Umdanso onsundu - izinhlanzi zechibi noma, kaningi, izinhlanzi ezinamadodana omndeni we-salmon. Kuvame ukudideka ne-trout ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo okufanayo nendlela yokuphila. Isici esihlukile sezinhlobo zekhono lokuzivumelanisa ngokushesha nezimo zokuphila ezahlukahlukene. Ifomu le-lacustrine lingashintshela ngokushesha ku-anadromous, olwandle, uma kunesidingo. Into yokudoba okusebenzayo nayo ikhule emadanyini okufakelwa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Kumzha
I-Trout ihlukaniswe ngamanzi angenasawoti nokuphila kwasolwandle. Ngendlela, ukuze kube lula, amanzi angenasawoti ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi yi-trout. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zihlukaniswa njengama-salmonid futhi zinokwehluka okusobala kangangokuthi kunzima kakhulu ukukuveza ngohlobo olulodwa.
Ososayensi basebenzisa i-DNA ye-mitochondrial ukutadisha izindlela zokusabalalisa ze-trout ensundu. Ngenxa yakhe, sakwazi ukuthola ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa okuyinhloko kwe-trout kubonakala eNorway. Ezilwandle Ezimhlophe NezaseBarents, akukho mehluko okhethekile otholakele phakathi kwabamele lolu hlobo, okusivumela ukuthi siphethe ngokuthi i-trout ingabangelwa ngumndeni ofanayo, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ihlala kuphi.
Ividiyo: Kumzha
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi i-trout iyisihlobo salmon. Kodwa-ke izazi ze-ichthyologists, ngemuva kokuhlaziya ngokuphelele ukwakheka kwezinhlanzi, zafika esiphethweni sokuthi i-salmon ukugeleza okuguquliwe kwe-trout ezifudukayo.
Kukholakala ukuthi i-anadromous trout yondliwa olwandle, ngemuva kwalokho iya echibini lomfula ukuzala, lapho ikhula khona. Kepha abantu bamanzi angenasawoti, abadla lapho ngaphambi kokuzala, bavame ukubizwa nge-trout. Phakathi kwezinhlanzi zasemanzini angenasawoti, iningi labo bonke abesilisa, kepha phakathi kwe-anadromous - abesifazane. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, zonke ziyahlangana, zakha inani elikhulu labantu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi i-trout iyi-trout eguqulwe kancane. Ngesinye isikhathi, i-trout yalethwa eNew Zealand, eyangena kancane kancane emifuleni nasolwandle. Ngakho-ke, kancane kancane waphenduka waba yimfucumfucu onsundu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-trout ensundu
Umzimba we-trout ensundu umbozwe izikali eziminyene kakhulu futhi unesimo esihlanganisiwe. Umlomo mkhulu kakhulu futhi unohlaka lokutsheka. Umhlathi ongenhla ubanzi ngokusobala futhi udlulela ngale komugqa wonqenqema lweso. Imihlathi yamadoda amadala ingagobeka kakhulu. Kepha lokhu akubonakali kangako kune-salmon.
Amabala amnyama (makhulu kakhulu) amboza umzimba wonke wezinhlanzi. Ngezansi kolayini ohlangothini, baba ziyisiyingi futhi babonakale bencane. Ama-juveniles afana nombala ku-trout. Lapho inhlanzi isemanzini ahlanzekile, inombala wesiliva. Lapho inhlanzi ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili, kuvela izindawo ezincane ezibomvana ezinhlangothini. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi kwabesilisa.
I-trout ejwayelekile ensundu inobude obungu-30 kuye ku-70 cm nesisindo esisuka ku-1 kuye ku-5 kg. Kepha oLwandle iBaltic, ungathola futhi amafomu amakhulu kakhulu (angaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1 ubude nangaphezulu kwesisindo esingu-12 kg). Kaningi lolu hlobo luqhathaniswa ne-salmon. Ngempela, banokuningi okufanayo.
Noma kunjalo, kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa inani elithile lamapharamitha azokwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa i-trout:
- emsileni we-trout, izikali zincane kakhulu;
- trout futhi babe kancane kancane gill rakers;
- ithambo le-maxillary ku-trout ensundu lide kakhulu;
- i-dorsal fin yesalmon yinde kakhulu;
- ku-trout endala ensundu, i-anal fin icijile kakhulu.
