I-Bison, noma i-European bison (i-Vison bonasus) yizilwane eziwuhlobo lwe-Bison (Vison) kanye nomndeni omncane wezinkomo (i-Bovinae). Ummeleli womndeni wama-bovids (Bovidae) kanye ne-oda yama-artiodactyls (Artiodastyla) yisihlobo esiseduze kakhulu senyathi yaseMelika (i-Vison bison), lapho iwela lapho kuzalwa khona inzalo evundile, ebizwa ngokuthi inyathi.
Incazelo yenyathi
Izinyathi zaseYurophu ziyizilwane ezincelisayo ezisinda kakhulu futhi ezinkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu. Kodwa-ke, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ukuthambekela kokwehla okuphawulekayo ngosayizi wesilwane kwaphawulwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umehluko obonakalayo ebuningini besifazane nabesilisa ubonakala cishe ngeminyaka emithathu, futhi uqhubeka kuyo yonke impilo yama-artiodactyls.
Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu elidlule, kwakukhona abesilisa abavuthiwe ngokobulili bama-subspecies athile, abanesisindo somzimba esifinyelela ku-1.2 ayizinkulungwane zamakhilogremu... Izinyathi zesimanje ziphansi kakhulu kunokhokho bazo ngosayizi, ngakho-ke isisindo sabantu abadala sihluka phakathi kuka-400-980 kg.
Ukubukeka
Ubude besisindo somzimba wenkunzi endala eneminyaka eyisithupha cishe bungamamitha amathathu, kanti ukuphakama kwesilwane ekubuneni kungu-1.9 m, nesizungezo sesifuba singaphansi kuka-2.8 m.
- isilinganiso sobude bomzimba - 2.7 m;
- ukuphakama kwesilwane lapho kubuna - 1.67 m;
- ibhande endaweni yesifuba - 2.46 m.
Ingxenye engaphambili yomzimba wenyathi ibonakala ngokuqina, kanye nokuphakama nobubanzi obubonakalayo, uma kuqhathaniswa nangemuva kwesilwane. Amafomu we-hump aphakeme ukusuka phezulu entanyeni emfushane nangaphambili ngemuva. Indawo yesifuba ibanzi, futhi isisu sezinyathi sigxishiwe, asixegi.
Umbele, ngisho nakwabesifazane abancelisayo, awubonakali kakhulu, ngakho-ke izingono ezine kuphela ezingabonakala kahle. Lesi sici singenxa yendawo ekhethekile yezinhlayiya ze-mammary ngezibazi ezinwebeka kuze kube maphakathi nesisu.
Inhloko yenyathi iphansi kakhulu, ngakho-ke umsila womsila uphakeme kakhulu kunesifunda separietali. Ibunzi libanzi futhi liyindilinga, kanti isifonyo sincane. Esifundeni separietali kunezimpondo eziphuma ziqonde phambili futhi zihlukaniswe kabanzi, ezibanzi ngokwanele ezansi.
Kepha badonsa emaphethelweni. Izimpondo zimnyama, zinendawo ebushelelezi, epholishiwe, engenalutho futhi eyindilinga ngesigaba kulo lonke ubude. Izimpondo ezilwaneni ezindala, kaningi, zibuthuntu futhi zishaywe kancane. Izindlebe zezinyathi zimfushane futhi zibanzi, zimbozwe ngoboya futhi zifihlwe ngoboya obukhulu ekhanda.
Izici eziyinhloko zokubonakala kwezinyathi zaseYurophu:
- ulimi, izindebe nolwanga kumnyama, kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka;
- ukutholakala kwama-papillae amakhulu ebusweni bolimi kuyisici;
- izindebe zizacile, zimbozwe ngaphakathi ngeziqu ezicijile zesikhumba;
- Amazinyo angama-32 emgodini womlomo, kufaka phakathi i-canines, i-premolars, i-molars kanye ne-incisors;
- amehlo amnyama, amancane ngosayizi, anezinkophe eziphumayo nezinyakazekayo;
- imiphetho yamajwabu amehlo amnyama, anezinkophe ezinde neziwugqinsi;
- indawo yentamo ijiyile futhi inamandla, ngaphandle kwamazolo axegayo;
- izitho ziqinile, kunalokho ziwugqinsi, zinezinselo ezinkulu nezivelele, kanye nangokuba khona kwezinselo ezincane eziyizigaxa ezingafinyeleli ebusweni bomhlaba;
- umsila ofinyelela ku-76-80 cm ubude, embozwe izinwele ezinde, ngebhanisi elincane elinoboya elifana nebhulashi ekugcineni;
- umzimba nezitho zenyathi zimbozwe ngokuphelele ngejazi eliwugqinsi, futhi isikhumba esingenalutho sikhona maphakathi nodebe olungaphezulu nasemphethweni ongaphambili wamakhala;
- ngaphambili komzimba nasendaweni yesifuba, izinwele ezinde zifana nomhlwenga, kuthi izinwele ezinde endaweni yomphimbo nasesilevini zenze "intshebe";
- ikhanda nebunzi lesilwane kumbozwe izinwele ezisontekile.
