Izikelemu eziyizicaba (Ama-Platyhelminthes) yiqembu lama-invertebrate alinganayo anemizimba ethambile atholakala ezindaweni zasolwandle, emanzini angenasawoti nasemanzini asomhlaba aswakeme. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-flatworms ziphila mahhala, kepha cishe ama-80% azo zonke izikelemu ziyisidlakudla, okungukuthi, zihlala kwenye noma kwesinye isidalwa futhi zithole ukudla kwazo kuso.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: I-Flatworm
Imvelaphi yama-flatworms kanye nokuvela kwezigaba ezahlukahlukene kuhlala kungacaci. Kodwa-ke, kunezindawo ezimbili eziyinhloko. Ngokuya ngombono owamukelwa kabanzi, i-turbellaria imele okhokho bazo zonke ezinye izilwane ezinezendlalelo ezintathu zezicubu. Kodwa-ke, abanye bavumile ukuthi ama-flatworms angenziwa lula okwesibili, okungukuthi, angancipha ezilwaneni eziyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yokulahleka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo noma ukwehla kobunzima.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayoImpilo yesibungu ayicaci, kepha ekuthunjweni, amalungu ohlobo olulodwa aphila izinsuku ezingama-65 kuya kwezingu-140.
Ama-Flatworms awela ngaphansi kombuso wezilwane, obonakala ngezinto eziphilayo ezinama-eukaryotic ezinamaseli amaningi. Kokunye ukuhlukaniswa, bahlukaniswa njengeqembu eliyisisekelo le-eumetazoi lezilwane, njengoba kungama-metazoan awela ngaphansi kombuso wezilwane.
Ividiyo: Izikelemu
Izikelemu zibuye ziwele ngaphansi kokulingana kwamazwe amabili phakathi kwama-eumetazoids. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kufaka phakathi izilwane ezinokulingana kwamazwe womabili, eziqukethe ikhanda nomsila (kanye nengxenye yomgogodla nesisu). Njengamalungu ama-protosomal subspecies, ama-flatworms akhiwa izingqimba ezintathu zamagciwane. Njengoba kunje, kuvame ukubizwa nangokuthi ama-protostomes.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zigaba eziphakeme, uhlobo luhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezilandelayo:
- izibungu ze-ciliary;
- ama-monogeneans;
- ama-cestode;
- ama-trematode.
Isigaba sezibungu ze-ciliary siqukethe izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-3 000 zezinto eziphilayo, ezisatshalaliswa okungenani ngama-oda ayi-10. Isigaba se-monogenea, yize siqoqwe ekilasini elihlukile ngama-trematode, sinokufana okuningi nazo.
Kodwa-ke, zihlukaniswa kalula kuma-trematode nama-cestode ngeqiniso lokuthi zinezitho ezingemuva ezaziwa njenge-haptor. AmaMonogeneans ahluka ngosayizi nomumo. Isibonelo, ngenkathi ukubuka okukhudlwana kungahle kubonakale kucabalele futhi kumise okwamaqabunga (okwakheke njengeqabunga), ukubukwa okuncane kungu-cylindrical ngaphezulu.
Isigaba se-cestode sinezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-4,000, ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi ama-tapeworms. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo ze-flatworms, ama-cestode abonakala ngemizimba yawo emide, eyisicaba, engakhula ifike kumamitha ayi-18 ubude futhi yakhiwe ngamayunithi amaningi okuzala (ama-proglottids). Onke amalungu esigaba se-trematode ngokwemvelo anama-parasitic. Njengamanje, zingu-20 000 izinhlobo zesigaba se-trematode esezitholakele.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isibungu
Izimpawu zabamele izikelemu ze-ciliary zimi kanje:
- umzimba uthayishwe emaphethelweni womabili ngobukhulu obuncishisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nendawo yomzimba;
- ngesigaba esicindezelwe se-dorsoventral somzimba, izibungu ze-ciliary zinendawo ephezulu yokulinganisa ivolumu;
- ukunyakaza kutholakala ngosizo lwe-cilia ehlelwe kahle, e-oscillate kaninginingi ohlangothini olulodwa;
- abahlukanisiwe;
- izibungu ze-ciliary zishoda ngokuphelele (umgodi womzimba ophakathi kodonga lomzimba nomsele wamathumbu ezilwaneni eziningi);
- bane-subepidermal rhabditis ku-ciliary epidermis, ehlukanisa lesi sigaba nezinye izibungu;
- baphuthelwa yindunu. Ngenxa yalokhu, okokudla kumuncwa ngomphimbo futhi kukhishwe ngomlomo;
- kuyilapho izinhlobo eziningi zalesi sigaba ziyizidalwa zezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezincane, ezinye ziphila njengezidliwayo ezidla izilwane, izikhukhukazi, nama-ectoparasites;
- amaseli e-pigment nama-photoreceptor akhona emibonweni yawo asetshenziswa esikhundleni samehlo okucabanga;
- Ngokuya ngohlobo lwezinzwa, uhlelo lwe-peripheral nervous lwezibungu ze-ciliary luqala kusuka kumanethiwekhi we-neural alula kakhulu kuya kolukhuni alawula ukunyakaza kwemisipha.