Uma sikhuluma ngomehluko kusuka ku-salmon, khona-ke isici esiyinhloko umbala ohlukile. Izinhlobo zibuye zihluke ngendlela yokuphila: i-salmon ingena emanzini amasha kuphela ukuze izale futhi ngokushesha ifa, yenqaba ukudla emzimbeni wamanzi amasha. Ngenkathi i-trout ensundu ihlala kahle emfuleni futhi iqhubeka nokudla emanzini amasha kungaphansi kwamanzi olwandle. Ngokwesilinganiso, i-trout ensundu iphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-18-20, uma kunezimo zokuphila ezijwayelekile ezanele zalokhu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Inkulu kunazo zonke iTrout yaseCaspian. Kukhona isiqinisekiso sokuthi umuntu onesisindo esingu-51 kg wake wabanjwa. IBaltic trout (isisindo esijwayelekile kuze kufike ku-5 kg) yake yabanjwa isisindo esingu-23.5 kg.
Ihlala kuphi le trout ensundu?
Isithombe: I-Fish trout
I-trout ensundu ihlala ezindaweni ezinkulu kakhulu. Ingatholakala kalula zombili ngqo olwandle nasemifuleni.
Izindawo ezinkulu kunazo zonke zokuhlala kwe-trout ensundu yilezi:
- I-Azov, izilwandle eziMnyama;
- IVolga, iNeva, iGulf of Finland;
- imifula yaseFrance, iGrisi, i-Italy;
- imifula ye-Ural;
- Izifunda zasePskov, eTver, eKaliningrad, e-Orenburg.
Inani elikhulu kakhulu le-trout ensundu liyabonakala emanzini aseBaltic. Amathanga, angajulile - lezi yizindawo eziyinhloko zokuqoqwa kwe-trout. Lapho le nhlanzi ibanjiwe, into yokuqala okufanele yenziwe ukuphonsa induku ngasogwini. Akunasidingo sokuqhubeka - kaningi kunalokho, kugxilwe lapha.
Izindawo eziyizintandokazi ze-trout ensundu yizindawo zezintaba noma imizimba yamanzi yasethafeni. Ubumsulwa bamanzi kuyisihluthulelo. Noma ngabe kunomsinga oqinile, akunandaba. I-trout ensundu izomane isondele ngasogwini ithole indawo eyimfihlo yokuhlala.
Le nhlanzi ayithandi amanzi afudumele kakhulu. Izinga lokushisa elifanele kuye lingama-15-20 degrees. Ngisho nokuzala, izinhlanzi azihambi emanzini afudumele kakhulu, zikhetha ukuhlanzeka, kepha zipholile kancane. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi i-trout ensundu ingahlala ezimweni ezahlukahlukene - emfuleni nasolwandle.
Izinhlanzi zikhetha izimo ezamukelekayo kakhulu kubo okwamanje futhi ezizosiza ukugcina umphakathi. I-Trout kaningi ayihlali endaweni eyodwa isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engu-2-3. Ushintsha indawo ahlala kuyo, kodwa ngemuva konyaka noma emibili angabuyela endaweni lapho ayehlala khona ekuqaleni.
Manje uyazi ukuthi uthotho onsundu utholakala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi le nhlanzi idlani.
Idla ini itrout brown?
Isithombe: Kumzha eKarelia
Trout Brown kungokwalabo esigabeni izinhlanzi ezidla ezinye. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zohlobo zidla eplankton futhi kuphela lapho izinhlanzi zivuthwa ngokocansi - ukudla kwazo kuyahlukahluka. Ngendlela, abantu abakhulu be-trout ensundu bangadla kahle ezincelisayo, ezivame ukubhukuda zinqamule imizimba yamanzi. Kepha lokhu kusebenza kulawo macala lapho izinhlanzi zilambile kakhulu.
Isikhathi esisele, ukudla kwabo kuqukethe:
- amaxoxo;
- izinhlanzi ezincane, ezincane kakhulu ngosayizi;
- ama-crustaceans ahlukahlukene;
- ama-molluscs, izibungu nezinye izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla ezihlala ezingxenyeni ezingezansi echibini;
- izibungu zezinambuzane ezihlala eduze kwamanzi;
- izintethe, izimvemvane nezinye izinambuzane eziwela echibini.
Yize i-trout ensundu empeleni iyinhlanzi edlayo, kepha uma kunesidingo (uma kungekho ukudla okwanele), nayo ingadla ukudla kwezitshalo. Uma sikhuluma ngokudoba i-trout, khona-ke kungenzeka ukuthi sikubambe ngommbila noma ngesinkwa.
