I-hydra yamanzi angenasawoti Ingabe i-polyp enamanzi angenasawoti enomzimba okuthe ngezikhathi ezithile iphelela kuma-aquariums ngengozi. Ama-hydra wamanzi ahlanzekile ayizihlobo ezingabonakali zamakhorali, ama-sea anemones ne-jellyfish. Bonke bangamalungu ohlobo lwezilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo, ezibonakala ngemizimba ehambisanayo, ubukhona bezintambo ezihlabayo kanye nethumbu elilula elinokuvula okukodwa (umgogodla womzimba).
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Hydrawater
I-hydra yamanzi angenasawoti i-polyp encane yohlobo olufanayo (econsa) njenge-sea anemones ne-jellyfish. Ngenkathi ama-coelenterates amaningi olwandle, ama-hydra amanzi angenasawoti angajwayelekile ngoba ahlala kuphela emanzini ahlanzekile. Yaqala yachazwa ngu-Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) encwadini ayithumela eRoyal Society ngoKhisimusi ngo-1702. Lezi zidalwa sekuyisikhathi eside zithandwa yizazi zebhayoloji ngekhono lazo lokuzivuselela kusuka ezingxenyeni ezincane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngisho namaseli avela emanzini ahlanzekile ahlukaniswe ngamanzi angenziwa kabusha futhi ahlangane abe isilwane esisebenzayo cishe esikhathini esingangesonto. Ukuthi le nqubo yenzeka kanjani, ososayensi abakaqondi ngokugcwele.
Ividiyo: Amanzi ahlanzekile i-Hydra
Izinhlobo eziningana zama-hydra amanzi angenasawoti ziye zalotshwa, kepha eziningi kunzima ukuzibona ngaphandle kwemicroscopy enemininingwane. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili, noma kunjalo, zehlukile.
Zivame kakhulu ezindaweni zethu zasemanzini:
- I-Hydra (Chlorohydra) viridissima (i-hydra eluhlaza) iyinhlobo eluhlaza okotshani ngenxa yobukhona bezinambuzane eziningi ezibizwa nge-zoochlorella eziphila njengezimpawu emaseli endodermal. Eqinisweni, zivame ukuba mhlophe ngombala. I-algae eluhlaza yenza i-photosynthesis futhi ikhiqize ushukela osetshenziswa yi-hydra. Ngokulandelayo, ukudla okudla inyama kwe-hydra kunikeza i-algae umthombo we-nitrogen. Ama-hydra aluhlaza amancane, anezintambo ezicishe zibe uhhafu wobude bekholomu;
- I-Hydra oligactis (i-hydra ensundu) - Ihlukaniswa kalula nenye i-hydra ngezintambo zayo ezinde kakhulu, okuthi uma zikhululekile, zifinyelele ku-5 cm noma ngaphezulu. Ikholomu inombala onsundu okhanyayo, 15 kuya ku-25 mm ubude, isisekelo sinciphile ngokusobala, sakhe "isiqu".
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-hydra yasemanzini
Onke ama-hydra wamanzi angenasawoti anolwelwesi olunamaseli amabili alinganayo, umzimba oyishubhu ohlukaniswe ungqimba oluncane, olungesilo olweselula olubizwa nge-mesoglea. Isakhiwo sabo esihlangene somlomo-anus (umgogodla womzimba) sizungezwe izintambo ezivelayo ezinamaseli ahlabayo (ama-nematocysts). Lokhu kusho ukuthi banembobo eyodwa kuphela emzimbeni wabo, futhi lowo ngumlomo, kodwa futhi kuyasiza ekukhipheni imfucuza. Ubude bomzimba wamanzi ahlanzekile i-hydra bufinyelela ku-7 mm, kepha izintambo zinganwetshwa kakhulu futhi zifinyelele kubude bamasentimitha amaningana.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: I-hydra yamanzi angenasawoti inezicubu kepha ayinazo izitho. Iqukethe ithubhu engaba ngu-5 mm ubude, eyakhiwe izingqimba ezimbili ze-epithelial (endoderm ne-ectoderm).
Isendlalelo sangaphakathi (endoderm) esifaka umgogodla-wemithambo sikhiqiza ama-enzyme wokugaya ukudla. Ingqimba yangaphandle yamaseli (i-ectoderm) ikhiqiza ama-organelles amancane, ahlabayo abizwa ngama-nematocyst. Ama-tentacles anweba kwezendlalelo zomzimba futhi azungeze ukuvuleka komlomo.
