IBelttail izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezincane ezivela ngokulandelana kwezibankwa. Lezi zilwane kwesinye isikhathi zibizwa nge- "Little Dinosaurs" ngokufana kwazo kwangaphandle nalezi ezihuquzelayo. Umndeni onomsila webhande uhlanganisa cishe izinhlobo ezingama-70 zezibankwa. Lezi zibankwa zathola igama lazo elingajwayelekile ngenxa yokuba khona kwezihlangu ezimise okwezindandatho, okungathi, zizungeza umsila wentulo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Belttail
I-belt-tail (i-Cordylidae) iyisilwane esixakile esingaphansi kwesigcwala sezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ukuhleleka okubucayi, umndeni onomsila webhande. Uhlobo lo ngumsila webhande ojwayelekile. Umndeni walezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo waqala wachazwa yisazi sezinto eziphilayo uRobert Mertens ngo-1937.
Lo mndeni uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezinjengezi:
- imisila yebhande (lolu hlobo lubandakanya imisila yebhande emikhulu, uCordylus transvaalensis, imisila yebhande yeCampbell Cordylus microlepidotus, imisila yebhande leRhodesian, imisila yebhande emincane neminye eminingi);
- iplatisaurus;
- hamesaurs.
Ividiyo: IBelttail
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zalezi zilwane kubhekwa njengezinhlobo zeCordylus cordylus (ibhande-umsila ovamile). Imisila yebhande ejwayelekile inamapuleti amathambo e-osteoderm, atholakala ngaphansi kwesikali; kwezinye izinhlobo, lawa macwecwe awekho. Futhi nabamele iCordylus bakhudlwana ngandlela thile kunezinye izibankwa zalo mndeni futhi banomzimba oyisicaba nenhloko. Ngaphansi kwamapuleti alezi zibankwa ngemuva nasekhanda kukhona ama-osteodorms, angekho kwezinye izinhlobo zemisila yebhande, lokhu kuyisici esivelele salolu hlobo.
Amabhande ohlobo lwe Chamaesaura awafani neze namabhande ezinye izinhlobo. Lezi zibankwa zinomzimba oyinyoka, futhi ezinemilenze emihlanu, ezinye izinhlobo zemisila yebhande zinemilenze emise okwezinduku kuphela.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umsila webhande
Imisila ejwayelekile yamabhinca yizibankwa ezincane kusuka ekhanda kuye ozwaneni zimbozwe izikali ezinkulu, ngaphansi kwazo kukhona ama-osteodorms. Ubude bomzimba womuntu omdala busuka kumasentimitha ayi-14 kuye kwangama-42. Umbala wezilwane ezihuquzelayo zalo mndeni unsundu, kuya ngendawo lapho kuhlala khona lesi silwanyane, umbala ungaba kusuka egolide kuya kokumnyama nsundu, kukhona iphethini elimnyama esiswini.Ngemuva kwesibankwa, izikali ezine-ribbed zivame ukutholakala ngisho imigqa eyehlayo. Endaweni yomsila, izikali zakha imigqa ezungezayo; ezinye izinhlobo zinezinsipho ezinkulu kunomsila.
Esiswini sesibankwa, imigilingwane iyashelela. Ezinhlangothini zombili zomzimba, izikali zikhipha amafolda amabili alinganayo.Ikhanda lesibankwa lincane, lingunxantathu, kugebhezi, imengamo yesikhashana ithuthuke kahle kwathiwa iso le-parietal liyabizwa. Amehlo wesibankwa makhulu, abafundi bayindilinga. Amabhande abona kahle futhi ayakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezithombe zezinto neminye imibala. Ekhanda lomsila webhande, ama-scute ahlelwe ngokulingana; ngaphansi kwawo kukhona nama-osteoderms. Ama-osteoderms ekhanda ahlanganiswe nogebhezi, futhi akha uhlobo lwophahla lokuvulwa kwesikhashana okungenhla. Amazinyo emisila yebhande yi-pleurodont.
