UNanda Ingabe yizinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu ezingakwazi ukundiza eNingizimu Melika, ezingokwe-oda lamaRheiformes. Ngaphandle, zifana ngokumangazayo nezintshe zase-Afrika nama-emus ase-Australia, kepha zihlobene kakhulu nazo. Banohlelo lokuqala lomphakathi lokukhulisa amatshwele. Omnivorous, othanjiswa kalula futhi okhuliswe emapulazini.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Nandu
Igama lesiLatini lohlobo "Rhea" livela egameni lamaTitanides - unina wonkulunkulu baseOlimpiki abavela ezinganekwaneni zamaGrikhi. INanda iyi-onomatopoeia yokukhala kokukhwelana kwale nyoni. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezinsalela zezinsalela zezinsalela zezinsalela ezisezingeni lohlobo lwazo ezimbili eziphilayo: i-rhea encane, noma i-Darwin's (Rhea pennata) kanye ne-rhea enkulu, ejwayelekile noma yaseMelika (i-Rhea americana).
I-rhea encane ayivamile futhi ayifundwa kangako. I-rhea enkulu inezinkukhu ezi-5. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo usekukhuleni nasekubalweni kwesisekelo sentamo, kepha izimpawu ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ukukhomba umuntu othile, udinga ukwazi indawo adabuka kuyo.
Ividiyo: Nandu
Okungukuthi:
- uhlobo lwama-subspecies luhlala ezindaweni ezingama-savanna nezingwadule enyakatho nasempumalanga yeBrazil;
- R. a. i-intermedia - i-subspecies ephakathi nendawo etholakala e-Uruguay naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeBrazil;
- R. a. i-nobilis iyi-subspecies emangalisayo ehlala empumalanga yeParaguay;
- R. araneipes - uhlala emahlathini asepaki eParaguay, eBolivia futhi ngokwengxenye eBrazil;
- I-albescens iyi-subspecies emhlophe ekhetha ama-pampas esifundazweni saseRio Negro e-Argentina.
Izinsalela zezinsalela zabamele uhlobo lo zitholakale kumadiphozi e-Eocene (iminyaka engu-56.0 - 33.9 million edlule), kepha kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zinyoni zazikhona phambilini, ePaleocene futhi zabona okhokho bezilwane ezincelisayo zanamuhla. Ngokuqondene nobudlelwano nezintshe kanye nama-emus, izindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zala maqembu zahluka kudala, okungenani ekuqaleni kwePaleogene (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65 edlule). Kukhona futhi ukucabanga ukuthi ukufana kwe-rhea nezinye izinyoni ezingakwazi ukundiza akubangelwa neze ukuhlobana, kodwa nendlela efanayo yokuphila.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: UCharles Darwin uvakashele ePatagonia phakathi nohambo lwakhe oludumile lweBeagle. Wazama ukuthola i-rhea encane ayezwile ngayo kubahlali bendawo. Ekugcineni, wakuthola kukhululeka ngesikhathi sedina. UDarwin waqaphela ukuthi amathambo e-rhea ayethunyelwe ayehlukile emathanjeni e-rhea enkulu ayejwayelene nayo, futhi wawafaka kuwo wonke amanye amathambo futhi wayeqiniseka ukuthi ngempela wayethole uhlobo olusha olusha.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Indlela i-rhea ebukeka ngayo
UNandu uyinyoni engakwazi ukundiza eguqulelwe ukusebenza isikhathi eside nokushesha. Lesi sibalo sifana nentshe eyaziwayo, kepha sincane ngokuphindwe kabili. Ngisho nasezinhlotsheni ezinkulu kunazo zonke, i-rhea yaseMelika, ubude bomzimba kusuka emlonyeni kuya emsileni ngu-130 cm (owesifazane) - 150 cm (owesilisa), ukuphakama kuze kufike ku-1.5 m, isisindo esifinyelela ku-30 kg (owesifazane) noma kufika ku-40 kg (owesilisa). Intamo ende imbozwe ngoboya obumpunga obuzacile nobuzacile (entshini buhamba ze), imilenze enamandla netars engenalutho iphela ngeminwe emithathu (futhi hhayi emibili, efana nentshe).
Lapho isebenza, i-rhea ivula amaphiko ayo aluhlaza ukuze ibhalansi. Ophikweni ngalunye, omunye weminwe eyisisekelo uphethe uzipho olubukhali - isikhali esizuzwe ngama-dinosaurs. Ijubane lenyoni ethukile lihlonipheke impela - kufika ku-60 km / h, futhi izinyathelo lapho zigijima zisuka ku-1.5 kuye ku-2 m ubude. UNandu ubhukuda kahle futhi angaphoqa nemifula.