Ezinye zezici ze-monogenes zifaka:
- bonke abamele isigaba se-monogenea ngama-hermaphrodites;
- ama-monogeneans awanabo abaphathi abaphakathi emjikelezweni wabo wokuphila;
- yize zinezimo ezithile zomzimba ngokuya ngohlobo lwazo, zikhonjisiwe ukuthi ziyakwazi ukwelula nokunciphisa imizimba yazo njengoba zihamba endaweni yazo;
- abanayo i-anus ngakho-ke basebenzisa uhlelo lwe-protonephridial ukukhipha imfucuza;
- abanaso isimiso sokuphefumula nesokujikeleza kwegazi, kodwa kunesimiso sezinzwa, esinezindandatho zezinzwa nezinzwa ezinwebeka emuva nangaphambili komzimba;
- njengezimuncagazi, ama-monogenean avame ukondla amangqamuzana esikhumba, amafinyila, kanye ne-host yegazi, edala ukulimala kolwelwesi lwamafinyila kanye nesikhumba esivikela isilwane (inhlanzi).
Izici zesigaba se-cestode:
- umjikelezo wokuphila oyinkimbinkimbi;
- abanalo uhlelo lokugaya ukudla. Esikhundleni salokho, ubuso bemizimba yabo bumbozwe ngama-protuberances amancane afana ne-microvill, afana nalawo atholakala emathunjini amancane ama-vertebrate amaningi;
- ngalezi zakhiwo, ama-tapeworms amunca kahle izakhamzimba ngengubo yangaphandle (ukumakwa);
- banemisipha ekhule kahle;
- i-cilia eguquliwe ebusweni bayo isetshenziswa njengeziphetho zezinzwa;
- uhlelo lwezinzwa luqukethe i-pair of lateral nerve ligaments.
Izici ze-Trematode:
- zinamaswidi omlomo kanye nama-ventral suckers avumela izinto eziphilayo ukuba zinamathisele umphathi wazo. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukondla izinto eziphilayo;
- abantu abadala bangatholakala esibindini noma ohlelweni lokujikeleza kwegazi lomgcini;
- bane-digestive tract ne-excretory system eyenziwe kahle;
- banesimiso semisipha esithuthuke kahle.
Ngabe zihlala kuphi izikelemu?
Isithombe: Izikelemu ezisemanzini
Ngokuvamile, ama-flatworms aphilayo (turbellaria) atholakala mahhala lapho kutholakala khona umswakama. Ngaphandle kwama-darkcephalids, ama-flatworms asakazwa emhlabeni wonke. Zitholakala emanzini ahlanzekile nasawoti kanti kwesinye isikhathi zihlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama zomhlaba, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo nezisendaweni eshisayo. Ama-Darkcephalids, aqeda ama-crustaceans asemanzini angenasawoti, atholakala ikakhulu eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu, eMadagascar, eNew Zealand, e-Australia naseziqhingini zaseSouth Pacific Ocean.
Ngenkathi izinhlobo eziningi zezikelemu zihlala endaweni yasolwandle, kunezinye eziningi ezingatholakala ezindaweni ezinamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nasezindaweni ezishisayo zasemhlabeni nezinomswakama. Ngakho-ke, badinga okungenani izimo ezinomswakama ukuze baphile.
