AmaConifers ayiqembu elikhulu lezihlahla ezinenhlaka, ezithwala uphayini nezihlahlana. Ngokwesigaba semvelo, izihlahla ze-coniferous zakha i-oda yeConiferales eqenjini lama-gymnosperms, lapho imbewu inganiki umbala. Kunemindeni engama-7 yama-conifers, ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu angama-67 abizwa ngomkhakha, ahlukaniswe waba yizinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-600.
AmaConifers anezigaxa, futhi amahlamvu awo awawe unyaka wonke. Kodwa-ke, ezinye zazo, njenge-yew, zinesigaxa esinamanzi esibukeka njengesithelo. Ezinye izitshalo, njenge-cypress ne-juniper, zikhula amahlumela afana namajikijolo kunalokho okubhekwa njenge "cone".
Spread range
Indawo yama-conifers ibanzi. Izihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza zitholakala ku:
- indawo esenyakatho, kuze kufike e-Arctic Circle;
- IYurophu ne-Asia;
- IMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu;
- Izinhlobo eziningana zama-conifers zigcwele e-Afrika nasezindaweni ezishisayo.
Amahlathi eConiferous akhula kahle lapho kunobusika obude ngokulingene imvula yonyaka emaphakathi ukuya phezulu. Ihlathi elisenyakatho le-conase lase-Eurasia libizwa ngokuthi yi-taiga, noma ihlathi elibushelelezi. Womabili la magama achaza ihlathi elihlala liluhlaza elinamachibi amaningi, amaxhaphozi nemifula. Amahlathi eConiferous abuye ahlanganise izintaba ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.
Izinhlobo zama-conifers
Iphayini
IGnome
YiMedithera eqinile, iphayini elingaphansi elinamahlamvu aluhlaza amnyama acwebezelayo afana nezinaliti avela kumahlumela anenhlaka. Ikhula ngendlela yesiduli sebhola eliminyene enezinaliti eziminyene. Lesi sitshalo sikhiqiza amaqabunga e-oval, ansundu amnyama angaba ngu-5 cm ubude futhi sikhula sibheke phezulu futhi asikwazi ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa kakhulu noma izimo ezomile.
Kuthatha izimpande ngaphezu kwakho konke:
- ngelanga eligcwele;
- emhlabathini owenziwe kahle nge-asidi, i-alkaline, i-loamy, enomswakama, enesihlabathi noma yobumba.
I-gnome iyi-pine ephilayo ekhula kancane futhi engeza ubuhle nokungajwayelekile engadini. Ikhula eminyakeni eyi-10 ukuphakama okungama-30-60 cm nobubanzi obungu-90 cm.
Ingulube
Okuningi ngobubanzi kunokuphakama. Iphayini iPug itholakala ezintabeni ezisenkabeni naseningizimu yeYurophu ukusuka eSpain kuya eBalkan. Izinaliti zikaphayini zisuka kokuluhlaza okuphakathi kuya kokumnyama okuluhlaza, izinaliti zithola umbala ophuzi ebusika. Izigaxa ziyikhanda eliyisiyingi noma eliyindilinga, elinsundu ngokubuthuntu, elinamaxolo ansundu ngokumpunga.
Izinhlobonhlobo zemifantu eyindilinga ikhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iye kuma-90 cm ukuphakama, kepha ikhula kancane.
IPug idlondlobala elangeni eligcwele ezindaweni ezimanzi, ezivuleke kahle nenhlabathi enesihlabathi, ebekezelela ubumba. Gwema inhlabathi enomswakama engakhiphi kahle. Izitshalo zikhetha isimo sezulu esipholile sasehlobo.
IOfire
Iphayini elihlala liluhlaza elisentabeni elihlala liluhlaza ngobuhle obuhle kakhulu nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka lakha umqhele ominyene, oyindilinga onesiqongo esicijile. Izinaliti zinombala ophuzi ngokuluhlaza entwasahlobo nasehlobo, kanti ebusika bathola umbala ocebile wegolide. I-Ophir yisitshalo esikhula kancane kakhulu esengeza cishe u-2.5 cm ngonyaka, sikhula sibe ngu-90 cm ukuphakama nobubanzi ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi.
Ikhula kahle kakhulu elangeni eligcwele likhishwe kahle:
- kumuncu;
- ane-alikhali;
- loamy;
- kumanzi;
- kunesihlabathi;
- inhlabathi yobumba.
Iphayini likaphayini liyabekezelela isomiso. Ilungele izingadi, amapaki wedolobha nezingadi zamadwala.
Uphayini ophuzi
Isihlahla esinesiqu esikhulu sikalayini, esinomqhele obanzi, ovulekile. Umqhele omncane noma obanzi we-pyramidal wezihlahla ezincane ubhebhetheka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amagatsha aphansi awe.
Amagxolo amaphayini amancane aphuzi anombala omnyama noma onsundu ngokubomvu ngokugqamile futhi agobekile, ezihlahleni ezivuthiwe ezisuka ophuzi nsundu kuya komthunzi obomvu, ihlukaniswa yaba amapuleti anezikhala anemifantu ejulile engalingani. Amagxolo aminyene enza isihlahla sikaphayini simelane nemililo yehlathi.
Izinaliti ezimpunga ngokuluhlaza okotshani, okomnqumo noma ophuzi ngokuluhlaza zikhula ngesixuku sezintathu, kuyaqabukela izinaliti ezimbili noma ezinhlanu. Isikali esibomvu ngokubomvu noma nsundu samafiqubu sinezeluleko ezincanyana.
