kwazo. Ngisho namanzi anambitheka futhi anosawoti (ngokwesibonelo, oLwandle lweCaspian) asetshenziswa nezinsikazi, kuphinde kugcizelele ukungathobeki kwabo maqondana nokuthandwa kokudla.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Jeyran ovela eRed Book
Njengamanye ama-gazelle, ama-gazelle aqaphele kakhulu futhi ayesaba, asabela ngokuzwela okukhulu kunoma yimiphi imisindo nemisindo esolisayo. Uma i-antelope ibona ukuvela kwengozi, bese iqala ukubaleka ngokushesha, ijubane layo lingahluka kusuka ku-55 kuye ku-60 km ngehora. Abesifazane abanezingane banamasu wokuhlenga ahluke ngokuphelele - bona, kunalokho, bakhetha ukucasha ngezihlahlana ngezikhathi ezimbi kangaka.
Yize izinsephe zingezilwane ezifuywayo, ziqala ukubuthana ngamaqembu amakhulu ngesikhathi sasebusika esiseduze. Ezinyangeni ezifudumele, lezi zinsephe zithanda ukuba zodwa ngokuphelele noma enkampanini encane, lapho kungaba khona izinsephe ezinhlanu kuphela. Ngokuyisisekelo, laba ngabesifazane abasebasha nabangazali nyakenye.
Ngokusondela kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, izinsephe ziqala ukuhlangana emihlambini emikhulu, lapho kungaba khona kusuka ezilwaneni eziyishumi kuya kwezingamakhulu amaningana ezilwane. Lapho imihlambi yezinyamazane ifuna ukudla, iyakwazi ukuhamba ibanga ukusuka ku-25 iye ku-30 km ngosuku olulodwa. Ngokufika kwentwasahlobo, abesifazane abasesimweni baqala ukushiya umhlambi kuqala, bese kulandela ukuphenduka kwabesilisa abavuthiwe ngokobulili, kulandelwe imihlambi yabo kanye nezinsana eseziqinile ngokwanele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ebusika, amankentshane ayasebenza emini, kuthi kusihlwa nasebusuku aphumule emibhedeni embiwa eqhweni, evame ukubekwa ngemuva kwegquma elithile ukuze azivikele emoyeni obandayo. Ehlobo, ama-antelopes, kunalokho, adla ngezikhathi zasekuseni nakusihlwa, futhi aphumule emthunzini ngosuku olushisayo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Insephe yesteppe
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, izinsephe yizilwane ezincelisayo ezihlangene ezihlala emihlambini, lapho zinhlanhlatha khona lapho kungena amakhaza asebusika. Futhi ekwindla, abesilisa abavuthiwe baqala umjaho osebenzayo. Babeka impahla yabo ngendle, abayifaka emigodini engakimbiwe ebizwa ngokuthi yi-rutting latrining.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi somdlandla, abesilisa baba nolaka, bavame ukuqoqa ndawonye izindimbane zezinsikazi, abazivikela ngokungakhathali ekungeneleleni kwabanye abakhongi. Umzabalazo wensimu nokuheha ukunakwa kwabesifazane uze ufike ezingeni lokuthi abanye abanumzane bemba amamaki abanye abantu bese befaka awabo.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa kwabesifazane siyizinyanga eziyisithupha, amathole avela kakade esikhathini sikaMashi noma eduze nasekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli. Imvamisa, kuzalwa eyodwa noma ezimbalwa zezingane. Emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokuvela kwenzalo, omama abakhulelwe bazama ukuhlala bodwa, kude nabesilisa, bakhethe indawo efanelekayo yokubeletha, okufanele ibekwe endaweni evulekile eyisicaba lapho kukhona ukukhula okuncane kwesihlahlana, noma emgodini, ovikeleke ngokuthembekile emimoyeni epholile.