Lapho izinyo lilahleka, ngemuva kwesikhashana izinyo elisha likhula endaweni yalo, ngenkathi ukwakhiwa kwamazinyo amasha kwenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Kwezinye izinhlobo zemisila yebhande, izitho zineminwe emihlanu, umunwe ngamunye unozipho olubukhali. Emisileni yebhande ejwayelekile, izitho azithuthukisiwe, futhi kunemigqa yemilenze kuphela. Imilenze mincane ngosayizi, kodwa inamandla impela. I-dimorphism yezocansi ezinhlotsheni eziningi ivuna abesilisa.
Ngokuya ngohlobo lomsila webhande, isikhathi sokuphila salezi zilwane sehlukile. Imisila yebhande ejwayelekile futhi emikhulu iphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-26. Ekuthunjweni, umsila omncane webhande ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle uphila iminyaka eyi-6-7.
Uhlala kuphi umsila webhande?
Isithombe: Girdletail ehlane
Ikhaya lalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo liwugwadule. Lezi zilwane zithanda isimo sezulu esishisayo nesomile. Eziningi zalezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo zitholakala esiqhingini esishisayo saseMadagascar. Futhi nemisila yebhande ivamile ezingwadule nasezindaweni ezingama-savanna ase-Afrika. Kutholakala eKenya naseTanzania. Amatshe angamatshe angamatshe, amathafa omile, izingwadule ezinesihlabathi namatshe zikhethwa impilo yonke. Ezimweni ezingavamile, lezi zibankwa zingatholakala eduze kwamadolobha ase-Afrika ezindaweni ezingamathafa, yize imisila yebhande ingathandi ukuhlala eduze nendawo yokuhlala abantu.
Izibankwa zihlala esidlekeni samadwala, kwesinye isikhathi zimba imigodi emincane engaphansi kwamatshe. Bazama ukukhetha izindawo ezinomnyango omncane ukuze izidlakela zingakwazi ukungena endlini. Bangaphila enqwabeni yamatshe, emigedeni. Kwesinye isikhathi imisila yamabhande ikhuphuka izintaba, ingahlala endaweni ephakeme kakhulu, futhi ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo ekuphakameni akusona isithiyo kulezi zidalwa.
Imisila yebhande iyathanda ukuzingela emahlathini anezihlahlana ezomile, izingwadule nezindawo ezingama-savanna, ikhetha izindawo lapho zingabonakali khona lapho kuzingelwa khona isibankwa. Imisila ye-Belt izidalwa ezijwayelene kakhulu futhi zihlala ngamaqembu amancane alawulwa abesilisa abakhulu. Imisila yebhande ibeka izindawo zabo zokuhlala ebangeni elifushane kakhulu komunye nomunye ukuze lezi zidalwa zizizwe ziphephile.
Udla ini umsila webhande?
Isithombe: I-Belt-tailed Lizard
Imisila yeBelt yizibankwa ezidla ezinye.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwalezi ezihuquzelayo kufaka:
- izicabucabu ezincane;
- izibungu;
- amabhungane;
- ama-centipedes;
- umuhlwa;
- izinkumbi;
- izimpukane nomiyane;
- ofezela;
- izibankwa ezincane;
- amagundane nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane;
- izithelo;
- izitshalo.
Ngesikhathi semvula e-Afrika, kuvela inqwaba yomuhlwa ehlukahlukene futhi idla entwasahlobo. Kwesinye isikhathi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zizingela izinambuzane ezincane ezahlukahlukene, zimba izikelemu kanye nezimbungulu phansi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: imisila yebhande ingahamba ngaphandle kokudla namanzi isikhathi eside ifukamela. Ngalesi sikhathi, umzimba uchitha inani elincane lamandla eliwathola kumanqolobane anqwabelene ngaphambilini.