Iphayini lomsedari
Isihlahla sifinyelela ekuphakameni kwama-35 m, isiqu sobubanzi kuze kufike ku-1.8 m ukuphakama kwesifuba. Umqhele ominyene oyindilinga ezitshalweni ezincane uba banzi futhi ujule ngokujulile ngobudala.
Amagxolo anombala onsundu ngokukhanyayo noma onsundu ngokumpunga. Amagatsha aphuzi noma ansundu ngokubomvu, ajiyile futhi aminyene ngokushicilela. Amaqabunga efihlekile abomvu abomvu.
Izinaliti zithwala izinaliti ezi-5 ngenqwaba ngayinye, zigobile kancane futhi zicishe zibe ngunxantathu esigabeni esiphambanweni. Izinaliti ziqinile, ziluhlaza okomnyama ngombala zine-stomata emaphethelweni angaphandle, zi-6-11 cm ubude, zi-0.5-1.7 mm ubukhulu.
I-cedar pine ikhula kahle emhlabathini onamanzi onobumba nobunzima.
Iphayini omhlophe
Isihlahla se-Subalpine, sikhula sibe:
- umuthi omncane onesiqu esikhula ngokushesha nomqhele obanzi;
- isitshalo esinamahlathi esinomqhele obanzi kanye namagatsha asontekile, asontekile lapho evezwa yimimoya enamandla.
Ngaphandle kubukeka sengathi uphayini we-coniferous, kepha ama-cones ahlukile. Izinaliti zikhula zibe izinyanda zezinaliti ezi-5, ezi-3 kuye kwezi-9 cm ubude, ziqinile, zigobile kancane, zivame ukuba luhlaza okotshani, zinamathela ndawonye emaphethelweni amagatsha.
Izigaxa zembewu zine-ovoid noma cishe ziyindilinga, ziyi-3 kuye ku-8 cm ubude futhi zikhula ngama-engeli afanele egatsheni. Amagxolo akhona mncane, abushelelezi futhi amhlophe njenge-chalky ngeziqu ezincane. Lapho isihlahla siguga, amagxolo ayaqina abe amafulethi amancane, ansundu, anezikhala.
I-Weymouth Pine (yaseMelika)
Iphayini elinamagatsha amakhulu, avundlile, angenakulinganiswa anezinaliti ezicijile, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ngokwemvelo, ikhula kusuka ku-30 kuye ku-35 m ukuphakama, isiqu esinobubanzi obungu-1 kuya ku-1.5 m, umqhele ububanzi obusuka ku-15 kuye kumamitha ayi-20. Kuma-landscape landscape, izihlahla zokuhlobisa azikho ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-25, ezifanele amapaki nezindlwana zasehlobo.
Isithombo sikhula ngokushesha, ukukhula kuyancipha ngeminyaka. Izihlahla ezincane ziyi-pyramidal, iziqu zamagatsha avundlile namagxolo ampunga zinika isihlahla esivuthiwe ukwakheka okuhle nokuhehayo. Lesi ngesinye sezihlahla zikaphayini ezitshalwe njengothango, izinhlobo ezivuthiwe zigcina amagatsha aphansi, futhi izinaliti ezithambile zenza umgoqo ubukeke muhle futhi ungasabisi.
I-Edel
Isihlahla sikaphayini esinezinaliti ezizacile, ezithambile, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izinga lokukhula lihamba kancane. Ngemuva kweminyaka engaba yishumi, lesi sitshalo sizokhula sibe cishe yi-1m ukuphakama. Bakhetha uhlangothi olunelanga nenhlabathi evundile ngokulingene. Amaphayini amancane anomumo we-pyramidal, kepha uma ekhula athola ukubukeka "okuxekethile". Izigaxa zinkulu.
Lesi isihlahla somhlaba esihle ngokwedlulele futhi kubhekwa ngabaklami bezwe ukuba sibe isitshalo esihle kakhulu sokuhlobisa se-coniferous esizokwenza umbono ongalibaleki. I-Edel pine ilungele indawo yasemadolobheni, ezingadini zasemadolobheni isengozini yokungcola futhi ilinyazwa usawoti. Ebusika, ibulawa yiziphepho zeqhwa.
Iphayini lebhotela "Ama-curls amancane"
Izinaliti ezincane, ezisontekile eziluhlaza okotshani zikhula esihlahleni esincane, esiseqanda, esime okwebhola. Lokhu ukwengeza okuyingqayizivele engadini encane ehlelwe kahle.
Ukukhethwa okuncane kwephayini elimhlophe lasempumalanga ebusheni balo kunesimo esihle esiyindilinga, ngokuya ngokuya kuba yipiramidi ebanzi. Izinaliti zisontekile - isici esikhanga kakhulu kubaklami. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-10 yokukhula, isifanekiso esivuthiwe silinganisa u-1.5 m ukuphakama no-1 m ububanzi, ngesilinganiso sonyaka sokukhula esingu-10-15 cm.
Ikhula kangcono elangeni ngomswakama ophakathi nendawo, enhlabathini ekhishwe kahle. Iphayini liyabekezelela izimo ezahlukahlukene zenhlabathi.