Ngokuya ngohlobo lwezinhlobo, abamele isigaba sezibungu ze-ciliary bakhona njengezinto eziphila mahhala noma njengezinambuzane. Isibonelo, abamele i-oda i-darkcyphalids bakhona njengama-commensal ngokuphelele noma ama-parasites.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ezinye izinhlobo zezikelemu ezinezinhlobo eziningi zezindawo zokuhlala. Esinye sezimo zomhlaba wonke futhi ezibekezelela kakhulu izimo ezahlukahlukene zemvelo yi-turbellar Gyratrix hermaphroditus, etholakala emanzini amasha endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-2000, kanye nasemachibini wamanzi olwandle.
AmaMonogeneans angelinye lamaqembu amakhulu kunawo wonke ama-flatworms, amalungu awo cishe angama-parasites kuphela ama-vertebrate asemanzini (ama-ectoparasites). Basebenzisa izitho zokunamathisela ukunamathisela kumphathi. Lo mklamo uqukethe nezinkomishi zokudonsa. Ama-Codeode ngokuvamile yizibungu zangaphakathi (ama-endoparasites) adinga ukusingathwa okungaphezu koyedwa ngemijikelezo yempilo yawo eyinkimbinkimbi.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona ama-flatworms. Ake sibone ukuthi badlani.
Zidlani izikelemu?
Isithombe: Isibungu se-Flat annelid
Izikelemu ezihlala ngokukhululeka zidla kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezenzelwe ukubamba inyamazane. Ukuhlangana kwabo nesisulu kubukeka njengokungahleliwe, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezithile ezikhipha imicu emincane. Ukugaya kokubili kungaphandle kwamaseli kanye ne-intracellular. Ama-enzyme wokugaya (ama-catalysts wezinto eziphilayo) ahlangana nokudla emathunjini anciphisa usayizi wezinhlayiyana zokudla. Le nto egaywe kancane iyathathwa (i-phagocytosed) ngamaseli noma iyangena; ukugaya kugcwaliswa kumaseli emathumbu.
Emaqenjini angama-parasitic, kokubili ukugaya okungaphandle kwamangqamuzana nokwangaphakathi kwenzeka. Izinga lezi zinqubo ezenzeka ngalo lincike kohlobo lokudla. Lapho lesi silokazane sibona izingcezu zokudla noma izicubu zomninikhaya, ngaphandle koketshezi noma uketshezi oluncane (njengegazi kanye namafinyila), njengezakhamzimba, ukugayeka ikakhulu kungaphandle kwamaseli. Kulabo abadla igazi, ukugaya ikakhulukazi i-intracellular, okuvame ukuholela ekubekweni kwe-hematin, i-pigment engancibiliki eyakhiwe ukuwohloka kwe-hemoglobin.
Ngenkathi amanye ama-flatworm ephila mahhala futhi engonakalisi, ezinye izinhlobo eziningi (ikakhulukazi ama-trematode kanye ne-tapeworms) zikhubaza kubantu, ezifuywayo, noma kokubili. EYurophu, e-Australia, eMelika, ukwethulwa kwesikelemu kubantu kuncishiswe kakhulu ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwenyama njalo. Kodwa lapho ukuthuthwa kwendle kubi futhi inyama idliwa ingaphekiwe, izehlakalo zokutheleleka ngesikelemu ziphezulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinhlobo ezingamashumi amathathu nesithupha noma ngaphezulu zibikwe njengezinambuzane kubantu. Izifo ezithathelwanayo zitholakala cishe kuwo wonke amazwe, kepha izifo ezithathelwanayo zitholakala eMpumalanga Ekude, e-Afrika naseMelika eshisayo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Flatworm
Ikhono lokuvuselelwa kwezicubu, ngaphezu kokuphulukiswa kwesilonda okulula, kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbili ze-flatworms: i-turbelaria ne-cestode. I-Turbellaria, ikakhulukazi i-planaria, isetshenziswa kabanzi ezifundweni zokuvuselela. Amandla amakhulu okuzivuselela akhona ezinhlotsheni ezikwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha i-asexual. Isibonelo, izingcezu nezicucu zanoma iyiphi ingxenye yesiyaluyalu se-stenostum zingakhula zibe izikelemu ezintsha ngokuphelele. Kwezinye izimo, ukuvuselelwa kwezicucu ezincane kakhulu kungaholela ekwakhekeni kwezinto ezingaphelele (isb., Ezingenakhanda).
