IHolothuria eyaziwa nangokuthi ikhukhamba lasolwandle, nezinhlobo zalo zokuhweba, ezibanjwa ikakhulukazi eMpumalanga Ekude, ziyi-trepang. Lesi yisigaba sonke sama-echinoderms, afaka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-1 000, kwesinye isikhathi ezehluke kakhulu ngokubukeka, kepha ahlanganiswe imvelaphi efanayo, isakhiwo sangaphakathi esifanayo nendlela yokuphila.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Holothuria
Ama-echinoderms ezimbiwa phansi afundwe kahle ngenxa yokuthi amathambo abo anamaminerali alondolozwe kahle futhi ayaziwa. Ukutholwa okudala kakhulu kwama-echinoderms kubuyela emuva kuCambrian, cishe aneminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-520 ubudala. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, inani elikhulu labo livela ngasikhathi sinye, futhi ububanzi buba banzi.
Ngenxa yalokhu, abanye abacwaningi baze basikisela ukuthi ama-echinoderms okuqala avela ngisho nangaphambi kweCambrian, kepha kuze kube manje lezi zinguqulo azikatholi isiqinisekiso esanele. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokubonakala kwazo, amakilasi ahlala eMhlabeni, kubandakanya ukhukhamba wasolwandle, akhiwa - ayaziwa kusukela ku-Ordovician, okudala kakhulu okutholakala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-460 edlule.
Ividiyo: Holothuria
Okhokho bama-echinoderms babeyizilwane eziphila mahhala ezinokulingana kwamazwe amabili. Kwabe sekuvela uCarpoidea, base bevele behleli phansi. Imizimba yabo yayimbozwe amapuleti, futhi umlomo wabo kanye ne-anus kwafakwa ohlangothini olulodwa. Isigaba esilandelayo kwakuyiCystoidea noma ama-globules. Ama-Grooves wokuqoqa ukudla avela emlonyeni wabo. Kwakusuka kuma-globules lapho ukhukhamba wasolwandle uguquke khona ngqo - ngokungafani nezinye izigaba zesimanje zama-echinoderms, nawo avela kuwo, kepha adlula ezinye izigaba. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-holothurians asenezici eziningi zasendulo eziyizimpawu zama-globulars.
Futhi ukhukhamba wasolwandle uqobo luyisigaba sasendulo ngokweqile esishintshe kancane emakhulwini ezigidi zeminyaka edlule. Bachazwe yisazi sezilwane saseFrance u-A.M. IBlanville ngo-1834, igama lesiLatini lekilasi yiHolothuroidea.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kunamanzi amaningi ukhukhamba wasolwandle - kuze kufike ku-8-9%. Ngenxa yalokhu, le nsimbi eyigugu ingakhishwa kubo ngokuzayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani iholothurian
Ubukhulu bamakhukhamba asolwandle ahluke kakhulu. Ama-holothurians amadala, angawezinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke, akhula aze afike ku-5 mm, kanti lawo ahlobene nezinkulu angafinyelela imitha elilodwa, amabili, noma ngisho nanhlanu, njenge-synapt enamabala. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abameleli balezi zinhlobo bobabili abakhulu kunabo bonke futhi abasebenza kakhulu kuwo wonke ukhukhamba wasolwandle.
Umbala walezi zilwane ungahluka ngokufana, kukhona ukhukhamba wasolwandle wanoma imuphi umbala wothingo. Zingaba monochromatic impela, zibe namachashazi, zibe namachashaza, zibe nezimthende: ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kombala kungaba okungalindelekile kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, kunabantu abahlaza okwesibhakabhaka no-orange. Okufanayo kusebenza ekukhanyeni nasekugcwaliseni ithoni: ama-holothurians angaba mhlophe futhi akhanye kakhulu. Zingahluka kakhulu ekuthinteni: ezinye zibushelelezi, ezinye zinokhahlo, kanti ezinye zinokuphuma okuningi. Zifana nesimo sezibungu, zizacile noma zondlekile, zifana nekhukhamba, ziyindilinga, njalo njalo.