Isihlahla sase-Norway
Sikhula masishane, side, siqonde, simise okonxantathu, sinomqhele ocijile, umuthi ufinyelela kuma-40 m ukuphakama futhi uhlala kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-1000. Amagxolo ezinhlobonhlobo ezincane anombala onsundu ngokumpunga futhi abukeka ebushelelezi, kodwa anokhahlo uma uthinta. Izihlahla ezivuthiwe (ezingaphezulu kweminyaka engama-80 ubudala) zinamagxolo amnyama ngokunsomi ngokunsundu anemifantu namakhasi amancane. Amagatsha anombala osawolintshi, anoboya futhi anempandla.
Izinaliti zimise okonxande, zikhombe, zinamachashazi amancane amhlophe nephunga elimnandi elinothile. I-stamens iba bomvu futhi iphuzi entwasahlobo. Izimbali zesifazane zibomvu futhi zimile okweqanda, zikhula zibheke phezulu.
Isihlahla se-spruce saseSiberia
Ikhula ibe ngamamitha angama-30 ukuphakama. Umgqomo ungamamitha ayi-1.5 ububanzi. Ukuncipha kancane, okuncane, okuluhlaza okotshani, amagatsha acwebezela kancane kwenza isihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi sifane nepiramidi. Izinaliti ziluhlaza okotshani, zimfushane ngo-10 - 18 mm, zibumbeke ngesigaba esiphambanweni. Izigaxa zikaphayini ziyi-cylindrical shape, 6 - 8 cm ubude. Lapho amahlumela engakavuthwa, anombala onsomi. Lapho sesivuthiwe, nsundu.
Isihlahla sonwele saseSiberia sikhula emahlathini abolayo aseSiberia. Isithwathwa siwela esihlokweni esiyindilinga, esivimbela ukulahleka kwamagatsha. Izinaliti ezincane zinciphisa ukulahleka komswakama ebusweni. Ukumbozwa kwe-wax okujiyile akunamanzi futhi kuvikela izinaliti emoyeni. Umbala oluhlaza okotshani wezinaliti wandisa ukumuncwa kokushisa kwelanga.
Isi-spruce saseSerbia
Izinaliti zifushane futhi zithambile, zicwebezele ngaphezulu, luhlaza okotshani, isiliva ngezansi. Izihlahla zihlobisa iziza zensimu nemigwaqo, zitshalwe ngayinye ngayinye noma ziqiniswe. Isi-spruce sihlangene, cishe si-1.5 m endaweni yaso ebanzi kakhulu, side, sincane, "sibabazekayo" ebudaleni. Isitshalo esiqinile kakhulu futhi esingabambeki uma sikhuliswe ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile sasehlobo. Kudinga ukukhanya kwelanga ukuze kukhule, noma ngabe kuyabanda, kepha futhi akufi ngomthunzi oyingxenye, kukhetha inhlabathi emaphakathi kuya kwecishe ibe ne-asidi, ekhishwe kahle. Izigaxa zikhanya ngokumpunga ngokuluhlaza okotshani ekuqaleni kwehlobo, zethusi ekupheleni kwesizini.
Isi-spruce sesiliva (prickly)
Isihlahla esiqondile esinomqhele onjenge-spire, ofinyelela kuma-50 m ukuphakama no-1 m ububanzi ekukhuleni. Amagatsha aphansi ehlela phansi.
Izinaliti ziyi-tetrahedral futhi zibukhali, kodwa hhayi kanzima kakhulu. Umbala uluhlaza okotshani ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka onemivimbo emibili yesiliva phezulu kanye nasezansi. Izinaliti emagatsheni zitholakala kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.
Izigaxa zembewu zinombala ophuzi nonsomi ngokubomvu, zilenga emagatsheni aphezulu. Izikali zazo zembewu ezondile zithinta nhlangothi zombili futhi zinomphetho ongaphandle onamabala. Izigaxa ze-pollen zivame ukuphuzi ngoku nsomi ngokubomvu.
Amagxolo akhululekile, anamaxolo, kusuka kokusobala ngokubomvu kuya kokumpunga.
Umsinga
Iyabonakala buqamama ngenxa yesimo sayo esiyindilinga, isisekelo sibanzi kunomqhele. Ezimeni eziminyene, amagatsha aphansi we-fir awekho noma awanazo izinaliti, ukukhanya kwelanga okubuthakathaka kuthinta ukwakheka kwesihlahla.
Izinaliti ziyisicaba, ziyaguquguquka futhi azibukhali kuzeluleko. Inaliti eguquliwe ikhombisa imigqa emhlophe yochungechunge lwamachashazi amancane. Amathiphu wezindawo ezingaphezulu zezinaliti nawo aqoshwe mhlophe.
Amagxolo:
- abasha - bushelelezi futhi bumpunga ngama-vesicles agcwele i-resin;
- evuthiwe - enamabala futhi ifulile kancane.
Izigaxa zabesilisa nabesifazane zikhula esihlahleni esisodwa esiseduze phezulu, yize izigaxa zesifazane ziphakeme kakhulu emqhele. Amahlumela avuthiwe angama-4 kuya ku-14 cm ubude futhi ame ngqo egatsheni.
I-Cairas yaseNordman fir
Izokhula ifike ku-60 m ukuphakama, isiqu sobubanzi kuze kufike ku-2 m ekuphakameni kwesifuba. Ezinqolobaneni zeNtshonalanga Caucasus, ezinye izinhlobo zingama-78 m ngisho nama-80 m ukuphakama, okwenza uNordmann afake izihlahla ezinde kunazo zonke eYurophu.