Phakathi kwemisila yebhande, kukhona nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezidla ubhedu ngokuphelele. Kukhona amacala okudla inyama phakathi kwabahlaseli. Kwesinye isikhathi imisila yamabhande amancane igcinwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Lapha kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi yimisila yebhande kuphela yezinhlobo zeCordylus cataphractus engagcinwa ekuthunjweni. Ezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo azenzi kahle ekuthunjweni. Ekhaya, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zondliwa ngezinambuzane ezincane, ezifafazwa nge-vitamin kanye ne-powder ekhethekile. Amakhambi amasha nezithelo eziqoshiwe nazo zinganikezwa njengomthombo wamavithamini.
Udinga ukondla izilwane ezifuywayo kanye kuphela ngesonto. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho ukondla, kungcono ukuxuba izilwane ezifuywayo nge-terrarium nengaphansi elingenalutho, ngakho-ke kulula ukuqonda ukuthi konke ukudla kudliwe, futhi izinambuzane azizange zicashe ngemuva kwamatshe amancane omhlabathi noma esihlabathini.
Manje uyazi ukuthi uzondla kanjani umsila webhande. Ake sibone ukuthi usinda kanjani endle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Umsila webhande lasekhaya
Imisila eboshwe yizilwane ezihuquzelayo eziqinile eziguqukele empilweni yasogwadule. Isakhiwo senhlalo esakhiwe endle sihlala emhlanjini omncane, owesilisa we-alpha udlala indima enkulu emhlambini. Owesilisa uvikela insimu kubantu angabazi futhi avikele abesifazane nabantu abasha. Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyasebenza emini, ebusuku zithanda ukuphumula emigodini nasemifantwini yazo phakathi kwamatshe. Emini, iningi losuku, izibankwa zithola izinambuzane zazo zokuzingela ukudla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ibona ingozi, umsila webhande ugoqana, uluma umsila wayo uqinile ebholeni. Ngakho-ke, isibankwa sivale indawo esengozini - isisu. Lapho isibankwa sithatha indawo enjalo, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuyiguqula, ibambelela ngokuqinile emsileni ngamazinyo, ngoba impilo yesirhubuluzi incike kulokhu kubamba.
Uma kunengozi, abanye abantu bacasha emifantwini emincane noma bakhase ngaphansi kwamatshe, babambelele ngokuqinile ematsheni ngezinzipho zabo bese bevuvuka. Okusho ukuthi, lezi zibankwa zenza konke ukuvimbela umhlaseli ukuthi angazikhiphi endaweni yokukhosela. Ebusika, izibankwa ezihlala ezifundeni eziseningizimu zingalala ubusika ngenxa yesimo sezulu esingesihle kanye nokuntuleka kokudla. Amabhande omsila ahlala enyakatho ye-Afrika awafihli ubusika uma kufincwa isikhathi sonyaka. Umlingiswa wemisila yebhande uzolile, iziqubu azivamile futhi ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabesilisa abadala.
Zijwayelene kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, lezi zibankwa ziyakhothana futhi zixhumana ngezimpawu zomlomo, ezinjengokunqekuzisa ikhanda nokunyakaza kwemisila. Abantu baphathwa ngokungathathi hlangothi, kuphela abamele izinhlobo ezincane ezinomsila webhande abangahlala ekuthunjweni. Ezinye izinhlobo ekuthunjweni azimili futhi azizwa kabi. Kungcono ukuba nezilwane ezifuywayo ngababili, ngoba imisila yebhande ayibekezeleli isizungu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Giant Belttail
Imisila yebhande ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi eneminyaka engu-3-4. Kunzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa abesilisa nabesifazane, ngoba abesifazane bezilwane ezihuquzelayo abahlukile kwabesilisa ngombala, kungaba ngokunye noma ngezinye izici. Abesilisa bangaba bakhulu kunabesifazane, futhi lokhu kuphela umehluko wabo wangaphandle.
