Ufudu olukhulu Ingabe olunye lwezinhlobo zezilwane oluhlotshaniswa kakhulu neziQhingi zaseGalapagos. Kukholakala ukuthi yavela ezimfwini ezivela ezwenikazi ezageza ogwini eGalapagos eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eyedlule, manje sekunama-subspecies amaningana atholakala eziqhingini ezahlukahlukene. Bangaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu futhi baxhumeke ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomlando womuntu weziqhingi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ufudu olukhulu
Zimbili izinto ezigqamayo ngezimfudu ezinkulu: ubukhulu bazo nokuqina kwazo. Izimfudu ezinkulu zamadoda zingakhula zibe ngaphezu kwama-200 kg futhi zingathwala umuntu omdala emhlane kalula. Impilo ngqo kofudu lwasendle lwaseGalapagos ayicaci, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi iphakathi kweminyaka eyikhulu kuya kwengu-150. Ufudu olukhulu lwaseMadagascar, olwanikelwa kwiNdlovukazi yaseTonga ngawo-1770, lashona ngo-1966. Bafinyelela kuphela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi phakathi kweminyaka engama-20 nengama-30.
Ividiyo: Ufudu Olukhulu
Esinye isici esithandekayo ngumehluko emijahweni ehlala eziqhingini ezahlukahlukene. Kwakunezinhlanga eziyi-14, ngasinye sazo sasihlala esiqhingini esihlukile. Izinhlanga ezimbili, iFloreana neSanta Fe, zaphela phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili. Umjaho waseFernandina wanyamalala ngekhulu lama-20. Munye kuphela umuntu, owesilisa ogama lakhe lingu "Lone George", owasinda emjahweni wePinta. Umjaho waseHispanola wawusondele kakhulu ekuqothulweni, uyalulama ngenxa yohlelo lokuzalela lweDarwin Research Station.
Izimfudu ezinkulu zibonisa "i-gigantism," isimo esibonakala sisizwa isikhathi eside sokuhlukaniswa lapho i-predation icishe ingekho nemithombo yokudla miningi. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kulungiswe ngaphambilini, ngoba abantu abakhulu bazoba nethuba elingcono lokusinda kulolu hambo yize bekulahleka amanzi nge-osmotic kanye namandla okubekezelela isimo sezulu esomile. Izimfudu ezinkulu zezinsalela ezivela ezweni laseNingizimu Melika zisekela lo mbono.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani ufudu olukhulu
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezingaphansi kwezimfudu ezinkulu ezitholakala eziqhingini ezahlukahlukene futhi zinezinhlobo ezahlukene. Labo abahlala eziqhingini ezinkudlwana ezinemvula eningi banamagobolondo amise okwedome, kuyilapho labo abahlala ezimeni ezomile kuyizimfudu ezincane futhi banegobolondo lesali.
Amagobolondo oFudu anezinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu, ezimise okwedome futhi ezimise okwesihlalo sehhashi. Izimfudu zedome zinkulu futhi zihlala eziqhingini lapho uhlaza luningi khona. Izimfudu ezincane eziboshelwayo zihlala eziqhingini ezinotshani obuncane njengePinzon ne-Espanola. Ukuma kwesihlalo sehhashi kuwukuzivumelanisa okuvumela ufudu ukuthi lukhulise intamo yalo, luyivumele ukuba ihambe ngaphezu kwabafowabo begobolondo ababusayo.
Izimfudu ezinamagobolondo aphethwe entula i-engeli ngaphambili kwegobolondo (igobolondo), elibeka umkhawulo ebangeni lokuthi zingaphakamisa amakhanda azo. Bavame ukuhlala eziqhingini ezinkulu ezinomswakama lapho kunezimila eziningi khona. Izijwili ezigoqwayo zijika zisuka phezulu ziye phambili kwegobolondo lazo, zivumele ukuba zolule ukuze zifinyelele ezitshalweni ezikhula zide. Bajwayele ukuhlala eziqhingini ezomile zaseGalapagos, lapho ukudla kunganele khona.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimfudu ezinkulu ziphila ngegama elithi "imidondoshiya", enesisindo esifinyelela ku-400 kg nesilinganiso esingu-1.8 m ubude. Ekuthunjweni, zingakhula zibe zinkulu kakhulu kunasendle.