Amagxolo anombala onsundu ngokumpunga, anokuthungwa okubushelelezi nama-resin sacs.
Ingaphezulu yezinaliti iluhlaza okotshani ocwebezelayo, ngezansi kunemigqa emibili eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokumhlophe ye-stomata. Ithiphu livame ukuba buthakathaka, kepha kwesinye isikhathi lifakwe isigaxa kancane, ikakhulukazi kumahlumela amancane.
Isiphetho sikaNordman singesinye sezinhlobo ezikhuliswe ezindaweni zokugcina izitshalo zoNyaka Omusha. Izinaliti azibukhali futhi aziwi masinyane lapho isihlahla somile. Kubuye kube isihlahla esidumile sokuhlobisa amapaki nezingadi.
Isiliva fir
Ikhula ngamamitha angama-40-50, kuyaqabukela ukuphakama kwamamitha angama-60, ububanzi besiqu esiqondile bungu-1.5 m ekuphakameni kwesifuba.
Amagxolo ampunga ngokuthungwa okunesikhumba. Umqhele we-pyramidal ubhebhetheka ngeminyaka. Amagatsha anemifantu, anombala onsundu ngokukhanyayo noma ompunga ngokufiphele nge-pubescence emnyama. Amaqabunga eLeaf aqukethe i-ovoid, ngaphandle kwe-resin noma enenhlaka encane.
Izinaliti ziyinaliti futhi ziyisicaba, osayizi:
- 1.8-3 cm ubude;
- 2mm ububanzi.
Ngenhla kudwetshwe ngombala ocwebezelayo omnyama okotshani, ngezansi kunemigqa emibili eluhlaza okomhlaza okomhlophe. Izeluleko zivame ukufakwa serrated kancane.
Izigaxa zembewu:
- ubude obungu-9-17 cm;
- 3-4 cm ububanzi.
Amahlumela aluhlaza okotshani lapho esemncane, ansundu ngokumnyama lapho esevuthiwe.
I-Korean fir
Izokhula ngo-9-18 m ukuphakama, ubukhulu be-trunk 1-2 m ezingeni lesifuba.
Amagxolo amancane we-fir:
- bushelelezi;
- nezikhwama ze-resin;
- nsomi.
Ngokhuni olugugayo:
- furrowed;
- i-lamellar;
- mpunga okhanyayo;
- ngokubomvu ngokubomvu ngaphakathi.
Amagatsha anemifantu, i-pubescent kancane, ompunga ocwebezelayo noma obomvu ophuzi, ngobudala, nsomi. Amahlumela a-ovoid, i-chestnut ibe bomvu ngombala nge-resin emhlophe.
Ama-pollen cones ayindilinga-ovoid, anombala obomvu ophuzi noma ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngemuva. Izigaxa zembewu zibiyelwe ngokubanzi, zineziqongo ezingacacile, okokuqala okumpunga okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, bese kuba nsomi onsundu ngamachashaza wetiyela amhlophe.
Ibhalsamu fir
Ikhula ngamamitha ayi-14-20 ukuphakama, kuyaqabukela kuze kufike ku-27 m, umqhele mncane, uyindilinga.
Amagxolo ezihlahla ezincane:
- bushelelezi;
- mpunga;
- enezikhwama ze-resin.
Ngokuguga:
- okunzima;
- ephukile;
- isikhumba.
Izinaliti:
- isicaba;
- okufana nenaliti;
- ubude obungu-15-30 mm.
Ngaphezulu ipendwe ngombala oluhlaza okomnyama, ne-stomata encane eduze kwamathiphu anezimbambo ezincane, imivimbo emibili emhlophe ye-stomata ngezansi. Izinaliti zihlelwe ngokuvunguza egatsheni.
Izigaxa zembewu zimi mpo, zimnyama ngokunsomi ngombala, nsundu uma sezivuthiwe, futhi zivulekile ukukhipha imbewu enamaphiko ngoSepthemba.
Larch
Ikhula ngamamitha angama-20-45 ukuphakama futhi igcwele:
- iningi lesimo sezulu esibandayo se-hemisphere esenyakatho;
- izindawo eziphansi ezisenyakatho;
- izinkangala eningizimu.
ILarch ingesinye sezitshalo ezivelele emahlathini amakhulu aseRussia naseCanada.
Amahlumela we-dimorphic, ngokukhula ahlukaniswe:
- ubude obungu-10 - 50 cm, obuqukethe amahlumela amaningi;
- mfushane 1 - 2 mm ngenso elilodwa.
Izinaliti zifana nezinaliti futhi zincane, ziyi-2 - 5 cm ubude no-1 mm ububanzi. Izinaliti zihlelwe ngazodwa, ngokuvuthwa kumahlumela amade nangendlela yamaqoqo aminyene wezinaliti ezingama-20 kuye kwangama-50 kumahlumela amafushane. Izinaliti ziba phuzi futhi ziwa ngasekupheleni kokwindla, zishiya izihlahla zingenalutho ebusika.
I-Hemlock
Izihlahla eziphakathi nendawo kuya kwezinkulu, eziyi-10 - 60 m ukuphakama, nomqhele oyindilinga, umqhele ongajwayelekile utholakala kwezinye izinhlobo ze-hemlock zase-Asia. Amahlumela alenga phansi. Amagxolo anesikhumba futhi agobekile, anombala ompunga nonsundu. Amagatsha ayisicaba akhula ngokuvundla asuka esiqwini, izeluleko zihlehlele phansi. Amahlumela amancane nezingxenye ezikude zesiqu ziyaguquguquka.