Ngamafuphi, ama-holothuri ayizidalwa ezahlukahlukene ngokweqile, kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa izici zabo ezijwayelekile, uma kungezona zonke, cishe zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Okokuqala: ukungahambi kahle. Imvamisa, ukhukhamba wasolwandle ufana nezibungu ezivilaphayo; zilala phansi ohlangothini olulodwa bese zihamba kancane kulo. Zibonakala ngokulingana kwemishayo emihlanu, yize ngaphandle lokhu kungabonakali ngokushesha. Umzimba unodonga olujiyile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lomzimba, kukhona umlomo ozungezwe izintambo. Ngokuvamile kuvame ukusuka kokukodwa kuya kwamathathu, ngosizo lwabo ikhukhamba lasolwandle lithatha ukudla.
Ama-tentacles ahlukile ngesimo kuye ngokuthi iziphi izinhlobo zekhukhamba zasolwandle ezidla kuzo. Zingaba mfushane futhi zihlelwe kalula, njenge-scapula, noma zinde futhi zibe namagatsha amakhulu. Eyokuqala ilula kakhulu ukumba inhlabathi, eyesibili ukuhlunga iplankton emanzini. IHolothuria iyaziwa ngeqiniso lokuthi ukuvulwa kwesibili, i-anal, akusebenzi nje kuphela ekususeni udoti, kepha futhi nokuphefumula. Isilwane sidonsela amanzi kuso, bese singena esithweni esifana namaphaphu amanzi, lapho kuhlungwa khona umoya-mpilo kuwo.
Ukhukhamba wasolwandle unemilenze eminingi - ikhula kulo lonke ubude bomzimba. Ngosizo lwazo, izilwane zizwa indawo ezungezile, futhi ezinye ziyahamba: imilenze yokuhamba ingaba evamile noma ende kakhulu. Kepha izinhlobo eziningi zokunyakaza komlenze azisebenzisi noma zisebenzise okuncane, futhi zihamba ikakhulu ngenxa yezinciphiso zemisipha yodonga lomzimba.
Ihlala kuphi ikhukhamba yasolwandle?
Isithombe: Ikhukhamba yasolwandle
Ububanzi bazo bubanzi ngokwedlulele futhi buhlanganisa zonke izilwandle nolwandle oluningi loMhlaba. Izilwandle lapho ukhukhamba wasolwandle engatholakali khona zivamile impela, phakathi kwazo, isibonelo, iBaltic neCaspian. Iningi lawo wonke ukhukhamba wasolwandle ahlala emanzini afudumele asezindaweni ezishisayo, bakhetha ukuhlala eduze kwezixhobo zamakhorali, kepha futhi bahlala olwandle olubandayo.
Ungahlangana namaholothuri womabili emanzini angajulile eduze nogu, futhi ekujuleni, kuze kufike ekujuleni okujule kakhulu: impela, lezi zinhlobo ezihluke ngokuphelele, zihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. Ekujuleni kweplanethi, iMariana Trench, ezansi kwayo, ukhukhamba wasolwandle nawo uhlala. Bakha ingxenye ebalulekile yabantu basezansi, kwesinye isikhathi kumane kugcwala kubo. Ekujuleni okukhulu - ngaphezu kwe-8000 m, i-macrofauna (okungukuthi, leyo engabonakala ngeso lomuntu) imelwe ngokuyinhloko ngabo, cishe i-85-90% yazo zonke izidalwa ezinkulu lapho zingezesigaba samaholothurians.
Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi, kukho konke ukukhula kwalezi zidalwa, zivumelane ngokuphelele nempilo ngokujula futhi zinganikeza isiqalo esikhulu sezilwane eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zazo ziyancipha kuphela ngemuva kophawu lwe-5,000 m, ngisho nalapho kuhamba kancane. Zimbalwa kakhulu izilwane ezikwazi ukuncintisana nazo ngokungathobeki.