Uhlala kuphi ufudu omkhulu?
Isithombe: Ufudu olukhulu emvelweni
Ufudu olukhulu lwaseGalapagos ngesinye sezilwane ezidume kakhulu eziqhingini, kanti isiqhingi uqobo lwaso siqanjwe ngabo (iGalapago igama elidala lesiSpanish elisho ufudu). Ufudu olukhulu lwafika eziqhingini zaseGalapagos zisuka ezwekazini laseNingizimu Melika eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-2-3 edlule, lapho zazihlukaniswe zaba yizinhlobo eziyi-15, ezahlukile ekuhlelweni kwazo nokusatshalaliswa kwazo. Selokhu kushone uLonely George ngo-2012, ufudu lokugcina ePinta Island, mhlawumbe kunezinhlobo eziyishumi eziphilayo eGalapagos Islands. Ukuqokwa kwabo okwamanje kulinganiselwa ku-20 000.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinhlobo ezingaphansi ezihlobene nezimfudu zaseGalapagos nazo zingufudu olukhulu lwaseSeychelles (Aldabrachelys hololissa), okukholakala ukuthi seluphelile phakathi nawo-1800.
Izimfudu, okususelwa kulo igama elithi Galapagos, seziyizimpawu zeziqhingi, izilwane zazo eziyingqayizivele nezinsongo kubo. Olunye uhlobo lwezimfudu ezinkulu ezitholakala maphakathi nomhlaba luhlala e-Indian Ocean eMadagascar naseSeychelles.
Izinkangala zaseSanta Cruz nentaba-mlilo i-Alsedo e-Isabela ziyikhaya lenqwaba enkulu yezimfudu ezinkulu. Abantu bangatholakala naseSantiago, San Cristobal, Pinzona nase-Espanola. Izimfudu ezinkulu zaseGalapagos zikhona unyaka wonke. Zisebenza kakhulu emini ngesikhathi esipholile nasekuseni kakhulu noma ntambama kakhulu ngenkathi eshisayo.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona ufudu olukhulu. Ake sibone ukuthi lesi sidlakela sidlani.
Yini edliwa ufudu olukhulu?
Isithombe: Ufudu olukhulu emhlabeni
Izimfudu ezinkulu zingabantu abadla imifino kuphela futhi zaziwa ngokudla izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-50 zezitshalo eziqhingini zaseGalapagos, kufaka phakathi utshani, amaqabunga, ubulembu namajikijolo. Zidla phakathi kuka-32 no-36 kg ngosuku, iningi lazo elingagayeki. Zihamba kancane nangokucacile ngokungenhloso, zidla ezikutholayo.
Izimfudu zaseGalapagos zingahamba isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuphuza amanzi, kufika ezinyangeni eziyi-18. Kuyimpahla enhle emvelweni, kepha futhi kwenze nezimfudu ezinkulu kakhulu zaba yimpango yamatilosi. Uma kuqhathaniswa namabhisikidi owomile nenyama yengulube enosawoti, inyama yofudu omusha ibingumuthi omuhle. Ukubona kwezimfudu ezibheke phezulu, eziboshelwe emphemeni nokujija izinyanga, ngokusobala akuzange kuthinte ukudla kwazo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimfudu eziningi ezinkulu ziyafuduka: zihamba ngaphakathi kwendawo yazo ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zonyaka, zilandela izimvula ziye ezindaweni eziluhlaza lapho ukudla kugcwele khona.