Ngasikhathi sinye, itrout brown ikhetha ukudla kwesilwane, idla imifino kuphela ezimweni ezihlukile. I-Trout ivame ukuhlasela izikole ezincane zezinhlanzi ezihlala endaweni esogwini. Futhi, i-trout ensundu izingela ngenkuthalo emahlathini aseduze nogu lwama-crustaceans (angahlasela ngisho nabantu abakhulu). Ungazingela ngenkuthalo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-brown trout echibini
I-Trout kufanele ihlukaniswe njengezinhlanzi ze-anadromous noma zamanzi angenasawoti. Olwandle, i-trout ensundu incamela ukuhlala eduze nogu, hhayi ukubhukuda ezindaweni ezijule kakhulu. Uzama ukugwema noma yikuphi ukufuduka okukude. Noma sikhuluma ngokuzala, khona-ke uzama ukukhetha lezo zindawo eziseduze ngangokunokwenzeka nendawo yakhe ejwayelekile.
Uma sikhuluma ngokuphila emifuleni, ikhetha ukufinyeleleka okuphezulu kwe-trout, kepha ngezikhathi ezithile kungahamba ukusuka ogwini kuya emhlabathini onamadwala. Empilweni ejwayelekile, i-trout ensundu idinga inani elikhulu lomoya-mpilo emanzini. Kungakho ethanda kakhulu imifula esheshayo nemisinga egelezayo. Kwesinye isikhathi itrout ensundu kungenzeka ingabuyeli olwandle nhlobo, kepha iqhubeke nokuhlala emfuleni uma izimo zivuma ngalokhu. Sikhuluma ngenani elanele lezindawo zokukhosela, ezitholakala eduze kwamanzi angajulile. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze izinhlanzi zizingele ngokujwayelekile. Ekuseni nakusihlwa, izinhlanzi zithanda ukuzingela emfuleni ngamanzi acace bha - lena indawo ethandwa kakhulu yitrout brown.
Kwezinye izindawo (izindawo zeLuga neNarvskaya) izinhlanzi ezincane ezitholakala emanzini zingatholakala unyaka wonke. Imvamisa izinhlanzi ziqala ukungena emfuleni eduze naphakathi kwentwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo. Ukunyakaza okukhulu kakhulu kwezinhlanzi kuba ngoSepthemba kuze kufike kuNovemba. Kuthatha iminyaka engu-2-4 ngaphambi kokuya olwandle, ngemuva kwalokho bazobuyela emfuleni ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-1-2.
I-Trout akuyona inhlanzi yokufunda. Uncamela ukuhlala yedwa. Okufanayo kuya ngokufuduka nokuzingela. Ngendlela, i-trout inesibindi kakhulu ekuzingeleni. Yize yena ngokwakhe ethanda ukuba yedwa, angaphonsela inselelo futhi ahlasele abamele izinhlanzi ezifundayo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-trout brown emanzini
I-Trout akuyona inhlanzi yokufunda. Uthanda impilo nokuzingela yedwa. Yize ethanda ukuzala ngamaqembu amakhulu. Kepha lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inhlanzi ikhetha isikhathi esifanayo sokuzala. Ngokungafani namanye ama-salmonid amaningi, i-trout ensundu ingazala amahlandla amaningi empilweni yabo.
Cishe wonke ama-salmonids ajwayelekile azala kanye kuphela empilweni. Ngaphambi kwalokho, bazama ukudla okuncane ngangokunokwenzeka futhi bafe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzala. Kodwa i-trout ensundu iziphatha ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele. Ukudla kwakhe akuhlangene nokuzala: uyaqhubeka nokudla ngaso sonke isikhathi kwimodi ejwayelekile, futhi kungekudala ngemuva kokuzala ubuyela endleleni yakhe yokuphila ejwayelekile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uma i-trout ingakwazanga ukubuyela olwandle nganoma yisiphi isizathu, ingazivumelanisa kalula nempilo emzimbeni wamanzi ahlanzekile.
I-Trout ingazala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Okuwukuphela kwento ebusika. Insikazi izalela amaqanda ayi-4-5 ayizinkulungwane ngasikhathi. Zonke zinkulu impela - cishe zingu-5 ml ububanzi. Imvamisa izinhlanzi zizalela amaqanda ezindaweni ezisogwini zemizimba yamanzi, ziwagqibe esihlabathini. Angazala futhi, akhethe indawo ecashile ngaphansi kwamatshe.