Umbala wejazi uyahluka ngokuya ngama-subspecies... Isibonelo, inyathi ye-Bialowieza ibonakala ngombala onsundu ngokumpunga nge-ocher-brown hue. Ezinyonini ze-subspecies zaseCaucasus, umbala ubumnyama, nsundu ngokunsundu, onombala kashokholethi. Umbala wekhanda ubumnyama ngokumnyama kunombala wejazi emzimbeni. "Intshebe" imnyama ngombala, kanti umhlwenga unombala onsundu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinyathi zinokuzwa okuthuthukile nomuzwa wokuhogela, kepha umbono we-artiodactyl enjalo awuthuthukisiwe kakhulu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, umbala wesilwane ebusika ubonakala ubumnyama ngokumnyama, futhi uboya phakathi nalesi sikhathi buba bukhulu futhi bube bude, bujijeke ngokwengeziwe.
Umehluko omkhulu ekubukekeni kwezinyathi zaseYurophu nenyathi yaseMelika mincane. Inyathi ine-hump ephakeme, ehlukile ngesimo, kanye nomsila omude nezimpondo. Inhloko yenyathi inesethi ephakeme uma iqhathaniswa nenyathi. Umzimba wenyathi ubonakala ngefomethi eyisikwele ethe xaxa, kanti ukwakheka kwenyathi kukhumbuza kakhudlwana unxande olude, olungenxa yomhlane omude nezitho zomzimba ezimfushane.
Uhlamvu nokuziphatha
Lapho uhlangana nomuntu, amazinyo aseYurophu, njengomthetho, aziphathe kahle futhi angabi nolaka ngokuphelele. Isilwane esifakwe inselo asizizwa sinokwesaba, kepha ezimweni ezithile noma ekuzivikeleni, singazama ukwethusa umuntu sisebenzisa ukuhlaselwa okungalindelekile esiqondisweni sakhe. Imvamisa, inyathi isondela eduze komuntu ingamlimazanga.
Ngokusho kokubona, inyathi ayizami ukwephula uthango noma ukuhlasela abantu.... Lolu hlobo lokuziphatha lujwayelekile kubamele bezinhlobo ezigcinwe ezindizeni. Lapho sisesimweni semvelo, isilwane esinezinselo zasendle siziphatha ngokucophelela ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi sizama ukungavumeli abantu basondele kakhulu kuso.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphandle kokubonakala kukuhle futhi kunokuthula, kuyadingeka ukuthi uziphathe kahle kakhulu nenyathi yaseYurophu, ngoba isimilo sesilwane sasendle esimweni semvelo asinakulindeleka ngokuphelele.
Ngenxa yomqondo ongokwemvelo wokuzivikela, lapho uhlangana nomuntu, isilwane sikhetha ukuhamba. Njengomthetho, owesifazane osemdala ogada ithole lakhe ubeka ingozi ethile kubantu. Emzamweni wokuvikela umntwana nganoma iyiphi indlela etholakalayo, owesifazane uyakwazi ukushaya noma ngubani osondelayo.
Indlela yokuphila nokuphila isikhathi eside
Izinyathi zihlangene emhlambini omncane, oqukethe izilwane ezi-3-20, ingxenye enkulu yazo emelwe ngabesifazane namathole amancane. Ubuholi emhlambini njalo bungowesifazane omdala. Abesilisa abangashadile abavuthiwe ngokobulili bakhetha ukuhlala bodwa, kodwa bayakwazi ukujoyina umhlambi ngenhloso yokukhwelana. Ngesikhathi sasebusika, imihlambi ngayinye iyakwazi ukuhlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abesilisa abancintisanayo bangena kalula ezimpini, okuvame ukuphela ekulimaleni kakhulu.
Ukubonakaliswa kokuziphatha ngokobulili kunqunyelwe ukushisa, isithwathwa nokuntuleka kwamandla, ngakho-ke, kubantu bemvelo, isikhathi se-rutting senzeka ngo-Agasti-Septhemba. Isikhathi esiphilwa yinyathi yaseYurophu, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, akuvamile ukuba seqe ikota yekhulu leminyaka.
Ububanzi benyathi yaseYurophu
Ekuqaleni, ukwabiwa kwezinyathi kwaphawulwa ezindaweni ezinkulu, kusukela eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia kuya eNtshonalanga yeSiberia, kuhlanganise nengxenye eseningizimu yeScandinavia naseNgilandi. Manje endaweni yaseYurophu, kwakheka izinyamazane eziyinhloko zezinyathi zaseYurophu: inkangala yaseYurophu, eyaziwa nangokuthi iBialowieza noma iLithuania, nenyathi yaseCaucasus. Namuhla, izinyathi ezinjalo zitholakala emazweni angamashumi amathathu, lapho zigcinwa khona mahhala nasemadokodweni.
Kunezikhungo eziyisishiyagalombili eBelarus ezibhekene nokugcinwa nokuzalaniswa kwabantu abaphila ngokukhululeka benyathi yaseYurophu. Izindawo eziyinhloko ze-artiodactyls zimelwe ngamahlathi abanzi, amahlathi ahlukanisiwe kanye nezindawo ezihlangene zamahlathi ezihlanganisiwe, kanye nezimfunda zezikhukhula ezinesembozo sotshani esithuthukiswe kahle sendawo yaphansi.