Kunezinhlobo zamakhukhamba asolwandle, indwangu yayo enikeza amandla okuntanta emanzini: avele akhumule kusuka phansi bese ehambisa kancane endaweni entsha, esebenzisa izengezo ezikhethekile zokubhukuda ukuze uqondise. Kepha zihlala phansi, ngaphandle kohlobo olulodwa oluhlala kukholamu lamanzi: yiPelagothuria natatrix, futhi ibhukuda njalo ngendlela echaziwe.
Manje uyazi lapho ikhukhamba lasolwandle litholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlani ikhukhamba yasolwandle?
Isithombe: Holothuria olwandle
Ukudla kwamakhukhamba asolwandle kufaka:
- iplankton;
- izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezihleli phansi;
- izimila zasolwandle;
- amagciwane.
Ngohlobo lokudla, izinhlobo zingahluka kakhulu. Imvamisa, ukhukhamba wasolwandle uhlunga amanzi, uqoqe kuwo ama-microorganism amancane, noma uqoqe ukudla kusuka phansi. Abokuqala basebenzise amatende ambozwe nge-slime ukuhlunga, okunamathela kuwo wonke ama-plankton adliwayo, ngemuva kwalokho bathumele inyamazane emlonyeni wabo.
Lezi zamuva zisebenzisa amatende ngendlela efanayo, kepha ziqoqa inyamazane kusuka phansi. Ngenxa yalokho, inhlanganisela yakho konke engatholakala ezansi ithunyelwa ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla, futhi lapho sekukhona ukudla okunempilo kuyacutshungulwa, futhi konke okunye kuphonswa emuva: kuyadingeka ukukhipha amathumbu olwandle ikhukhamba kaningi, ngoba limunca udoti omningi ongenamsebenzi.
Akondli kuphela ngezinto eziphilayo, kepha futhi nezicubu ezingakaqedwa zezinto eziphilayo - i-detritus, kwimenyu yakhe yakha ingxenye ebalulekile. Iphinde ibambe nama-bacteria amaningi, ngoba, yize mancane kakhulu, kunenani elikhulu lawo emanzini nangaphansi, futhi futhi anamathela ezintanjeni ezinamathelayo.
Okuthakazelisayo: Ngemuva kokuyikhipha emanzini, kufafaze ngosawoti ukuze uyiqinise. Uma ungakwenzi lokhu zisuka nje, izicubu zayo zizothamba emoyeni, futhi izobukeka njengejeli.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: iHolothuria, noma iqanda lolwandle
Njengoba ikhukhamba lasolwandle liyisidalwa esidala, asikho isidingo sokukhuluma nganoma yiziphi izici zobuntu, futhi impilo yalo ilula kakhulu futhi iyisidina. Iningi lekhukhamba lasolwandle limane lihlale phansi ngesiphetho esiphakanyiswe kancane, lapho umlomo utholakala khona. Uhamba kancane, futhi ukudla, kukonke, kuwukuphela komsebenzi wakhe.
Uhamba kancane olwandle, noma aze ande emanzini ngaphandle kokwenza umzamo. Lapho esefinyelele endaweni ayifunayo, ecebile ngokudla, uqala ukukushwabadela, bese umane alale phansi aze alambe futhi.