Amahlumela ebusika anama-ovoid noma ayindilinga, azungezwe esiqongweni futhi awadayisi. Izinaliti ziyisicaba, mncane, u-5 - 35 mm ubude no-1 - 3 mm ububanzi, izinaliti zikhula zodwa ngokuvunguza egatsheni. Lapho zigaywa, izinaliti zinuka njenge-hemlock, kepha azinabo ubuthi, ngokungafani nesitshalo eselapha.
UKeteleeria
Ifinyelela kuma-35 m ukuphakama. Izinaliti ziyisicaba, zifana nezinaliti, ziyi-1.5-7 cm ubude no-2-4 mm ububanzi. Ama-cones aqondile, ubude obungu-6-22 cm, avuthwe cishe izinyanga eziyi-6-8 ngemuva kokuvotelwa.
Isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza esikhangayo ngempela endaweni yaso yemvelo. Izinhlobo ezingavamile ezivamile:
- eningizimu yeChina;
- Taiwan;
- I-Hong Kong;
- inyakatho yeLaos;
- ECambodia.
I-Keteleeria isengozini futhi izindawo ezivikelwe zisungulwe ukuvikela lezi zinhlobo.
Amagxolo anombala onsundu ngokujiyile, afihliwe isikhathi eside, abhakuza. Amagatsha abomvu ngokubomvu noma nsundu ngokubomvu, i-pubescent ekuqaleni, nsundu futhi icwebezela ngemuva kweminyaka emibili noma emithathu.
ICypress
Thuja
3-6 m ukuphakama, i-trunk inzima, i-bark ibomvu ngokubomvu. Amahlumela acaba phansi akhula endizeni eyodwa kuphela. Izinaliti ezinama-Scaly zingu-1-10 mm ubude, ngaphandle kwezithombo ezincane, zikhula izinaliti zonyaka wokuqala. Izinaliti zihlelwe ngababili abashintshanayo, bahlangana ezinhlangothini ezingakwesokudla, emigqeni emine egatsheni.
Ama-pollen cones mancane, awabonakali futhi atholakala ezincwadini zamagatsha. Izigaxa zembewu nazo zicashile ekuqaleni, kepha zikhula u-1-2 cm ubude futhi zivuthwe phakathi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kwezi-8 ubudala.Zinezikali ezi-6 kuye kwezingu-12 ezigqagqene, ezinesikhumba esikhumba, ngasinye sifihla imbewu encane eyodwa kuya kwezi-2 enamaphiko amancane ahlangothini.
I-juniper multifruit
Isiqu esinamagxolo athambile, asiliva sithambile futhi sijiyile ezansi. Umqhele mncane, uqoqekile, unekholomu, kwesinye isikhathi ubanzi futhi awufane nokuma. Umjunipha yi-polycarpous pyramidal esemncane, esimweni sayo esivuthiwe ihluke kakhulu.
Izinaliti ezinamakha, ezinamafutha ezinengcweti kawoyela zicindezelwe ziqinile emagatsheni ayisiyingi noma ama-quadrangular, amabi futhi amancane, abukhali, umbala wawo:
- okuluhlaza okwempunga;
- okuluhlaza sasibhakabhaka;
- okuluhlaza okukhanyayo noma okumnyama.
Yonke imibala yezinaliti iba nsundu ebusika. Izinaliti zezingane zifana nenaliti. Izinaliti ezivuthiwe zi-subulate, zihanjiswa futhi zihlelwe ngababili noma ezintathu.
Izithelo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zikhula ezitshalweni zabesifazane.
I-Cryptometry
Ikhula emahlathini enhlabathini ejulile, ekhishwe kahle ezimweni ezifudumele nezinomswakama, engabekezeleli inhlabathi empofu namakhaza, isimo sezulu esomile.
Ifinyelela kumamitha angama-70 ukuphakama, isiqu somzimba sesiqu esingu-4 m ezingeni lesifuba. Amagxolo abomvu ngokugqamile, ayaxebuka emigqeni emile mpo. Izinaliti zihlelwe ngendlela evunguza, engu-0.5-1 cm ubude.
Izigaxa zembewu ziyi-globular, 1 kuya ku-2 cm ububanzi, futhi ziqukethe cishe izikali zembewu ezingama-20 kuye kwezingu-40.
Izitshalo ziba zinhle njengoba zikhula. Lapho zisencane, zinokuma kwepiramidi, bese kuthi imiqhele ivuleke, yakhe i-oval encane. Isiqu sawo siqonde futhi sithambile, amagatsha egatsha acwila emhlabathini njengoba isihlahla sikhula.
IJuniper Virginia
Isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza esinamagatsha aminyene, esikhula kancane siphenduke isihlahlana emhlabathini ompofu, kepha imvamisa sikhula size sifike ku-5-20 m noma kuyaqabukela size sifike ku-27 m.Ibhande lomboko linamasentimitha angama-30 - 100, kuyaqabukela lifike ku-170 cm ezingeni lesifuba.
Amagxolo anombala obomvu ngokubomvu, anemicu emifishane, aqhamuka emigqeni emincane.
Izinaliti ziqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili zezinaliti:
- izinaliti zezinsizwa ezibukhali, ezihlakazekile ezifana nenaliti 5 - 10 mm ubude;
- ezikhula ngokulingene, ezinjengezikali, izinaliti ezindala ezinamamitha ayi-2-4 mm.