Ukuvuselelwa, yize kungavamile kwizikelemu eziyizinambuzane ngokujwayelekile, kwenzeka kuma-cestode. Iningi lama-tapeworm lingavuselelwa kusuka ekhanda (scolex) nasendaweni yentamo. Le mpahla ivamise ukwenza kube nzima ukwelapha abantu abanezifo zentshulube. Ukwelashwa kungaqeda kuphela umzimba, noma i-strobila, kushiye i-scolex isanamathiselwe odongeni lwamathumbu womgcini futhi ngaleyo ndlela ikwazi ukukhiqiza i-strobila entsha elungisa ukuhlasela.
Izibungu ze-Cestode ezivela ezinhlotsheni eziningana zingazivuselela ngokwazo ezindaweni ezisikiwe. Ifomu lesibungu elinegatsha le-Sparganum prolifer, igciwane lesandulela ngculazi, lingazala futhi livuseleleke kabusha.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-flatworm eluhlaza
Ngaphandle kokumbalwa kakhulu, ama-hermaphrodites nezinhlelo zawo zokuzala zivame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi. Lezi ziphungumangathi ngokuvamile zinama-testes amaningi, kepha kune-ovaries eyodwa noma amabili kuphela. Uhlelo lwabesifazane aluvamile ngoba luhlukaniswe lwaba izakhiwo ezimbili: ama-ovari kanye ne-vitellaria, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi yizindlala ze-yolk. Amaseli we-Vitellaria akha izingxenye ze-yolk ne-eggshell.
Kuma-tapeworms, umzimba ofana neteyipu uvame ukuhlukaniswa uchungechunge lwezigaba noma ama-proglottids, ngalinye lawo elenza isethi ephelele yezitho zobulili zabesilisa nabesifazane. Isisetshenziswa esiyinkimbinkimbi sokumpompoza siqukethe ipipi laphakade (elikwazi ukujika libheke ngaphandle) kumuntu wesilisa kanye nomsele noma isitho sowesifazane sowesifazane. Eduze kokuvulwa kwawo, umsele wesifazane ungazihlukanisa nezitho ezi-tubular ezahlukahlukene.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezibungu ze-ciliary kutholakala ngezindlela eziningi, ezibandakanya ukuzala ngokocansi (i-hermaphroditis kanyekanye) nokuzala kwe-asexual (cross-fission). Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi, amaqanda akhiqizwa futhi aboshwe abe yimifece, lapho izingane zichanyuselwa futhi zikhule khona. Ngokuzala kabusha kwe-asexual, ezinye izinhlobo zihlukaniswe zaba izingxenye ezimbili, ezibuyiswayo, zakha ingxenye elahlekile, ngaleyo ndlela ziphenduke umzimba wonke.
Umzimba we-tapeworms weqiniso, ama-cestode, wakhiwa izingxenye eziningi ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-proglottids. I-proglottids ngayinye iqukethe izakhiwo zokuzala zabesilisa nabesifazane (njengama-hermaphrodites) ezikwazi ukuzala ngokuzimela. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi isibungu esisodwa singakhiqiza ama-proglottids afinyelela enkulungwaneni, lokhu kuvumela ama-tapeworms ukuthi aqhubeke nokukhula. Isibonelo, i-proglottid eyodwa iyakwazi ukukhiqiza izinkulungwane zamaqanda, futhi umjikelezo wazo wokuphila ungaqhubeka komunye umphathi lapho amaqanda egwinyiwe.
Umninimzi ogwinya amaqanda waziwa njengomphathi ophakathi nendawo, uma kubhekwa ukuthi kule ndawo lapho amaqanda echanyuselwa khona ukukhiqiza izibungu (coracidia). Izibungu, noma kunjalo, ziyaqhubeka nokukhula kumgcini wesibili (umphathi wokugcina) futhi zivuthwa esigabeni sabadala.