Lapho bomile, bangaphuza amanzi amaningi bese bewagcina esinyeni nase-pericardium (ebenza babe yimithombo ewusizo yamanzi emikhunjini). Ezindaweni ezomile, i-cacti eliphakathi kwe-prickly liwumthombo obalulekile wokudla namanzi. Bakhombise namazolo akhothayo emadwaleni eziqhingini ezomile, okuze kwaholela nasekubekekeni kwamatshe edwaleni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ufudu lomhlaba omkhulu
Ufudu olukhulu luchitha isilinganiso samahora ayi-16 ngosuku luphumule. Isikhathi esisele abasichitha bedla utshani, izithelo nemicamelo ye-cactus. Bathanda ukubhukuda emanzini, kodwa bangaphila unyaka wonke ngaphandle kokudla namanzi. Izinyoni ezincane ezinjengezintaka zivame ukubonakala zihleli emhlane wezimfudu ezinkulu. Izinyoni kanye nezimfudu zenze ubudlelwano bokufanelana lapho izinyoni zikhipha izibungu emaphethweni esikhumba sezimfudu.
Njengezidalwa ezixakile (ezinegazi elibandayo), zidinga ukufudumala ihora noma amabili ukuze zimunce ukushisa kwelanga lasekuseni ngaphambi kokudla kuze kube ngamahora ayi-9 ngosuku. Eziqhingini ezomile, izimfudu zifudukela emadlelweni aluhlaza, zakha izindlela ezichazwe kahle ezaziwa ngokuthi "izindlela zofudu." Eziqhingini ezichumayo, izimfudu ezibusayo zivame ukuhlangana ngamaqembu omphakathi, kuyilapho izimfudu ezigoqwayo eziqhingini ezomile zithanda ukuhlala ngasese kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amachibi odaka namanzi avame ukugcwala amafudu agingqekayo. Lokhu kungabasiza ekuvikelekeni kuma-parasites, omiyane, nemikhaza. Amabhati othuli enhlabathini evulekile nawo asiza ekulweni nezimuncagazi.
Izimfudu ezinkulu ziyaziwa ukuthi zinobudlelwano bokuhlangana nezintaka ezikhethekile zeGalapagos ezisusa ama-ectoparasite acasulayo. Ingcweti igxuma phambi kofudu ukuze iqale ukuvunwa. Ufudu lunyusa futhi lwenabise intamo yalo, luvumela izintaka ukuba zilubeke entanyeni, emilenzeni nasesikhumba phakathi kweplastron negobolondo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ufudu olukhulu oluvela eRed Book
Izimfudu ezinkulu zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi phakathi kweminyaka engama-20 nengama-25 ubudala, futhi lapho isikhathi silungile, owesilisa uzohlala kowesifazane bese welula umsila wakhe omude ngaphansi komsila wakhe, oqukethe ipipi lakhe.
Ingxenyeni engaphansi yegobolondo lowesilisa iyi-convex, ngakho-ke ilingana kahle nedome eliyindilinga lowesifazane futhi ayisheleli.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ufudu lweduna iGalapagos lunomsindo omkhulu futhi lungazwakala buqamama ukusuka ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-100 ukusuka lapho. Kuyaziwa ukuthi abesilisa, abagcwele ama-hormone, baphakamisa amatshe, babaphutha njengabesifazane bokuzithandela. Akumangalisi ukuthi awekho amarekhodi alokhu kuziphatha kwenzalo.
Ukukhwelana kungenzeka noma nini, kepha imvamisa phakathi kukaFebhuwari noJuni. Abesifazane bahamba amakhilomitha amaningi beya ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke ezindaweni ezisogwini olunesihlabathi esomile. Esebenzisa imilenze yakhe yangemuva, umba umgodi ojulile oyindilinga abeke amaqanda. Izinsikazi ezimise okwedome zimba izidleke ezi-2-3 ngonyaka, amaqanda angama-20 esidlekeni ngasinye. Abesifazane besali abahlala ezimweni ezinzima bamba izidleke ezi-4 kuye kwezingu-5 ngonyaka, ngesilinganiso samaqanda ayi-6 ngebhande ngalinye, ukusabalalisa ubungozi. Esimweni ngasinye, ugcina isidoda kusuka ekuhlanganiseni okukodwa futhi akusebenzise ukuvundisa amaqoqo amaningi amaqanda.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukushisa kwe-Nest kunquma ubulili bemidlwane, ngezidleke ezifudumele ezikhiqiza abesifazane abaningi.
Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-4 kuya kwezi-8, intsha iphuma emaqandeni bese iwamba phezulu. Bahlala ezindaweni ezifudumele eziphansi iminyaka eyi-10-15 yokuqala. Uma bengasinda ezingozini zokuqala zokushisa okukhulu, umsele, amatilosi alambile kanye noKlebe beziQhingi zaseGalapagos, cishe bazophila baze babe badala.
Izitha zemvelo zezimfudu ezinkulu
Isithombe: Ufudu olukhulu
Izitha zemvelo zezimfudu ezinkulu yilezi:
- amagundane, izingulube, nezintuthwane ezizingela amaqanda kofudu;
- izinja zasendle ezihlasela izimfudu ezindala;
- izinkomo namahhashi anyathela izidleke zazo;
- izimbuzi ezincintisana nezimfudu ngokudla.
Baphinde bathinteke yizithiyo zokufuduka, njengokufaka uthango lwamapulazi nemigwaqo, kanye namandla ezinkinga zezempilo ekubeni seduze kwezilwane zasemapulazini.
Izilwane ezinkulu kakhulu ezibonwe izimfudu ezinkulu ngokungangabazeki ngabantu. Ukuthi inani labo labantu namuhla liyi-10% kuphela yenani labo eliphikisiwe kusho okuningi ngenani elikhulu lokulimala kokudla nowoyela emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka edlule. Ngokwabantu ababalwa ngo-1974, inani labo lafinyelela kubantu abangu-3 060. Ukuhlaliswa kwabantu kwasekuqaleni kwasheshisa ukwehla kwabantu njengoba babezingelwa futhi nezindawo zabo zokuhlala zalungiswa. Ukwethulwa kohlobo lwangaphandle kuye kwalimaza kakhulu izimfudu ezinkulu njengoba kunjalo nakwezinye izinhlobo eziningi zemvelo.
Inani lofudu olukhulu eziqhingini zaseGalapagos lehle kakhulu ngenxa yokuxhashazwa ngabazingeli bezinhlanzi, abaphangi nabazingeli boboya. Izimfudu zazingumthombo wenyama entsha eyayingagcinwa emkhunjini izinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphandle kokudla namanzi. Lokhu kuholele ekulahlekelweni kwezimfudu eziphakathi kuka-100 000 no-200 000. Babexhashazwa nangoyela wabo, owawungasetshenziselwa ukushisa amalambu. Ukwethulwa komuntu kwezinhlobo eziningana kuneminye imiphumela emibi kakhulu kubantu bofudu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani ufudu olukhulu
Izimfudu ezinkulu zazithandwa kakhulu abaphangi bemikhumbi nabadobi bemikhomo ababevame ukuvakashela lezi ziqhingi kusukela ngekhulu le-17 kuya kwele-19, njengoba zazingagcinwa ngaphakathi emikhunjini izinyanga, ngaleyo ndlela zinikeze inyama entsha futhi zigcwalise obekufanele kube ukudla okudinisayo kakhulu. Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, kungenzeka ukuthi kuthathwe izimfudu ezingama-200,000. Izinhlanga eziningana seziphelile, futhi isibalo sezinye izinhlanga sehliswe kakhulu. Abantu abangaba ngu-15 000 kuphela manje abahlala eGalapagos. Kulaba, abangaba ngu-3000 bahlala e-Alcedo volcano.
Izimfudu ezinkulu zaseGalapagos njengamanje zithathwa njengezi “sengozini” yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature, futhi kunemizamo eminingi eqhubekayo yokonga ama-subspecies ahlukahlukene. Izingozi zisekhona, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi zingaphezu kuka-200 izilwane ezibulewe ngabazingeli abangekho emthethweni eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Njengoba inani labantu likhula nenani lezivakashi landa, ingcindezi iyaqhubeka nokuza.
Uma uvakashela iDarwin Center eSanta Cruz, uzobona imizamo yokongiwa kwemvelo. Intsha ikhuliswa futhi ibuyiselwe ehlathini eziqhingini lapho kuhlala khona izinhlamvana zazo. Ukukhula kancane, ukuthomba sekwedlule isikhathi, kanye ne-endemism eqondene nesiqhingi kusho ukuthi izimfudu ezinkulu zithambekele ekuqothulweni ngaphandle kokungenelela kwabalondolozi bemvelo. Ngenxa yalokhu, lesi sidalwa esikhuthazayo sesibe uhlobo oluphambili lwemizamo yokongiwa kweziQhingi zaseGalapagos.