Ngenxa yokwakhiwa okulula, ikholomu yomzimba nama-tentacles anwebeka kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, i-hydra isakaza izintambo zayo, izisuse kancane ilinde ukuthintana nesisulu esifanelekile. Izilwane ezincane ezihlangabezana nezindwangu zikhubazekile ngama-neurotoxin akhishwa kuma-nematocyst ahlabayo. Ama-tentacles ajikeleza azungeze isisulu esihluphekayo futhi awudonsele ekuvulekeni komlomo okukhulisiwe. Lapho isisulu singena emgodini womzimba, ukugaya kungaqala. Izicucu kanye nezinye izinsalela ezingadliwe kamuva ziyakhishwa ngomlomo.
Inekhanda, eliqukethe umlomo ozungezwe yindandatho yama-tentacles kolunye uhlangothi, ne-disc enamathelayo, unyawo, kolunye uhlangothi. Amaseli ama-stem amaningi asatshalaliswa phakathi kwamaseli wezingqimba ze-epithelial, ezinikeza izinhlobo ezine zamaseli ezihlukanisiwe: ama-gametes, izinzwa, amaseli ayimfihlo kanye nama-nematocyte - amaseli avuthayo anquma uhlobo lwamaseli avumayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokwakheka kwabo, banamandla okulawula amanzi angaphakathi kwemizimba. Ngakho-ke, zingakhulisa noma zivumelane nemizimba yazo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Yize ingenazo izitho ezizwelayo, i-hydra yamanzi angenasawoti iyasabela ekukhanyeni. Isakhiwo se-hydra yamanzi angenasawoti sikwazi ukuzwa ushintsho ekushiseni, kumakhemikhali wamanzi, kanye nasekuthintweni nakwezinye izinto ezishukumisayo. Amaseli emizwa yesilwane akwazi ukujabula. Isibonelo, uma uyithinta ngethiphu yenaliti, khona-ke isignali evela kumaseli ezinzwa ezwa ukuthintwa izodluliselwa kokunye, futhi isuke kumaseli ezinzwa iye esihlokweni se-epithelial-muscle.
Uhlala kuphi amanzi ahlanzekile?
Isithombe: Amanzi ahlanzekile i-hydra emanzini
Ngokwemvelo, ama-hydra amanzi ahlanzekile ahlala emanzini ahlanzekile. Zitholakala emachibini anamanzi angenasawoti nasemifuleni ehamba kancane, lapho zivame ukunamathela ezitshalweni ezigcwele amanzi noma emadwaleni. I-algae ehlala emanzini angenasawoti i-hydra iyazuza endaweni evikelekile evikelekile futhi ithola ukudla okwenziwe ngemikhiqizo ku-hydra. I-hydra yamanzi angenasawoti nayo izuza ekudleni okune-algal.
Ama-Hydra agcinwa ekukhanyeni kodwa ngenye indlela abulawa yindlala akhonjisiwe ukuthi asinda kangcono kunama-hydra ngaphandle kwe-algae eluhlaza ngaphakathi kwawo. Bayakwazi nokuphila emanzini ngokuhlushwa okuphansi komoya-mpilo ngoba ulwelwe lubanikeza umoya-mpilo. Lo oxygen wumkhiqizo we-photosynthesis ngo-algae. Ama-hydras aluhlaza adlulisa ulwelwe kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye ngamaqanda.
Ama-Hydras ahambisa imizimba yawo emanzini ngenkathi enamathiselwe, enweba futhi engena ngaphansi kwengxube yokunyakaza kwemisipha nengcindezi yamanzi (wokubacindezela). Le ngcindezi ye-hydraulic yenziwa ngaphakathi kwendawo yabo yokugaya ukudla.
Ama-Hydras awahlali enamathiselwe ku-substrate futhi angahamba ukusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye ngokushelela eceleni kwe-basal disc noma ukuwa phambili. Ngesikhathi sokushaywa yisikhathi, bahlukanisa i-basal disc, bese beguqa bese bebeka izintambo ku-substrate. Lokhu kulandelwa ukufakwa kabusha kwe-basal disc ngaphambi kokuphinda yonke inqubo futhi. Bangakwazi futhi ukubhukuda bebheke phansi emanzini. Lapho zibhukuda, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-basal disc ikhiqiza ibhamuza legesi elihambisa isilwane ebusweni bamanzi.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona amanzi ahlanzekile i-hydra. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Adla ini amanzi ahlanzekile i-hydra?