Ihlala ilele ngasohlangothini olulodwa, olubizwa ngokuthi i-trivium. Noma ungayiphendulela ngakolunye uhlangothi, khona-ke izobuyela emuva. Kwesinye isikhathi ikhukhamba lasolwandle liqala ukudwengula phansi, kepha alikwenzi lokhu ngokushesha. Njengenye yezinto eziphambili zokucutshungulwa kwe-detritus, ukhukhamba wasolwandle unomsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu emvelweni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ICarapus affinis, inhlanzi encane kakhulu, ihlala ngaphakathi kwamakhukhamba olwandle, endunu yabo. Ngale ndlela iyavikelwa, futhi njengoba ukhukhamba wasolwandle uphefumula ngalo mgodi, kuhlale kunamanzi ahlanzekile ngaphakathi. Ngaphezu kwakhe, ukhukhamba wasolwandle ungaba ikhaya lezinye izilwane ezincane njengezinkalankala noma izikelemu.
Kunezinhlobo zamakhukhamba asolwandle athole ukuvikeleka kulezi zakhamuzi ezingamenyiwe: kunamazinyo endunu yawo alimaza noma abulale labo abazama ukungena lapho.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Holothuria ngaphansi kwamanzi
Ezikhathini ezijwayelekile, akukho ukuxhumana komphakathi phakathi kwamakhukhamba asolwandle okwenzeka yize ehlala eduze komunye nomunye, imvamisa ngisho nakumaqoqo amakhulu. Imvamisa abasabeli kubantu besizwe sakubo, abangeni ezingxabanweni zensimu futhi bamane bathathe indawo yamahhala, futhi uma ingekho, bayaqhubeka baze bayithole.
Isikhathi kuphela lapho beba nesithakazelo ezihlotsheni isikhathi sokuzala. Lapho kufika, ama-holothurians aqala ukudlulisa amasiginali, ngosizo lwawo ukuthola umlingani. Ukufakelwa kwabo kungaphandle: owesifazane ukhipha amaqanda emanzini, owesilisa ukhipha isidoda - kwenzeka kanjena.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqanda avundisiwe angakhula ezimeni ezahlukahlukene: abamele ezinye izinhlobo bayazibamba futhi bazinamathisele emzimbeni wabo, ngaleyo ndlela zinikeze ukuvikelwa. Abanye ngokushesha balahlekelwa yintshisekelo kubo, ukuze bacwile phansi noma bathathwe yimanje. Isikhathi sokuthuthuka singahluka kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene.
Kepha kukhona okufana namakhukhamba asolwandle ezinhlobo ezahlukene: izibungu zawo zinezigaba eziningana. Owokuqala uyafana nawo wonke amanye ama-echinoderms futhi ubizwa nge-dipleurula. Ngokwesilinganiso, ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-3-4, ikhula ibe yi-auricularia, kuthi ngemuva kwesikhashana ibe kwifomu lesithathu - i-dololaria.
Ifomu lokuqala liyafana kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa elesibili nelesithathu lingahluka, libizwa ngokuthi i-vitellaria ne-pentacula. Imvamisa, ngokuphelele, ikhukhamba lasolwandle lihlala kulezi zinhlobo ezintathu amasonto ama-2-5, lidla ulwelwe lwe-unicellular.
Ngemuva kwalokho, iphenduka ibe ngumuntu omdala, ozophila iminyaka engu-5-10, ngaphandle kokuthi ife ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngenxa yesilwane esithile esidlayo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi yize ukuzala ngokocansi kuvame kakhulu kukhukhamba wasolwandle, kodwa futhi kuyakwazi ukwenza i-asexual, kwehlukaniswe kube izingxenye eziningana, ngayinye ikhule ibe ngumuntu omdala.
Izitha zemvelo zamaholothuri
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani iholothurian
Kunamakhukhamba amaningi olwandle ezansi, ngenkathi ehamba kancane futhi engavikelekile kahle, ngakho-ke izilwane eziningi ezizingelayo ziyazizingela ngezikhathi ezithile.
Phakathi kwazo:
- ama-tetraodones;
- inhlanzi yokubangela;
- izinkalankala;
- isikhuphashe;
- izinkalankala ezihlala zodwa;
- izinkanyezi zasolwandle.