Ikhetha imibhede yemifula ukuze izalele itrout brown, ingene lapho ivela endaweni yayo ejwayelekile - isuka olwandle. Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda, ibuyela olwandle ngokushesha. Iduna livundisa amaqanda azalwayo, kepha alithathi iqhaza eliqhubekayo empilweni yenzalo. Isibonelo, uma ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezinhlanzi abesilisa begada amaqanda kuze kuvele gazinga, i-trout ayilondolozi.
Amafry trout ansundu mancane, cishe ama-6 ml ngokushesha ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa. Kusuka eminyakeni emibili kuya kwengu-7 ubudala, gazinga liyaqhubeka nokuhlala emfuleni lapho lachanyuselwa khona. Ngenkathi i-fry ikhula, idla izibungu. Kepha lapho esekhule ngokuqhathaniswa (cishe amasentimitha angama-20 ngaleso sikhathi), uthuthela olwandle bese eqala ukondla ifry yezinye izinhlanzi noma ama-invertebrate lapho. Olwandle luze lufinyelele ekuvuthweni okuphelele, inhlanzi iphila iminyaka engaphezulu kwemine. Sekukonke, inhlanzi yasolwandle izalela cishe izikhathi eziyi-8-10 empilweni yayo yonke. Isikhathi sokuphila kwenhlanzi iminyaka eyi-18-20.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho inhlanzi izalela, kufanele bahlangane ohlotsheni lomhlambi. Lokhu kuyadingeka ngesizathu sokuthi kukhona abesilisa abambalwa kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlanzi ezinama-anadromous, kuyilapho kukhona ukweqisa kwabesilisa emanzini angenasawoti. Ngakho-ke kufanele bahlangane ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Izitha zemvelo ze-trout ensundu
Isithombe: I-Fish trout
Abazingeli abangekho emthethweni bebelokhu beyizitha eziyinhloko ze-trout ensundu. Bayakwazi ukubhubhisa bobabili abadala namaqanda uqobo. Imvamisa, bazingela abantu ngqo phakathi nesikhathi sokuzala, ngaleyo ndlela babhubhise bobabili inhlanzi enkulu kanye nenzalo engakazalwa. Kepha uma ukuvikelwa kokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho kungenzeka ezingeni likahulumeni, okungenani ingxenye, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuvikela inani lezinhlanzi ezitheni zemvelo.
Izitha eziyinhloko zemvelo ze-trout ensundu zifaka:
- ama-burbots, grayling kanye nabanye abamele abancane bomndeni wama-salmon (abangakavuthwa ngokocansi futhi abaqhubeka nokuhlala ezindaweni zokuzala) bazingela amafry namaqanda asanda kuzalwa;
- izinhlanzi ngenkuthalo ukuzingela emanzini. Bangakwazi ukudoba i-trout ngisho nasolwandle oluvulekile uma besondela ebusweni bamanzi. Okuyingozi kakhulu yilezo zinhlobo zezinyoni ezikwaziyo ukutshuza;
- ama-beavers. Yize lezi zilwane ngokwazo zingavamile, zisengenza umonakalo omkhulu lapho zizingela izinhlanzi ezingavamile;
- izimvu zamanzi namabhere asezindaweni ezimhlophe bathanda kakhulu ukudla inhlanzi enjalo, ngakho-ke, bayizitha eziqondile ze-trout ensundu. Ziyakwazi ukubamba izinhlanzi khona kanye emanzini. Njengoba zinobuchule obukhulu, ziyabhukuda ngokushesha, kufaka phakathi ngaphansi kwamanzi, futhi zingenza umonakalo omkhulu kubantu be-trout.
Ngokwesilinganiso, cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabayishumi usinda onyakeni wokuqala ngemuva kokuzalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufa kwabo kuyehla kancane kancane futhi ngemuva konyaka wokuqala wokuphila, kusinda inhlanzi eyodwa kwezingu-2. Kepha uma sikhuluma ngenani labantu ngokwesilinganiso, khona-ke akukho ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi ezingama-2-3 kwezingu-100 ezisinda ekuvuthweni kocansi nasekuzaleni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-trout ensundu
Akunakwenzeka ukulinganisa kahle ukuthi iyiphi i-trout ensundu. Isizathu ukuthi izinhlanzi zihlala ezindaweni ezinkulu. Inani labantu lifaka ama-subspecies amaningi ahlukene. Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukusho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi mangaki ama-trout manje ahlala emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi zihlala ezigodini ezizimele, emapulazini.