Izitha zemvelo zemisundu eyisicaba
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isibungu
Izidliwayo zinokufinyelela kwizikelemu ezihamba ngokukhululeka ezivela esigabeni se-turbelaria - ngemuva kwakho konke, azikhawulelwanga emizimbeni yezilwane. Lezi ziphungumangathi zihlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, kubandakanya imifudlana, imifudlana, amachibi kanye namachibi.
Imvelo enomswakama ngokweqile iyisidingo esiphelele kubo. Bavame ukulenga ngaphansi kwamatshe noma ngezinqwaba zamahlamvu. Izimbungulu zamanzi ziyisibonelo esisodwa sezilwane ezahlukahlukene zalezi zinambuzane - ikakhulukazi amabhungane okuntywila emanzini kanye nojekamanzi abancane. Ama-crustaceans, izinhlanzi ezincane kanye nofeleba nabo bavame ukudla kulezi zinhlobo ze-flatworms.
Uma ungumnikazi we-aquarium yasolwandle futhi ubona ukutholakala okungazelelwe kwemisundu eyisicefe, ingahle ihlasele amakhorali akho asolwandle. Abanye abanikazi be-aquarium bakhetha ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi ekulawuleni ngokwemvelo ama-flatworms. Izibonelo zezinhlanzi ezithile ezivame ukuzondla ngezikelemu ezinomdlandla ngamagundane anezintambo eziyisithupha (i-Pseudocheilinus hexataenia), amagundane aphuzi (iHalichoeres chrysus), nama-mandarin (i-Synchiropus picturatus).
Izikelemu eziningi ziyizidlelekazi zabangenisi abangafuni, kepha ezinye futhi ziyizilwane ezizingelayo zangempela. Izikelemu zasolwandle ikakhulukazi ezidla inyama. Ama-invertebrate amancanyana ayizidlo azithandayo ikakhulukazi, kufaka phakathi izibungu, ama-crustaceans, nama-rotifers.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-Flatworm
Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-20 000 manje sezihlonziwe, kanti uhlobo lwe-flatworm lungelenye yezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu ngemuva kwezingxabano, ama-molluscs nama-arthropods. Balinganiselwa ku-25-30% abantu okwamanje abatheleleke okungenani ngohlobo olulodwa lwesibungu esiyisidlakudla. Izifo abazibangelayo zingalimaza kakhulu. Ukutheleleka kwe-Helminth kungaholela ezimweni ezahlukahlukene ezingalapheki ezifana nokushwabana kwamehlo nokungaboni, ukuvuvukala kwezitho nokuqina, ukuvimba kokugaya ukudla nokungondleki kahle, i-anemia kanye nokukhathala.
Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, bekucatshangwa ukuthi izifo zomuntu ezibangelwa ama-flatworms zikhawulelwe yimithombo eyindlala kulo lonke elase-Afrika, e-Asia naseNingizimu Melika.Kepha kule nkathi yokuhamba komhlaba kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izibungu ezinamagciwane zihamba kancane kodwa ngokuqinisekile ziye ezingxenyeni zaseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika.
Imiphumela yesikhathi eside yokwanda okwandayo kwezibungu ezinamagciwane kunzima ukuyiqagela, kodwa umonakalo odalwe ukutheleleka uqokomisa isidingo sokwakha amasu wokulawula anganciphisa lolu songo empilweni yomphakathi ngekhulu lama-21. Izikelemu ezihlaselayo zingadala nomonakalo omkhulu ezindaweni eziphila kuzo. Abaphenyi e-University of New Hampshire bathole ukuthi ama-flatworms asezizalweni zemifula angakhombisa impilo ye-ecosystem ngokuyichitha.
Izikelemu eziyizicaba - izinto eziphilayo ezilinganayo ezihlangene ezinemizimba enamaseli amaningi ekhombisa ukuhleleka komzimba. Ama-flatworms, njengomthetho, ayizitho zokuzala ze-hermaphroditic - ezisebenzayo zabobulili bobabili ezitholakala kumuntu oyedwa. Obunye ubufakazi bamanje bubonisa ukuthi okungenani ezinye izinhlobo zezikelemu zingafakwa lula okwesibili kokhokho abayinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 05.10.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 10