Ukudla, kudliwa yini inyathi
Ngenkathi yasentwasahlobo-ehlobo, izinyathi zaseYurophu zikhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinokuhlukahluka kanye nenani elikhulu lohlaza olunezihlahla. Eshumini leminyaka eledlule lasehlobo futhi ekuqaleni kwekwindla, izilwane ezinezinselo ezihlukanisiwe, njengomthetho, zihlala ezindaweni ezixubene nezikhukhula zamahlathi kanye namahlathi e-alder, anenhlabathi emanzi noma emanzi ebamba iqhaza ekulondolozweni okude kakhulu kwezimila ezingabonakali ezimnandi.
Ekupheleni kwekwindla, izinyathi zaseYurophu zithanda izindawo ezinenani elikhulu lezihlahla ze-oki. Ebusika, izilwane ezinezinselo ezinemibala egxilile zigxila kakhulu ezindaweni eziseduze zokudla.
Ngokuqala kwemfudumalo yasentwasahlobo, kuhlwanyelwa izinkambu ezinkulu zokudla okwenzelwe inyathi, lapho kusetshenziswa khona umgomo "wokuhambisa oluhlaza".
Ukuzala nenzalo
Abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili beneminyaka emithathu noma emine ubudala, kepha imvamisa isilwane singena esigabeni sokuzala eminyakeni engama-4,5. Izinyathi ezingamaduna zaseYurophu zibamba iqhaza kulo mgwaqo ngokokuqala ngqa zineminyaka emithathu ubudala. Isikhathi se-rutting sinwetshiwe kakhulu, kepha cishe i-70% yezilwane ezinamaqatha ahlukanisiwe abamba iqhaza emgqeni kusukela ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokugcina zikaJulayi kuze kufike ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-257-272, kanti abesifazane abaneminyaka engama-4-14 baneminyaka evundile kakhulu. Esikhathini esiphakathi kukaMeyi naphakathi nehlobo, kuzalwa izinyane elilodwa, lincela ubisi lukamama unyaka wonke.
Ngemuva kokuthi abesilisa abancane beshiye umhlambi womama, kujwayelekile ukuthi imihlambi yonke yakhiwe, equkethe ama-bachelors amancane anjalo. Ngemuva kweminyaka engaba yishumi nambili, ukuqaphela okubonakalayo kwe-spermatogenesis emadodeni wezinyathi zaseYurophu kuyaziwa, okuthinta inani nekhwalithi yenzalo.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha zemvelo kubantu abadala kanye nabantu abavuthiwe ngokocansi bezinyathi zase-Europe, kanjalo, cishe azikho ngokuphelele, kepha kubantu abasha, amaphakethe ezimpisi angadala ingozi ethile. Ngokwezibalo nokubhekwa kwesikhathi eside, ngabantu okumele babekwe icala ngokunyamalala kwezinyathi endle.
Umphumela wokuzingelwa ngokungekho emthethweni, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nokudutshulwa kwezilwane okungavinjelwe kwaba ukuqedwa okuphelele kwezinyathi emvelweni esevele sezi-1927. Ukulondolozwa kwenani elithile lezinyathi emapaki ezondawo nakubanikazi abazimele abavunyelwe ukungalahlekelwa ngokuphelele yilolu hlobo lwesilwane esinezinselo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphandle kokuthi inyathi inomthethosisekelo onamandla, ukunyakaza kwesilwane esinjalo kulula kakhulu futhi kuyashesha, ngakho-ke isilwane esinezinselo sikwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha, sihlule kalula uthango lwamamitha amabili, futhi sihambe ngobunyoninco emithambekeni emincane.
Ukwanda kwenani lezinyathi kwenziwa lula ngenqubo yokuzalanisa okunenjongo, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinkulisa ezikhethekile kanye nokukhishwa okuhlelekile kwezilwane ezisencane emvelweni.
Isimo sabantu, ukuvikelwa kwezilwane
Njengamanje, isigaba sokuqala somsebenzi okuhloswe ngaso ukugcina inyathi yaseYurophu sesiqediwe, ngakho ukuqothulwa kwesilwane esingajwayelekile esinezinselo ezinesigaxa akusongelwa esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.... Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN, lolu hlobo lubhekwa njengelusengozini noma "VU". Encwadini yeRussia Red Data Book, izinyathi zaseYurophu zibhekwa njengezilwane ezisengozini.
Namuhla, izazi zezilwane zibandakanyeka ekusindisweni kwenani lezinyathi zaseYurophu, ngakho-ke inani eliphelele lezilwane ezinamazinyo ahlukanisiwe alolu hlobo cishe lizinkulungwane ezintathu zabantu. Ezinye izinyathi zaseYurophu zigcinwa emapaki ahlukahlukene ezilwane, futhi inani elanele likhishelwa ezindaweni zemvelo ezivikelwe, enkulu kunazo zonke eyindawo eyaziwayo yemvelo iBelovezhskaya Pushcha.