ITrout, ngokwesigaba esamukelwa ngokujwayelekile, ingeyesigaba senhlanzi, isibalo saso esincipha ngokushesha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kuyinto yokudoba okusebenzayo. Yingakho izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zithathwa ezingeni likahulumeni ukuvikela izinhlobo.
Isixazululo sokuyekethisa ngamapulazi aklanywe ngokukhethekile, lapho izinhlanzi zikhuliswa khona ngenhloso yokubamba nokusetshenziswa okulandelayo kokudla. Futhi, ukuze kugcinwe lezi zinhlobo, bavame ukukhetha ukudedela izinhlanzi ezimweni zemvelo ukuze zivumelane nokuzala okulandelayo. Ngeshwa, kuze kube manje lokhu akunikezi imiphumela oyifunayo.
I-Trout, njengabanye abamele umndeni we-salmon, inenyama enhle kakhulu, ngakho-ke iyabanjwa ngenkuthalo, kufaka phakathi nabazingeli abangekho emthethweni. Inani le-trout ensundu nalo lehla ikakhulu ngenxa yokuthi izinhlanzi zibanjwa kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzala, lapho zisengozini enkulu futhi zisengozini. Ngenxa yalokhu, inani lincipha ngokunembile ngenxa yokushoda kwenzalo efanele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngama-30s wekhulu elidlule, ukubanjwa kwaminyaka yonke kwetrout kudlule amathani angama-600, ngenkathi manje kungafinyeleli kumathani ayi-5.
Ukuvikelwa kweTrout
Isithombe: I-trout Brown evela eRed Book
Sekuyiminyaka eminingi i-trout, njengabanye abamele ama-salmonids, ibhalwe ku-Red Book. Isizathu inani labantu elincipha kakhulu. Inani lezinhlanzi liyancipha ngenxa yokunambitheka kwazo zombili izinhlanzi uqobo kanye ne-caviar. Sekuyisikhathi eside iTrout ibhekwa njengesibiliboco, esaziswa kakhulu kubadobi. Kepha ikakhulukazi inani le-trout ensundu liyancipha ngenxa yokuzingela ngokungemthetho.
Izinhlanzi zizingelwa ngesikhathi sokuzala. Lapho-ke akulula ukubamba izinhlanzi, kepha futhi ukubamba ngobuningi ngamanetha ngisho nangesandla nje. Lokhu akunzima ukukwenza, njengoba i-trout ensundu isondela kakhulu osebeni lomfula. Kungakho, ukuze ama-salmonid angaqothulwanga ngokuphelele, ukubanjwa kwawo kukhawulelwe kakhulu. Ikakhulu, izinhlanzi zingabanjwa kuphela kusetshenziswa induku yokuphotha. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanetha ekubambeni akuvunyelwe.
Kubuye kwenqatshelwe ngokuqinile ukubamba izinhlanzi ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukubamba izinhlanzi kuyingozi ikakhulukazi futhi kugcwele ukwehla okukhulu kwesibalo sabantu, yingakho ngesikhathi sokuzala kungavunyelwe ukubamba izinhlanzi ngqo, kanye nokuqoqa amaqanda. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye ukwehla kwabantu kusaqhubeka, ngoba kusenzima ukuvikela izinhlobo zezilwane ezitheni zemvelo.
Ngendlela, umkhawulo onjalo usebenza kuwo wonke amalungu omndeni we-salmon. Kepha, ngokungafani nenye yonke, i-trout ensundu isavikeleke kakhulu ngesizathu sokuthi ingazala kaningana empilweni.
Ngale ndlela, itrout ensundu kusasebenza kakhulu ezinhlosweni zokudoba. Lokhu akuyona inhlanzi yokuhlobisa.Yingakho izinombolo zayo zithambekele ekwehleni. Izinhlanzi zivame ukungaziphathi ngonya ngakho-ke ziyinto yokuhlaselwa yizitha eziningi. Namuhla, bazama ukuvikela i-trout ngazo zonke izindlela ezingeni likahulumeni ezingcupheni ezingaba khona nasekunciphiseni kwabantu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 28.10.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 07