Isithombe: Polyp angenasawoti hydra
Ama-hydra amanzi angenasawoti ayizidlakela futhi anezidleke.
Imikhiqizo yabo yokudla yile:
- izibungu;
- izibungu zezinambuzane;
- ama-crustaceans amancane;
- inhlanzi eyisibungu;
- amanye ama-invertebrate afana ne-daphnia nama-cyclops.
I-Hydra akuyona umzingeli osebenzayo. Lezi yizilwane ezihlasela abantu zakudala ezihlala phansi zilinde inyamazane yazo ukuba isondele ngokwanele ukuze zishaye. Okwamanje lapho isisulu sesiseduze ngokwanele, i-hydra isilungele ukuvula ukusabela kwamaseli ahlabayo. Le yimpendulo engokwemvelo. Ngemuva kwalokho ama-tentacles aqala ukusonteka asondele kumuntu ohlukunyezwayo, awudonsele emlonyeni ezansi kwesiqu se-tentacle. Uma incane ngokwanele, i-hydra izoyidla. Uma inkulu kakhulu ukuthi ingadliwa, izolahlwa, futhi mhlawumbe itholwe yi-aquarist engaqondakali, ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo sokufa.
Uma kwenzeka kungekho sulu esanele, bangakuthola ukudla ngokumunca ama-molecule e-organic ngqo ebusweni bomzimba wabo. Lapho kungekho nhlobo ukudla, i-hydra yamanzi angenasawoti iyayeka ukuphindaphindeka bese iqala ukusebenzisa izicubu zayo ukuthola amandla. Ngenxa yalokho, izoncipha ize ibe ngosayizi omncane kakhulu ngaphambi kokufa ekugcineni.
I-hydra yamanzi angenamanzi ikhubaza isisulu ngama-neurotoxin, esiwafihla kuma-organelles amancane, ahlabayo abizwa ngama-nematocyst. Lezi zokugcina ziyingxenye yamaseli e-ectodermal ekholamu, ikakhulukazi ama-tentacles, lapho agcwele khona ukuminyana okukhulu. Imatocyst ngayinye iyi-capsule equkethe intambo ende futhi engenalutho. Lapho i-hydra ivuselelwa yizimpawu zamakhemikhali noma zomshini, ukutholakala kwama-nematocyst kuyanda. Okukhulu kunakho konke (ama-penetrants) aqukethe ama-neurotoxins afakwa i-hydra emanzini angenawo usawoti ngentambo engenalutho. Uzipho oluncane, olunamathelayo, lusonga ngokuzenzekelayo lapho luthintana nesilwane. Kuthatha ngaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-0.3 ukuluma isisulu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ama-hydra wamanzi ahlanzekile
I-Symbiosis phakathi kwamanzi angenasawoti i-hydras ne-algae ikhonjiswe ukuthi ijwayelekile kakhulu. Ngalolu hlobo lokuhlangana, umzimba ngamunye uyasizakala ngokunye. Isibonelo, ngenxa yobudlelwano bayo bokufanelana ne-chlorella algae, i-hydra eluhlaza ingahlanganisa ukudla kwayo.
Lokhu kubonisa inzuzo enkulu yama-hydra amanzi angenasawoti, njengoba kunikezwa ukuthi bangakwazi ukuhlanganisa ukudla kwabo lapho izimo zemvelo zishintsha (ukudla kuyindlala). Ngenxa yalokho, i-hydra eluhlaza inenzuzo enkulu kune-hydra ensundu, engenayo i-chlorophyll edingekayo ku-photosynthesis.
Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma i-hydra eluhlaza ikhanya elangeni. Yize ingadli inyama, ama-hydra aluhlaza ayakwazi ukusinda izinyanga ezintathu esebenzisa ushukela ovela ku-photosynthesis. Lokhu kuvumela umzimba ukuthi ubekezelele ukuzila (lapho kungekho khona isisulu).