Umzimba nomsila we-rhea enkulu umbozwe izimpaphe ezimfushane, ezibekeke ngokukhululeka futhi zimbozwe ngokuphelele ngamaphiko. Izimpaphe ezinde nezinde zezimpiko zilenga phansi emzimbeni we-kurguz futhi zishwibeka ngokukhululekile lapho zihamba, umbala wazo uyahlukahluka kusuka kwimpunga kuye kobunsundu. Abesilisa ngokuvamile baba mnyama kunabesifazane. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, bahlukaniswa kahle yisisekelo esimnyama, esicishe sibe mnyama entanyeni - "ikhola kanye nehembe ngaphambili". Kodwa-ke, lokhu akujwayelekile kuwo wonke ama-subspecies. Imvamisa kuba nama-albino nabantu abane-leukism, abacishe babe nezimpaphe ezimhlophe namehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Isifo sikaDarwin sifushane futhi sincane kunesaseMelika: isisindo saso singu-15 - 25 kg. Ibuye ihluke ezindaweni ezimhlophe ngemuva, okubonakala kakhulu kwabesilisa. Ekubalekeni, akazeluli izimpiko zakhe, ngoba uhlala phakathi kwezihlahla.
Ihlala kuphi i-rhea?
Isithombe: Nandu eNingizimu Melika
UNandu uhlala eNingizimu Melika kuphela. I-rhea yaseMelika ayitholakali ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1500 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle ezindaweni ezishisayo nakumazwe anezimo zezulu ezipholile: iBolivia, iBrazil, iParaguay, i-Uruguay, iChile, i-Argentina kuze kufike kuma-40 ° eningizimu ye-latitude. Njengezintshe, uthanda izindawo ezingenamithi namahlathi: amasimu alinywayo, amadlelo, ama-savanna, ama-pampas (ama-steppes asendaweni), izingwadule zasePatagonia, lapho kukhula khona utshani obude. Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, ngesikhathi sokuzala, ithanda ukuhlala eduze kwamanzi.
IDarwin Nandu ihlala emathafeni anezihlahlana notshani obude kanye nasemathafeni asezintabeni eziphakeme ngamamitha angama-3500 - 4500. Abantu abaningi batholakala ePatagonia, eTierra del Fuego kanye nase-Andes eseningizimu. Inani elincane elihlukile ezindaweni eziphakeme ze-Andes emngceleni weBolivia neChile lingathathwa njengezinhlayiya noma uhlobo oluhlukile - i-tarapaca rhea (Rhea tarapacensis).
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: EJalimane, kwangeniswa isibalo sabantu abanesifo i-rhea enkulu. Ngo-2000, izinyoni eziyisi-6 zeqa epulazini lezinkukhu eliseduze naseLübeck, owabhukuda wawela umfula wayozinza emazweni okulima eMecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Izinyoni zahlala phansi zaqala ukuzala ngempumelelo. Ngo-2008, babengu-100 kubo, ngo-2018 - base bevele bengama-566, futhi ngaphezu kwengxenye kwakungamakhophi anonyaka owodwa ubudala. Umnyango wezolimo wendawo uyalele ukuthi kubhodwe amaqanda abo ukuze kulawulwe amanani, kepha abantu bayaqhubeka bekhula futhi bondle emasimini abadlwenguliwe kanye nokolweni wabalimi bendawo. Mhlawumbe iJalimane maduzane izoba nenye inkinga ngabantu bokufika.
Manje uyazi lapho i-rhea itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi inyoni idlani.
Idla ini i-rhea?
Isithombe: Intshe Nandu
I-rhea idla noma yini engayibamba ikugwinye. Kepha isisekelo sokudla kwabo (ngaphezulu kwama-99%) kusengukudla kwezitshalo.
Bayadla:
- amaqabunga ezitshalo ezingama-dicotyledonous (njengomthetho), zombili ezasendaweni futhi ezavela emindenini i-amaranth, iCompositae, ibignonium, iklabishi, imidumba, i-labiate, i-myrtle ne-nightshade, zingadla ameva agwenywa izimvu;
- izithelo ezomile nezinamanzi, imbewu ngokwesizini;
- izilimo eziyizigaxa;
- okusanhlamvu emasimini noma amaqabunga ka-eucalyptus emasimini kudliwa ngezikhathi ezithile, okukugcina kubasindisa olakeni lwabalimi;
- izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla, ezakha u-0.1% wokudla, futhi izilwane ezincane zikuthanda kakhulu lokho kudla kunabantu abadala;
- ama-vertebrate, angaphansi kuka-0.1% wokudla.