Izinaliti zitholakala ngababili abaphikisanayo behlangana ezinhlangothini ezingakwesokudla, noma kwesinye isikhathi ku-whorls of three. Izinaliti zezingane zikhula ezitshalweni ezisencane kuze kube yiminyaka emi-3 ubudala nakumahlumela ezihlahla ezivuthiwe, imvamisa emthunzini.
Ijuniper scaly
Isihlahlana (isihlahla esingajwayelekile kangako) ukuphakama okungu-2-10 m (kuyaqabukela kufike ku-15 m), umqhele onwabuzelayo noma umumo oyindilinga ongalingani. Lezi zinhlobo zine-dioecious, impova kanye nezigaxa zembewu zakhiwa ezitshalweni ezihlukene, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zine-monoecious.
Amagxolo akhanyayo futhi ansundu ngokumnyama. Izinaliti zibanzi futhi zinjengezinaliti, ziyi-3-9 mm ubude, zihlelwe ngemigqa eyisithupha ngokushintshana kokunye kwezinaliti ezintathu, kufiphele ngokuluhlaza okotshani ngombala.
Ama-pollen cones 3 - 4 mm ubude, impova echithekile kusukela ebusika ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo. Izigaxa zembewu engu-4-9 mm ziyefana namajikijolo ayindilinga noma ama-ovoid, ububanzi bawo bungu-4-6 mm, zipendwe ngombala omnyama ocwebezelayo futhi ziqukethe imbewu eyodwa, zivuthwe ezinyangeni eziyi-18 ngemuva kokuvotwa.
I-evergreen cypress
Isiqu esiqondile sikhula sifike ku-20-30 m.Igxolo lincane, libushelelezi futhi libe mpunga isikhathi eside ngokwedlulele, ngokuguga iba mpunga nsundu futhi igobeke isikhathi eside.
Amahlumela akhanya kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, ubukhulu bawo bungaba ngu-1 mm, umumo uyindilinga noma unxantathu.
Izinaliti:
- isikhumba;
- ovoid-nxazonke;
- okuncane;
- okuluhlaza okomnyama.
Ama-pollen cones avela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Izigaxa zembewu ezilengayo zikhula esiqeshini esifushane, esicwebezelayo, esinsundu noma esimpunga ngombala, eyindilinga noma emile okweqanda.
Amahlumela avula ngoSepthemba. Ngemuva kokulahleka kwembewu, isigaxa sihlala esihlahleni iminyaka eminingana.
ICypress
Ukuthungwa okungenakuqhathaniswa nokuqina kombala kwenza izihlahla zomsayipuresi zibe isitshalo esibalulekile soku:
- imingcele ebukhoma exubile;
- ukutshala okungapheli;
- uthango oluhehayo.
Amagatsha amise okwe-fan aphethe izinaliti ezinde, ezithambile ezifana nezintambo zezintambo noma amafern. Amagatsha anyukayo esihlahla se-cypress abukeka njengomdwebo waseJapan, ehlotshiswe ngamagatsha alenga. Ububanzi bombala busuka kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-mpunga, okuluhlaza okomnyama kuya kwegolide. Inhlabathi emanzi, ene-asidi encane ilungile; izihlahlana azikhuli lapho kushisa, komile futhi kunomoya.
Ezindaweni ezivulekile, izihlahla ze-cypress zikhula ziye ngosayizi ogcwele, izinhlobo zemifino zitshalwa ezitsheni noma ezingadini zamadwala.
UCallitris
Izihlahla ezincane, eziphakathi nendawo noma izihlahla ezinkulu, zikhula ngo-5-25 m ubude. Izinaliti zihlala ziluhlaza futhi zinamafutha, kuzithombo zibukeka njengezinaliti. Izinaliti zihlelwe ngemigqa engu-6 eceleni kwamagatsha, ngokushintshana kwezintathu ezintathu.
Izigaxa zesilisa zincane, ziyi-3-6 mm, futhi zitholakala kuzeluleko zamagatsha. Abesifazane baqala ukukhula ngokungabonakali, bavuthwe ezinyangeni eziyi-18-20 kuya ku-1-3 cm ubude nobubanzi. Iglobular ibe ne-ovoid ngesimo, nezikali eziyisi-6 ezigqagqene ezigqagqene. Amahlumela ahlala evaliwe iminyaka eminingi, evuleka kuphela ngemuva kokusha komlilo. Bese imbewu ekhishiwe ihluma emhlabeni oshile.
Yebo
Yew berry
Isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza, ikakhulukazi esine-dioecious, esifinyelela kubude obungu-10-20 m, kwesinye isikhathi size sifike ku-40 m ukuphakama nesiqu esifinyelela ku-4 m ububanzi ekuphakameni kwamabele. Umqhele uvame ukuba yi-pyramidal, ube ngokungalingani ngobudala, kepha izinhlobo eziningi zamasiko ze-berry yew zihluke kakhulu kulo mthetho.
Amagxolo mancane, anenkani, ansundu. Izinaliti ziyisicaba, zihlelwe ngumoya, ziluhlaza okomnyama ngombala.
Izigaxa zempova ziyindilinga. Izigaxa zembewu ziqukethe imbewu eyodwa ezungezwe isikhumba esithambile, esibomvu ngokugqamile. Isithelo sivuthwa ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kuya kweziyi-9 emva kokuvotelwa kwembewu kanti imbewu ithwalwa yizinyoni.