Yize bevame ukubeka izinyawo zabo futhi bahlale endaweni eyodwa, ama-hydra amanzi ahlanzekile ayakwazi ukuqhuma. Ukuphela kokufanele bakwenze ukukhulula imilenze yabo bese bayantanta baye endaweni entsha, noma baqhubekele phambili kancane, bahlanganise futhi badedele izintambo nezinyawo zabo ngokushintshana. Ngokunikwa amandla abo okuzala, amandla abo okuzulazula lapho befuna, nokudla inyamazane amahlandla amaningi ngosayizi wabo, kuyacaca ukuthi kungani amanzi angenasawoti i-hydra engamukeleki e-aquarium.
Ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana e-hydra yamanzi angenasawoti kuvumela lesi silwane esincane ukuba sizivuselele. Amaseli aphakathi nendawo atholakala ebusweni bomzimba angaguqulwa abe olunye uhlobo. Uma kwenzeka kukhona ukulimala emzimbeni, amangqamuzana aphakathi nendawo aqala ukuhlukana ngokushesha okukhulu, akhule futhi abuyisele izingxenye ezingekho, bese isilonda siphola. Amandla wokuzivuselela we-hydra yamanzi angenasawoti aphakeme kakhulu kangangokuthi uma uwusika phakathi, ingxenye eyodwa ikhulisa izintambo ezintsha nomlomo, kanti enye - isiqu nesele.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amanzi ahlanzekile i-hydra emanzini
I-hydra yamanzi angenasawoti ibhekana nezindlela ezimbili zokuzalisa ezikhethekile: emazingeni okushisa afudumele (18-22 ° C) zizala ngokweqile ngokuqhakaza. Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-hydra amanzi angenasawoti kuvame ukuvela ngokuhlangana, okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-budding. Ukukhula okufana nokuhluma emzimbeni we "hydra" wamanzi angenasawoti ekugcineni kukhula kube ngumuntu omusha ohlukaniswa nomzali.
Lapho izimo zinzima, noma lapho ukudla kuyindlala, ama-hydra amanzi ahlanzekile angazala kabusha ngokocansi. Umuntu oyedwa angakhiqiza amangqamuzana egciwane lowesilisa nowesifazane, angena emanzini lapho kwenzeka khona ukukhulelwa. Iqanda likhula libe yisibungu, esimbozwe ngezincanyana, ezinjengezinwele ezaziwa njenge-cilia. Isibungu singakwazi ukuhlala ngokushesha futhi siphenduke i-hydra, noma sigcine singqimba lwangaphandle oluqinile esilivumela ukuba siphile ezimweni ezinzima.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngaphansi kwezimo ezincomekayo (ayithobeki kakhulu), i-hydra yamanzi angenasawoti iyakwazi "ukukhiqiza" kuze kufike kuma-hydra amancane ayi-15 ngenyanga. Lokhu kusho ukuthi njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3 uzenzela ikhophi. I-hydra eyodwa yamanzi angenasawoti ezinyangeni ezi-3 nje iyakwazi ukukhiqiza ama-hydra amasha angama-4000 (kucatshangelwa ukuthi "izingane" nazo ziletha ama-hydra ayi-15 ngenyanga).
Ekwindla, lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esibandayo, wonke ama-hydra ayafa. Umzimba womama uyabola, kepha iqanda lihlala liphila futhi lifukamela ubusika. Entwasahlobo, iqala ukuhlukanisa, amaseli ahlelwe ngezendlalelo ezimbili. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esifudumele, i-hydra encane ingena egobolondweni leqanda bese iqala impilo ezimele.
Izitha zemvelo zamanzi angenasawoti ama-hydra
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-hydra yasemanzini
Endaweni yazo yemvelo, ama-hydra amanzi angenasawoti anezitha ezimbalwa. Esinye sezitha zabo yi-trichodina ciliate, ekwaziyo ukuyihlasela. Ezinye izinhlobo zamazeze olwandle zingaphila emzimbeni wakhe. Iplanethi ephila mahhala iziphakela emanzini angenasawoti i-hydra. Kodwa-ke, akufanele usebenzise lezi zilwane ukulwa ne-hydra e-aquarium: ngokwesibonelo, ama-trichodine kanye ne-planaria abaphikisi abafanayo bezinhlanzi njengoba kunjalo nge-hydra yamanzi angenasawoti.