Izingane zinesisindo cishe esingamakhilogremu amabili, kepha zingakwazi ukuma ngokushesha ngezinyawo zazo futhi zizizwe zinokuzethemba okukhulu. Emavikini okuqala okuvuthwa kwawo, amathole athola isiphephelo ezihlahleni, lapho ethanda ukucasha khona, futhi umama onakekelayo uqobo uyawavakashela, awondle ngobisi lwebele izikhathi ezi-3-4 ngosuku. Ukuthuthuka kwamawundlu ensephe kushesha kakhulu. Kakade phakathi nenyanga yokuqala yokuphila, bathola isisindo esilingana nengxenye yesisindo sesilwane esidala.
Amankonyane akhula ngokugcwele esondela onyakeni owodwa nohhafu, yize amanye abesifazane eseneminyaka eyodwa ngonyaka okokuqala ukuthola inzalo. Abesilisa bavuthwa ngokocansi kuphela lapho beneminyaka engu-1.5 ubudala. Emvelweni wazo wemvelo, izinsephe zingaphila iminyaka engaba ngu-7, futhi ekuthunjweni, zonke eziyishumi.
Izitha zemvelo zensikazi
Isithombe: Jeyran ehlane
Impilo ayilula kunsephe enhle, ebuthakathaka impela futhi engafani nokukhuthazela okukhethekile. Izitha eziningi ezahlukahlukene zihlangana nazo endleleni, zombili izinhlwathi esezikhulile nezincane kakhulu. Phakathi kwabahlaseli ababi ababaluleke kakhulu futhi abakhohlisayo bezinyamazane, mhlawumbe, umuntu angaqamba izimpisi, iningi lazo zonke izinsephe zifela emazinyweni alezi zidalwa ebusika, lapho kuneqhwa eliningi, futhi izinhlwathi ezibondekile nezilambile azikwazi ukubalekela ingozi.
Kanye nezimpisi, izinsephe ezisendaweni yaseTurkmenistan zilandelwa izingulule nezinyama zezinja. Vele, abasengozini enkulu akuzona izilwane ezinesipiliyoni, ukufa kwazo okungafinyelela kumaphesenti angama-50 eduze nekwindla, okuyinto ethusa kakhulu.
Izitha zamathole ezisanda kuzalwa zihlanganisa:
- izimpungushe;
- izinkozi zegolide;
- amanqe;
- izinja zasendle;
- izinkozi zezintaba;
- izindawo zokungcwaba;
- ama-buzzard amakhulu.
Njengoba ubona, ingozi ayilindeli izinsephe hhayi kuphela emhlabathini, kodwa futhi nomoya. Imvelo enokhahlo futhi ayizigodli lezi zilwane ezincelisayo, okufa kwazo okwanda kakhulu ebusika obuneqhwa, lapho kukhona futhi nesembozo seqhwa esihlala njalo. AmaJeyrans angabulawa yindlala, ngoba ngaphansi koqweqwe olujiyile akulula ukuthola ukudla, ukunyakaza emithonjeni yeqhwa, futhi, ikakhulukazi, kuqweqwe, kulimaza izilwane futhi kungaholela nasekufeni, cishe akunakwenzeka ukufihla izidlova ngalezo zikhathi. Ungakhohlwa ngabantu abadale umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu kumphakathi wezimpisi, okuholela ekuzingeleni okusebenzayo nokungabi naluzwela kubo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Jeyran
Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule, inani lempunzi laliliningi kakhulu ezifundeni eziningi eziwugwadule nohlane ezifundazweni eziningi. Ngisho nokuzingelwa kwansuku zonke kwabahlali bendawo akukwazanga ukuthinta kakhulu izinombolo zayo. Izinhlwathi zondla abantu ngenyama esiphundu (kufika ku-15 kg kusuka kwinsikazi eyodwa), ibanikeze isikhumba esiqine kakhulu, kepha uthando lomuntu olungalawulwa lwenzuzo luholele ekutheni lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zaqala ukuqothulwa ngesivinini sombani futhi ngesilinganiso esikhulu. Ngosizo lwezimoto, abantu bafunda ukushayela imihlambi yezinhlwathi ezingibeni, bephuphuthekisa izilwane ngamalambu akhanyayo, bese benza ukubulawa okukhulu kwama-artiodactyls, isithombe saso esasimangalisa nje.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000, inani lezinyamazane lalicishe libe yizinkulungwane eziyi-140 zezilwane, kepha ngokwezibalo zamashumi eminyaka amuva nje, imodi yejubane yokwehla kwayo inyuke ngesinye isithathu, esingakhathazeki. AmaJeyran manje awatholakali e-Azerbaijan naseTurkey. Kubukhulu beKazakhstan neTurkmenistan, inani lemfuyo yabo lehla kaningi.