Kepha izinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela ezondla ngazo njalo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubuthi buthelela ezicutshini zabo (eyinhloko ibizwa ngegama ngokufanele - i-holothurin), futhi ukusetshenziswa njalo kwamakhukhamba olwandle ekudleni kuyingozi empilweni yasolwandle.
Ezinhlotsheni lapho ukhukhamba wasolwandle uwumthombo oyinhloko wokudla, kufanelekile ukugqamisa, okokuqala, imiphongolo. La ma-molluscs ahlasela ukhukhamba wasolwandle, afaka ubuthi kuwo, abese emunca izicubu ezithambile kulowo okhubazekile. Ubuthi abuyona ingozi kubo.
Izinhlanzi nazo zingadla kulaba bantu abahlala ezansi, kepha zikwenza ngokungavamile, ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho zingakwazi ukuthola enye inyamazane. Phakathi kwezitha zamaholothuri, abantu kufanele futhi bahlukaniswe, ngoba ezinye izinhlobo zithathwa njengesibiliboco futhi zibanjwa ngezinga lezimboni.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: IHolothuria iyakwazi ukuzivikela ezilwaneni eziyizilwane ngendlela eyodwa kuphela: iphonsa ezinye zezitho zayo zangaphakathi, futhi kanye nazo, ubuthi obethusa abazingeli bungena emanzini. Ekhukhamba lasolwandle uqobo, lokhu akubulali, ngoba liyakwazi ukukhulisa izitho ezintsha esikhundleni sezilahlekile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Holothuria
Inani eliphelele labantu bohlobo olulodwa lwamakhukhamba asolwandle alunakubalwa ngenxa yokuthi bahlala olwandle. Futhi uma inani lezinhlobo ezithile zingatholakala okungenani cishe, ngoba zihlala ekujuleni okungajulile, ezingxenyeni ezifundwe kahle zezilwandle, lapho-ke lokho inani labanye abantu kungasungulwa. Sazi kuphela ukuthi kuningi kakhulu, acishe amboze phansi kwezilwandle: ukuminyana kwawo ngemitha eyisikwele ebusweni kungaba ngamashumi amashumi abantu ngabanye. Ngakho-ke, yibo abenza umnikelo omkhulu ekucutshungulweni kwenhlabathi nezinhlayiya zemvelo eziwela kuwo.
IHolothurian nabantu bayisebenzisela izinhloso ezihlukile. Imvamisa kuyadliwa - ikakhulukazi eChina nasemazweni aseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeAsia, lapho afakwa khona ezinhlobonhlobo zezitsha, kusuka kumasaladi kuya kumasobho. Ubuthi ababukhiqizayo busetshenziswa ekhemisi nakumuthi wesintu emazweni ase-Asia. Okhilimu namafutha kwenziwa ngezindwangu zabo.
Ngenxa yokudoba okusebenzayo, ezinye izinhlobo ezihlala ngasogwini ziye zathinteka kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho ohulumeni bamazwe aseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia sebeqale nokulwa nokubanjwa okungekho emthethweni kwe-trepangs, beka imikhawulo entengo yokuthengisa, okwenze kwaba nenzuzo encane kakhulu ukuhweba ngezinhlobo ezingabizi kakhulu. Kulezi zinsuku, ukhukhamba wasolwandle othengisiwe uvuthwa kakhulu ngokwenziwa, ngoba lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu izindleko. Kepha labo abakhulele emvelweni babaluleka ngaphezulu.
IHolothuria kubaluleke kakhulu esimisweni semvelo seplanethi yethu, kuyizinto ezinkulu ezivame kakhulu zasolwandle. Zihlelwe ngokwasendulo, kepha ngenxa yalokhu ziyakwazi ukuba khona ezimweni ezinje lapho izilwane ezihleleke ngokwedlulele zingakwazi ukuhlala khona. Ilusizo kubantu: isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuphekeni, kepha nakwezemithi nakwimithi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 12/30/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 12.09.2019 ngo-10: 25