Ukuze ugaye futhi ugaye kangcono ukudla kwezitshalo, inyoni idinga amatshe amatshe, mhlawumbe amatshe amancane, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, i-rhea, njengentshe yase-Afrika, igwinya izinto ezahlukahlukene ezicwebezelayo ezenziwe ngensimbi nezinye izinto.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Nyoni kaNandu
I-rhea ivame ukusebenza emini futhi ngezinsuku ezishisayo kuphela lapho bedlulisela khona imisebenzi yabo kusihlwa. Imvamisa abantu bobulili obuhlukile neminyaka bahlangana emhlanjini omncane wezinyoni ezi-5 - 30 (50), begcina ibanga "lomuntu" elingaba yimitha eli-1. Uma zisondela, izinyoni zizwakalisa ukungenami, zihhewula futhi zixhawula amaphiko azo. Cishe sonke isikhathi bahamba kancane befuna ukudla, behlisa uqhwaku lwabo ngaphansi kwama-50 cm futhi behlola ngokucophelela umhlaba.
Ngezikhathi ezithile baphakamisa amakhanda abo ukuze bahlole indawo ezungezile. Kukhula iqembu abahamba kulo, kulapho ngamunye wabo kufanele aqalaze, azinike isikhathi esithe xaxa ukondla. Lapho esethole ukudla, urhea uyakubamba akuphonsa phezulu, akugwinye endizeni.
Uma kunengozi, i-rhea ayikwazi ukubaleka kuphela, yenza ukujika okubukhali ngezindlela ezihlukile, kepha futhi ifihle, ngokuzumayo ihleli phansi futhi isakazeka kuyo. URhea angangena kahle enkampanini yezilwane ezidla imifino ezinkulu - ama-guanacos nama-vicunas. Imvamisa "badla" kanye nemfuyo, okuvumela ukulandelwa okungcono kwezitha.
Igama elidumile elithi "nandu" libhekwa njenge-onomatopoeia ngokukhala okuhlukile kwenyoni, okuyisici sabesilisa phakathi nenkathi yokukhwelana. Kukhumbuza ngokulinganayo ukubhonga okuphansi kwesilwane, inkunzi nomoya epayipini. Ezinyonini ezifuywayo, i-bittern enkulu ingenza imisindo efanayo. Uma kuba sengozini, i-rhea ikhipha imisindo yokuhhumuzela, noma ukuhoshela ukwesabisa izihlobo zayo. Ubaba uxhumana namachwane ngokushaya ikhwela.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Rhea chick
Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ngo-Agasti - Januwari. Eziduna zisuka emhlambini ziyofuna indawo yokwakha isidleke. Njengoba ikhethe ikona eliyimfihlo, eyeduna ilala phansi idonse wonke amagatsha, utshani namaqabunga angafinyelela kuwo isiyingi. Lapho umphikisi evela, uziphatha ngodlame, ethatha isimo esisongelayo aze ahambe. Ngemuva kwalokho udansa umdanso wokukhwelana ngokumemeza nokuvula amaphiko ngokuswela ezinye izindlela zokuheha abalingani.
Uhlelo lokuzalela nokukhulisa amantshontsho e-rhea lungabizwa ngomphakathi: amaqanda omama abehlukene agcina esidlekeni esisodwa, hhayi njalo kukababa ozifukamelayo. Kuvela kanjena. Izinsikazi zibuthana ngamaqembu - ama-harems futhi zifuduka zinqamule insimu, zivakashela izidleke ngokulandelana kwazo, okuya ngomsebenzi wabaphathi bazo besilisa. Esidlekeni ngasinye, bashiya amaqanda, avame ukukhulelwa kwesinye.
Owesifazane oyedwa ubeka amaqanda amathathu kuya kwayi-12. Usayizi we-clutch osesidlekeni ngamaqanda angama-26 avela kwabesifazane abahlukene abayi-7. Kwaphawulwa icala lapho abesifazane abayishumi nambili bevakashele isidleke bashiya amaqanda angama-80 kuso. Eyesilisa ilawula ukugcwaliswa kwesidleke, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa iyeka ukuvumela abesifazane ukuba basondele kuyo bese iqala ukufukamela.
Amaqanda e-rhea enkulu anombala kakhilimu, anesisindo esingu-600 g ngosayizi ka-130 x 90 mm. Isikhathi sokufukamela izinsuku ezingama-29 - 43. Izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa, ezigqoke izingubo ezimthende, ziyaziphakela futhi zigijime zodwa, njengoba kufanele ngezinyoni ezingabantwana, kepha isikhathi esingangezinyanga eziyisithupha zihlala ngaphansi kweso likayise. Bavuthwa ngokocansi ngezinyanga eziyi-14, ngokusho kweminye imithombo - ekupheleni konyaka wesibili.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-rhea yowesilisa akufanele ithathwe njengesisulu esibi sabantu besifazane: uvame ukuba nensizwa evolontiya engena esikhundleni sakhe esidlekeni. Futhi ubaba okhululiwe uhlela indlu entsha bese eqoqa amaqanda kuyo futhi. Kwesinye isikhathi abesilisa benza izidleke endaweni engaphansi kwemitha komunye nomunye - beba ngokuthula amaqanda angomakhelwane, bese banakekela amaphuphu ngokuhlanganyela. Amantshontsho ezondla owesilisa angazamukela amaphuphu ezintandane aphambukile komunye umzali.