Esinye isitha se-hydra yamanzi angenasawoti umnenke omkhulu wechibi. Kepha futhi akufanele igcinwe ku-aquarium, ngoba ithwala izifo ezithile zezinhlanzi futhi iyakwazi ukondla izitshalo ezintekenteke ze-aquarium.
Amanye ama-aquarist afaka i-gourami encane elambile ethangini lamanzi ahlanzekile le-hydra. Abanye balwa naye besebenzisa ulwazi lokuziphatha kwakhe: bayazi ukuthi i-hydra ithanda izindawo ezikhanyiswe kahle. Bafaka konke ngaphandle kohlangothi olulodwa lwe-aquarium nendawo yengilazi kusuka ngaphakathi kwalolo donga. Kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-2-3, cishe yonke i-hydra yamanzi angenasawoti izohlangana lapho. Ingilazi iyasuswa ihlanzwe.
Lezi zilwane ezincane zisengozini enkulu ye-ion yethusi emanzini. Ngakho-ke, enye indlela esetshenziswa ukulwa nazo ukuthatha ucingo lwensimbi, kususwe ikhava evikela bese kulungiswa inqwaba phezu kwempompo yomoya. Lapho wonke ama-hydra efa, ucingo luyasuswa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Hydrawater
Ama-hydra wamanzi ahlanzekile aziwa ngamakhono abo okuzivuselela. Iningi lamaseli awo ngamaseli angama-stem. Lawa maseli akwazi ukwahlukana ngokuqhubekayo nokuhlukanisa abe amaseli wanoma yiluphi uhlobo emzimbeni. Kubantu, amaseli anjalo "aphelele" atholakala kuphela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala zokukhula kombungu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iHydra ivuselela imizimba yayo ngamaseli amasha.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: I-hydra yamanzi angenasawoti ayikhombisi zimpawu zokuguga futhi ibukeka ingafi. Ezinye izakhi zofuzo ezilawula ukukhula zihlala zivuliwe, ngakho-ke zivuselela umzimba njalo. Lezi zofuzo zenza i-hydra ibe yintsha njalo futhi ingabeka isisekelo socwaningo lwezokwelapha oluzayo.
Ngo-1998, kwashicilelwa isifundo esichaza ukuthi ama-hydra avuthiwe awakhombisanga zimpawu zokuguga eminyakeni emine. Ukuthola ukuguga, abacwaningi babheka ukuguga, okuchazwa njengokunyuka kokufa kwabantu kanye nokwehla kokuzala ngokukhula kweminyaka. Lolu cwaningo lwango-1998 alukwazanga ukunquma ukuthi ukuzala kwe-hydra kwehle yini ngobudala. Ucwaningo olusha lubandakanye ukudala iziqhingi ezincane zepharadesi zama-hydra amanzi ayi-2 256. Abaphenyi babefuna ukudala izimo ezifanele izilwane, okungukuthi, banikeze ngamunye isitsha samanzi esihlukile kathathu ngesonto, kanye nezitsha zezimfanzi ezintsha.
Sekuyiminyaka eyisishiyagalombili abacwaningi bengatholi zimpawu zokuguga ku-hydra yabo ekhuluphele. Ukufa kwagcinwa ezingeni elifanayo kuma-hydra ayi-167 ngonyaka, kungakhathalekile ukuthi zineminyaka emingaki (izilwane "ezindala kunazo zonke" ezifundwayo kwakungamacellon hydras, ezazineminyaka engaba ngu-41 ubudala - yize abantu babefundwa iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili kuphela, abanye babekhulile ngokwemvelo ngoba babezofuzo ama-clones).Ngokufanayo, ukuzala kuye kwahlala ku-80% wama-hydra ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ama-20% asele ehla enyuka naphansi, mhlawumbe ngenxa yezimo zaselebhu. Ngakho-ke, ubukhulu besibalo samanzi angenasawoti ama-hydra abusongelwa.
I-hydra yamanzi angenasawotiNgezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-polyp water, yisidalwa esincane esifana ne-jellyfish. Lezi zinambuzane ezincane ziyakwazi ukubulala nokudla izinhlanzi ezithosiwe nezinhlanzi ezincane ezindala. Zibuye zande ngokushesha, zikhiqize amahlumela akhula abe ama-hydra amasha aqhephuka futhi anyamalale ngokwawo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 19.12.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/10/2019 ngo-20: 19