Inani lezimfudu ezinkulu zasendle eziqhingini zaseGalapagos lehle kakhulu. Abantu babo balinganiselwa ukuthi babezungeze ama-250,000 kuma-1500s ngenkathi betholakala okokuqala. Kodwa-ke, izimfudu zisindisiwe ekuqothulweni ngezinhlelo zokuzalisa ezithunjiwe, futhi kunethemba lokuthi izinhlelo zokongiwa kwemvelo zizoqhubeka nokusiza abantu bazo bachume.
Ukulondolozwa kwezimfudu ezinkulu
Isithombe: Ufudu olukhulu oluvela eRed Book
Ngenkathi inani lezifudu ezinkulu eziqhingini zaseGalapagos liqala ukukhuphuka, zihlala zisongelwa yimithelela yabantu, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezihlaselayo, ukufuduka emadolobheni kanye noshintsho lokusetshenziswa komhlaba. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda izidingo zemvelo zofudu nokuzifaka ekuhlelweni komhlaba kuzodingeka ekugcineni kwazo ngempumelelo.
Ngemuva kokusungulwa kweGalapagos National Park, amaqanda aqoqwa endle afuywa eCharles Darwin Research Station. Ukugcina izimfudu ezisanda kuchanyuselwa ekuthunjweni kuzivumela ukuba zikhule ngokwanele ukugwema ukuhlaselwa amagundane nezinja uma sezikhululiwe.
Kuqhutshwa imikhankaso yokuqeda izinhlobo ezilethwe ezisongela ukusinda kwezimfudu ezinkulu. Uhlelo lweGalapagos Turtle Movement Environmental Programme, oluholwa nguDkt. Stephen Blake, luhlose ukufeza izinhloso ezimbalwa zocwaningo.
Kubandakanya:
- ukunquma izidingo zendawo yezimfudu ezinkulu zaseGalapagos;
- ukuqonda indima yemvelo yezimfudu ezinkulu zaseGalapagos;
- ukuhlolwa kokuthi ufudu luguquka kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi ekuphenduleni izinsongo nokungenelela okuvela kubaphathi;
- ukuqonda umthelela wemisebenzi yabantu kwezempilo yofudu.
Ithimba lokulandelela lisebenzisa zombili izindlela zendabuko zokuhlola (njengokuhlola indlela yokuziphatha) namasu obuchwepheshe obuphezulu njengokumaka izimfudu ukulandelela ukufuduka kwazo. Kuze kube manje, bamake abantu abavela ezinhlotsheni ezine ezihlukene zofudu - kufaka phakathi ezimbili eSanta Cruz nenye ku-Isabella nase-Espanola.
Ufudu olukhulu lwaseGalapagos lungenye yezinhlobo eziningi ezithinteka ngabantu abakhulayo beziQhingi zaseGalapagos, yingakho iqembu libambe iqhaza ezinhlelweni zokukhuthaza nokufundisa.Isibonelo, basebenza eduze nababambiqhaza abakhulu ukuqonda ukuthi izimfudu zisebenzisana kanjani nabantu ukuze kuncishiswe ukungqubuzana kofudu nabantu. Zibandakanya nezizukulwane ezisencane ezinhlelweni zazo zocwaningo futhi zisiza ekusakazeni umsebenzi wazo emiphakathini yasendaweni.
Izimfudu ezinkulu Ingabe yizinhlobo ezinkulu zofudu eziphilayo eMhlabeni, ezingaba nesisindo esingafika kuma-300 kg endle (noma ngaphezulu ekuthunjweni) futhi kukholakala ukuthi ziphila iminyaka engaba yikhulu. Kunezinhlobo okungenani eziyishumi ezihlukene zofudu olukhulu eziQhingini zaseGalapagos, ezihluka ngosayizi, ukwakheka kwegobolondo, nokusatshalaliswa kwezindawo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 01.12.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 07.09.2019 ngo-19: 08