Izitha zemvelo ze-rhea
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani i-rhea
Lezi zinyoni ezisheshayo nezinamandla zinezitha ezimbalwa:
- izinyoni ezindala zesaba kuphela ama-fining amakhulu: i-puma (i-cougar) ne-jaguar;
- amatshwele nezinyoni ezincane zibanjwa yizinja eziphambukayo nesidalwa esinamaphiko - icaracar;
- amaqanda adliwa ama-armadillos azo zonke izinhlobo.
Esikhathini esedlule, i-rhea ibivame ukuzingelwa. Inyama namaqanda abo kuyadleka futhi kumnandi impela, izimpaphe zisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuhlobisa, amafutha - ezimonyweni. Ngazo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko, amagobolondo esikhumba namaqanda angasebenza. Ukuzingela akusebenzi ikakhulukazi manje, kepha abalimi bangadubula izinyoni njengezinambuzane zamasimu nabancintisana nemfuyo yabo. Kwesinye isikhathi zibanjwa ziphila ukuze zisuse izimpaphe. Izinyoni zingakhubazeka ngocingo oluhlabayo oluhamba cishe kuwo wonke amaphasela omhlaba, yize ejwayele ukushibilika phakathi kwezintambo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinyoni ezifuywe ekuthunjweni zihlukaniswa ngokukhohliseka okukhulu futhi azesabi muntu. Ngaphambi kokuzidedela ziye emvelweni, kuyadingeka ukuthi kwenziwe izifundo ezikhethekile zokuhlonza izilwane eziyingozi ukuze izingane zingabi yizisulu zazo kalula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kuqashwa izifundo, kuyadingeka ukuthi ubheke izici zomuntu siqu zezinyoni: zinesibindi noma ziyaqapha. Laba bokugcina baba ngabafundi abaphumelele kakhulu futhi baphile kangcono lapho bebuyiselwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Intshe uNandu
Ngokwe-IUCN Red Lists, isifo esihlasela izwe lakubo sinesimo sezinhlobo "eziseduze nezisengozini", okusho ukuthi, yize kungekho okusongelayo, kepha e-Argentina ngo-1981 kwenziwa isinqumo sokuyivikela. Ukucabangela yonke imiphakathi ephansi, ithatha indawo enkulu eyi-6,540,000 km2. Le ndawo incipha kancane kancane ngenxa yentuthuko yayo ngabalimi, ikakhulukazi e-Argentina nase-Uruguay, kepha inqubo ayibukeki isongela okwamanje.
Izinyoni uqobo kwesinye isikhathi ziyabhujiswa ngoba zidla imifino (iklabishi, iswitzerland chard, ubhontshisi wesoya kanye ne-bok-choy). Lokhu akukhona ukudla kwabo okuyinhloko futhi kusetshenziselwa kuphela ukungabi nokuhle kakhulu, kepha abalimi abathintekile akulula kulokhu futhi badubula izinyoni "eziyingozi". Ukuqoqwa kwamaqanda, ukushiswa kwezinhlanga kanye nokufafazwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuyehla. Kepha inani elikhulayo elingalawuleki labantu baseJalimane libeka engcupheni yezilwane zasendaweni futhi lidale ukwesaba phakathi kwezazi zemvelo.
I-rhea encane, ngokusho kwe-IUCN, eningizimu yezwekazi akudingi ukugadwa kwabalondolozi bemvelo. Abantu bayo abangabodwa kuphela (okubizwa nge- "Tarapak rhea") inesimo "esiseduze nabasengozini", ekuqaleni esingabalulekile nezinombolo zabantu abadala abayi-1000 - 2500. Inani labantu lisendaweni yamapaki kazwelonke amathathu, okuyisilinganiso esihle sokuvikelwa ekuqoqeni amaqanda nasekuzingeleni. Kodwa-ke, eChile, i-rhea encane ihlukaniswe ngokuphelele "njengezinhlobo ezisengozini" futhi ivikelwe yonke indawo.
Ngabe rhea amathemba amahle. Hhayi ukulondolozwa nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuchuma. Lezi zinyoni zifuywa kalula, futhi kunamapulazi amaningi e-rhea emhlabeni. Mhlawumbe zizovela noma sezivele zikhona ezweni lethu kanye nezintshe. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukugcina i-rhea akunzima ngaphezu kokugcina izintshe noma ama-emus ase-Afrika. Ukuzalela kwezilwane emasikweni akugcini ngokugcina abantu basendle, kepha kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa nokubabuyisa.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 27.08.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 10