UTorrey
Isihlahla / isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza esincane / esiphakathi nendawo, ubude obungu-5-20 m, kuyaqabukela kufika ku-25 m. Izinaliti zihlelwe ngokuvuthwa kumahlumela, ezisontekile phansi, zikhula ngemigqa emibili eyisicaba, ukuthungwa okuqinile nangethiphu ebukhali.
I-Torreya i-monoecious noma i-dioecious. Ezingxenyeni ezi-monoecious, izigaxa zabesilisa nabesifazane zikhula emagatsheni ahlukene. Ama-pollen cones ahlelwe emugqeni ongezansi kwesibhamu. Izigaxa zembewu (izithelo zesifazane), zingashadile noma ngamaqembu ka-2-8 esiqwini esifushane. Zincane ekuqaleni, zivuthwa ezinyangeni eziyi-18 ngemuva kokuvotelwa kwesithelo samatshe esinembewu eyodwa enkulu, efana nenathi ezungezwe isembozo esinamanzi, umbala ohlaza okotshani noma onsomi ekuvuthweni okugcwele.
Araucariaceae
Agathis
Izihlahla ezineziqu ezinkulu ngaphandle kwamagatsha ngaphansi komqhele. Izihlahla ezincane zimi ngendlela eyindilinga, umqhele uyindilinga, ulahlekelwa ukwakheka kwawo njengoba uvuthwa. Amagxolo abushelelezi, akhanyayo ngokumpunga kuya kokumpunga nsundu ngombala. Izikali zesimo esingajwayelekile, ukuqina ezihlahleni ezindala. Ukwakheka kwamagatsha kuvundlile, ngokukhula ancike phansi. Amagatsha aphansi ashiya izibazi eziyindilinga lapho exhuma esiqwini.
Amacembe amancanyana makhulu kunalawo ezihlahla ezindala, abukhali, ama-ovoid noma ama-lanceolate ngokubukeka. Amaqabunga ezihlahleni ezivuthiwe ayisiyingi noma ayalingana, anesikhumba futhi ajiyile. Amaqabunga amancane abomvu ngethusi, aqhathaniswa namahlamvu aluhlaza noma aluhlaza okotshani wesizini edlule.
I-Araucaria
Isihlahla esikhulu esinesiqu esikhulu esime mpo esingamamitha angu-30-80 ukuphakama.Amagatsha avundlile akhula ngesimo sama-whorls futhi ambozwe ngamaqabunga anesikhumba, aqinile futhi afana nezinaliti. Kwezinye izinhlobo ze-araucaria, amaqabunga acinene, amile okwe-awl futhi abe ne-lanceolate, aqabuleki kangako, kokunye abanzi, ayisicaba futhi ambozwe kabanzi.
I-Araucariae ingama-dioecious, izigaxa zabesilisa nabesifazane zikhula ezihlahleni ezihlukene, noma ezinye izinhlobo zine-monoecious noma zishintsha ubulili ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izigaxa zesifazane:
- khula uphakeme emqhele;
- eyindilinga;
- ubukhulu bezinhlobo busuka ku-7 kuye ku-25 cm ububanzi.
Izigaxa ziqukethe imbewu engu-80-200 emikhulu edliwayo efana namantongomane ephayini.
Sequoia
Ikhula ngamamitha angama-60 - 100 ukuphakama. Umboko:
- okukhulu;
- ukuthinta kancane;
- ububanzi obungu-3 - 4.5 m noma ngaphezulu ekuphakameni kwesifuba.
Umqhele uyindilinga futhi ungowesifazane oyedwa usemncane, uba mncane ngokulingana, umile ngokungajwayelekile futhi uvuleke ngobudala. Amagxolo anombala onsundu ngokubomvu, anokuthamba okujiyile, okuqinile nokunemicu, aze afike ku-35 cm ubukhulu, anesinamoni ngaphakathi.
Izinaliti zingu-1-30 mm ubude, imvamisa zine-stomata kuzona zombili izindawo. Ama-pollen cones kusuka cishe eyindilinga kuya ku-ovoid, 2 - 5 mm ngosayizi. Izigaxa zembewu zinobude obungu-12 - 35 mm ubude, okwe-elliptical nobomvu ngokubomvu ngombala, nezikali eziningi ezicijile, ezicijile.
Izimpawu nezimpawu zama-conifers
Amanye ama-conifers abukeka njengezihlahlana, kanti amanye akhula amade, njenge-sequoia enkulu.
Izimpawu zama-conifers, yilezi:
- khiqiza izigaxa zembewu;
- unamaqabunga amancane afana nenaliti embozwe nge-cuticle waxy;
- thuthukisa iziqu eziqondile;
- zikhule amagatsha endizeni enezingqimba.
Lezi zihlahla zivame ukuba luhlaza njalo, okusho ukuthi azikhiphi zonke izinaliti ngasikhathi sinye futhi zi-photosynthesize ngokuqhubekayo.