Usongo olukhulu nesizathu sosizi olunje lwalezi artiodactyls isenzo sokungacabangi nesobugovu sabantu, esithinta izilwane hhayi kuphela ngqo (abazingela ngokungemthetho), kepha ngokungaqondile (ukunciphisa izindawo zokuhlala ngenxa yokulima umhlaba nokwakhiwa kwamadlelo). Ngenxa yesimo esethusayo maqondana nezinombolo, kuthathwe izinyathelo eziningi zokuvikela ukuvusa inani lalezi zinsephe ezimangazayo, okuyizinhlobo ezisengozini njengamanje.
Insephe eyinsimbi
Isithombe: Jeyran ovela eRed Book
Kuyadabukisa ukuthi, kodwa zimbalwa izimbabala ezisele, ngakho-ke abantu bacabanga ukuthi le nhlwathi inganyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba. Manje insephe ibhalwe ku-Red Book yamazwe omhlaba, inesimo "sezinhlobo ezisengozini" yezilwane. Encwadini Ebomvu YaseKazakhstan, insephe ibhalwe njengohlu lwezinto ezingavamile, inani lazo elincipha njalo. I-Goitered gazelle nayo ibhekwa njengeRed Book endaweni yaseRussia Federation.
Njengoba sekushiwo, izinto ezikhawulela kakhulu zibandakanya imisebenzi yabantu, ethinta kabi impilo nendawo ezihlala kuyo izilwane. Abazingeli abangekho emthethweni bayaqhubeka nokudubula izinsephe ngokungemthetho, yize ukuzizingela kungavunyelwe nakancane. Abantu basusa lezi zilwane ezinezinselo ezinezikhala ezinesikhala ezindaweni zabo zokuthunyelwa unomphela, balima umhlaba omusha futhi bandise indawo yamadlelo emfuyo.
Ngaphezu kokufakwa kuhlu kumaRed Data Books ahlukahlukene, izindlela zokuvikela ukusindisa lezi zilwane zifaka:
- ukuzalanisa okwenziwe ngezinsikazi ezinqolobaneni, lapho kwenziwa khona zonke izimo zempilo yazo ethokomele;
- ukuvinjelwa okubanzi kokuzingelwa nokwenyuka kwenhlawulo yokuzingela ngokungemthetho;
- ukuhlonza nokuvikelwa kwezindawo lapho izinsephe ziziningi kakhulu, zibanikeza isimo sezindawo ezivikelwe.
Muva nje, abantu bebelokhu bezama ukudonsela ukunaka okukhulu ngangokunokwenzeka enkingeni yokunyamalala kwezinsikazi. Ngakho-ke, emkhosini waminyaka yonke e-Azerbaijan obizwa nge- "Maiden Tower", abaculi bavamise ukuveza lezi zinhlwathi ezibukekayo eziteshini ezinkulu, zinikeze isizathu sokucabanga ngenani lazo elinciphayo kanye nemisebenzi yabantu engacabangi, ecekela phansi, neyabantu.
Ekugcineni, kusala ukwengeza lokho, njengoba insephe ebukeka emuhle futhi enomusa, naye akakwazi ukuzivikela futhi usengozini. Kuyadingeka ukuthi ubonge lesi silwane esimnene nesesabekayo, uphathe ngenhlonipho nangenhlonipho izindawo zokuhlala kwaso unomphela, uzame ukucindezela noma yiziphi izenzo ezingekho emthethweni nezingenabuntu, khona-ke izwe elizungezile lizoba nomusa omncane futhi likhanye ngokwengeziwe, futhi amankonyane azokwazi ukujabulela impilo yawo ejabulisayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 02.02.2020
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.12.2019 ngo-23: 27