Ngonyaka owodwa, owesifazane uletha iwundlu elilodwa noma amabili. Iningi lemisila yebhande liyi-viviparous, noma kunjalo, kunezinhlobo ezithile ezizalela amaqanda. Isikhathi sokukhwelana salezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo siqala ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari kuya ngasekupheleni kukaMashi. Ukukhulelwa kwabesifazane kuthatha izinyanga ezi-4 kuya kwezi-6 (kuya ngohlobo lwazo). Amathole azalwa ekwindla ekupheleni kuka-Agasti-Okthoba.
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, izibankwa zingalimazana. Abesilisa bangalwa bodwa besifazane nensimu. Ekuzalweni, izibankwa ezincane zimbozwa ngegobolondo elincanyana, elicishe libonakale. Usayizi webhande elisanda kuzalwa ucishe ube u-4-6 cm ubude.
Izibankwa ezisanda kuzalwa zilungele impilo ezimele ngokushesha, zingazitholela ukudla kwazo, zidle into efanayo edliwa ngabantu abadala. Isikhathi esithile, amawundlu ahlala nonina. Umama uvikela inzalo yakhe ngokucophelela ezingozini zokubamba izingane yonke indawo. Owesilisa akabheki inzalo, kepha wenza ukuvikela insimu kubantu ongabazi nezilwane. Izibankwa ezinkulu ezindala zingazingela izingane, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokushoda kokunye ukudla.
Ibhande Lomsila Wezitha Zemvelo
Isithombe: I-Belt-tailed Lizard
Izitha zemvelo zemisila yebhande zifaka:
- izinyoni ezidla inyama (oklebe, izinkozi, amanqe, amagwababa nezinye);
- izimpungushe;
- amakati ehlane;
- izingulule nama-lynx;
- izinyoka;
- izibankwa ezinkulu.
Ukuze zizivikele ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, imisila yebhande ihlala emigodini emincane phakathi kwamatshe, nasemifantwini emincane, lapho lezi zilwane zizizwa ziphephile khona, sengathi umhlaseli uzama ukukhipha isibankwa endaweni yokukhosela, yonke imizamo izophela ngokwehluleka. Amabhande akwazi ukukhulisa kakhulu umzimba wawo, ngenkathi ewubamba ngokuqinile umhlaba ngezidladla zawo.
Uma umhlaseli ebambe isilwane esihuquzelayo ngokungalindelekile, futhi asikho isikhathi sokucasha emsileni webhande, lesi sibankwa sigobeka sibe yibhola, sivikele ingxenye yomzimba waso esengozini kakhulu - isisu. Isibankwa singaba kule ndawo isikhathi eside impela. Isidlakela asikwazi ukujika isibankwa bese silinda kuphela. Umsila webhande ubalekela ethubeni lokuqala.
Kodwa noma kunjalo, isitha esiyinhloko salezi ezihuquzelayo kubhekwa njengomuntu nemisebenzi yakhe. Yize ukuzingelwa kwezinhlobo eziningi zalezi zibankwa kungavunyelwe, abazingeli abangekho emthethweni basabamba imisila yebhande futhi bayithengise ngaphansi kwesigameko sezintulo ezizalwe ekuthunjweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufika kwempucuko ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala kuthinta kabi izibankwa. Ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala, abantu bakha imigwaqo, amabhizinisi ngalokhu baxosha izibankwa ezindaweni zabo ezijwayelekile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umsila webhande
Ezinye izinhlobo zemisila yebhande zidinga ukuvikelwa okukhethekile. Izinhlobo ezinjengeGiant Belt-Tail (Smaug giganteus), East African Belt-tails, Cordylus rhodesianus, Cordylus tropidosternum, Cordylus coeruleopunctatus nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zalezi zibankwa kubhalwe kuRed Book njengezilwane ezingandile nezisengozini yokuqothulwa.
Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zinezitha ezanele ngokwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zilwane zizala kancane kakhulu, insikazi iletha kuphela ama-1-2 cubs ngonyaka. Ngasikhathi sinye, amawundlu ahlala esengozini yokudliwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye noma ezinye izibankwa.
Ukubanjwa kwalezi zilwane akuvunyelwe futhi kujeziswa ngumthetho. Kepha lokhu akuvimbi abazingela ngokungemthetho abafuna ukwenza inzuzo ngokuthengisa imisila yebhande, ngoba intengo yemisila yebhande emikhulu ifinyelela kuma-euro ayizinkulungwane eziningana kumuntu ovuthiwe.
Isibonelo, ososayensi baqaphele ukuthi esikhathini esisuka ku-1986 kuya ku-2013, cishe imisila yebhande eyinkulungwane nengxenye ebanjwe ezindaweni zabo zemvelo yathunyelwa emazweni ayi-15 emhlabeni jikelele. Ngemuva kwalolu cwaningo, kwavalwa ukuvinjelwa kokuthunyelwa kwama-pangolin eNingizimu Afrika.
Kwakunecala ngisho nasezinhlelweni zomthetho zase-Afrika mayelana nokuhweba ngokungemthetho kulezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo, lapho kwasetshenziswa khona izimpawu zomfuzo njengobufakazi. Ngemuva kwalokho, ayikho imvume eyodwa eyasayinwa ukuthekelisa ukusikwa kwamazwe angaphandle.
Ukuvikelwa kwemisila yebhande
Isithombe: I-Belttail evela kwiRed Book
Kusukela inani labantu bezinhlobo eziningi zemisila yebhande ezindaweni zabo zemvelo, eminyakeni yamuva nje, lehle kakhulu ngenxa yokubanjwa kwalezi zilwane ngabantu eNingizimu Afrika, kwethulwe ukuvinjelwa kwemisila yebhande. Muva nje, abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe bafuna ukuba "nodrako othambile" onjalo ekhaya, futhi abazingeli abangekho emthethweni babamba amabhande athengiswayo.
Manje ukuthenga umsila webhande akuyona into elula. Ukuze kubanjwe izinhlobo eziningi zalezi zilwane, iziphathimandla zaseNingizimu Afrika zihlinzeka ngokujeziswa ngendlela yenhlawulo kanye nesikhathi sejele. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezihuquzelayo zibhalwe kuRed Book. Ukuthunyelwa kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo akuvunyelwe nakancane. Ezindaweni zokuhlala zezinhlobo ezingavamile zamabhande, kusetshenziswa izindawo zokuvikela kanye nezindawo zokuvikela imvelo. Uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwebhande olukhulelwa ukuthengiswa - ibhande elincane. Ezinye izinhlobo aziphili nje ekuthunjweni.
Ukugcina imisila yebhande ekhaya akuyona into elula, kepha imisila yebhande emincane ezalelwe ekuthunjweni isheshe ijwayele abanikazi bayo futhi ibe nethambo. Kodwa-ke, imisila yebhande izwakala kangcono endaweni yazo yemvelo, lapho ingaxhumana khona futhi ihlale ezimweni ezijwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kulondolozwe inani lalezi zilwane ezinhle, kungcono ukuzishiya zodwa uziyeke zihlale endle.
IBelttail izidalwa ezimangalisa ngempela ezifana ncamashi nezidragoni ezivela kwinganekwane ethile. Lezi zidalwa zingaphila ngokuthula ezimweni ezinzima zasogwadule, ziyakwazi ukungadli isikhathi eside futhi zinemikhuba yokuzivikela ethakazelisa kakhulu. Ake sizame ukugcina lezi zidalwa ngokunakekela imvelo, ukuze inzalo yethu ikwazi ukujabulela ukuhlukahluka kwezimila nezilwane zeplanethi yethu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 18.10.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 12