Amaqabunga ama-conifers amaningi afana nezinaliti. Izihlahla zigcina izinaliti iminyaka engu-2-3 futhi azichithi minyaka yonke. Ama-evergreens ahlanganyela njalo ku-photosynthesis, okwandisa isidingo samanzi. Imilomo ebambelela kahle nokumbozwa kwe-wax kunciphisa ukulahleka komswakama. Ukwakheka kwamahlamvu afana nenaliti kunciphisa ukumelana nemisinga yomoya futhi kubambezela ukuhwamuka, kuyilapho izinaliti ezinesikhala esikhulu zivikela izinto eziphilayo eziphila ngaphakathi kokukhula kwama-conifers: izinambuzane, isikhunta nezitshalo ezincane.
Izici zokukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-conifers
Ukusatshalaliswa kwama-conifers kulula uma kuqhathaniswa nama-angiosperms. Impova ekhiqizwa kwizigaxa zesilisa ithwalwa ngumoya, iye kwizigaxa zesifazane kwesinye isihlahla, bese iyazivundisa.
Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, imbewu iyakhula kwizigaxa zesifazane. Kuthatha kuze kube yiminyaka emibili ukuthi imbewu ivuthwe, ngemuva kwalokho izigaxa zizowela phansi, imbewu ikhishwe.
Yeka ukuthi ama-conifers ahluke kanjani kokunqunyiwe
Izinhlobo zohlobo lweLeaf nezindlela zokukhiqiza imbewu zihlukanisa amasimu aqinile futhi aqinile. Isihlahla siyancipha lapho siphelelwa amaqabunga kwesinye sezikhathi zonyaka. Izihlahla ezinamacembe awayo, ikakhulukazi ekwindla, futhi avele obala ebusika, abizwa ngokuthi aqinile. Yize zingasenawo umbhede oluhlaza, lezi zihlahla zisaphila.
Ushintsho lwamahlamvu wesizini
Amaqabunga ezihlahla ezinamakhasi aguqula umbala; ngesikhathi sokuwa aba bomvu, aphuzi noma awolintshi kancane. Lezi zihlahla nazo zihlukaniswa njengezinkuni ezilukhuni, kuyilapho ama-conifers enezinkuni ezithambile.
AmaConifers awavali isembozo sawo ekwindla noma ebusika, kanti izitshalo zithwala imbewu ezakhiweni ezibizwa ngokuthi izigaxa. Ngakho-ke, angama-gymnosperms (anembewu engenalutho), kanti izitshalo ezinamakholomu angama-angiosperms (isithelo sihlanganisa imbewu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-conifers amaningi agcwele ezindaweni ezibandayo.
Izifo nezinambuzane
Izihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza nezinqamulelayo zihlushwa izifo nezinambuzane, kepha ukungcoliswa komoya okuvela emlotheni nakwezinye izinto ezinobuthi kuyalimaza kakhulu kuma-conifers kunalawo aqumayo.
Ifomu
Izitshalo eziqothulayo zikhula kabanzi futhi zisakaze amaqabunga awo kabanzi ukuze kutholakale ukukhanya kwelanga. Zizungezwe ngaphezu kwama-conifers, amise okwenziwe ngesigaxa futhi akhula aye phezulu kunokuba abe ngobubanzi futhi abe nesimo esingunxantathu.
Kungani ama-conifers engafrizi ebusika
Isihlahla esiyindilinga esiyindilinga asiqongeleli iqhwa, amagatsha awaqandi ezimweni zezulu ngamahlobo amafushane, ubusika obude nobunzima.
Isiza iqhwa lishelele kalula:
- amagatsha athambile futhi aguquguqukayo;
- amaqabunga amade, amancane, afana nenaliti.
Yehlisa ukuphefumula futhi ilawule ukulahleka komswakama esimweni sezulu esineqhwa:
- indawo engaphansi kweqabunga;
- ukumbozwa kwezinaliti.
Izinaliti ngokuvamile ziba luhlaza okotshani, zithathe ilanga lasebusika, elibuthakathaka ezindaweni eziphakeme.
AmaConifers ahlala eluhlaza njalo futhi inqubo yokukhiqiza izakhi iyaqala ngokushesha lapho isimo sezulu esishisayo sibuya entwasahlobo.
Amaqiniso athokozisayo ngama-conifers
AmaConifers eza ngayo yonke imibala yothingo, hhayi nje oluhlaza okotshani; izinaliti zinombala obomvu, ubhedu, ophuzi noma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Umbala wezinaliti uthonywe ukushisa kwendawo, isibonelo, i-thuja "Reingold" ibomvu ngombala ophuzi ehlobo bese iphenduka ibe yithusi ebusika, kanti i-cryptomeria yaseJapan "Elegance" ibomvu ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngenkathi efudumele futhi iba bomvu ngethusi uma kubanda.
AmaConifers atholakala ngosayizi abahlukahlukene, kusuka ku-30-centimeter compacta juniper kuya ku-125 metres sequoia, izihlahla ezinde kunazo zonke futhi ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ezikhula eCalifornia.
AmaConifers athatha izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, ngokwesibonelo:
- isicaba futhi isakazeka phansi (umjunipha ovundlile);
- imicibisholo (ixhaphozi cypress);
- multilevel (umsedari);
- imbulunga (thuja entshonalanga Globose).
AmaConifers anezinhlobo ezimbili zamahlamvu: i-acicular ne-scaly. Ku-juniper, ikhava yentsha i-acicular, amahlamvu amadala anama-scaly (ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ayashintsha kusuka ezinalweni aye esikalini).
AmaConifers azivikela ekungenweni yisikhunta nasezifweni zezinambuzane, ngoba angakhipha inhlaka ekhethekile enobuthi kumagciwane nakuma-arthropods.
