Intwala Ingabe iqembu lezinambuzane ezincane ezingenamaphiko. Ama-parasites ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: izintwala ezihlafunwayo noma ezilumayo, okuyizinambuzane zezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo, nezintwala ezimunca, okuyiziduli ezincelisayo kuphela. Enye yezintwala ezimunca, intwala yabantu, ihlala ezimweni ezinodaka neziminyene futhi iphethe umkhuhlane we-typhoid nomkhuhlane oqubuka njalo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Intwala
Kwamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi izintwala zivela ezintweni zezincwadi (oda iPsocoptera). Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi izintwala ezihlafunwayo zihlotshaniswa nokuncela, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi zavela enzalweni ngaphambi kokuhlukaniswa kohlobo, abanye bathi behlukile kunezinhlobo esezivele zikhubaza izilwane ezincelisayo. Imvelaphi yezintwala zendlovu ayicaci.
Ngaphandle kweqanda lezintwala elitholakala kwi-Baltic amber, azikho izinsalela ezinganikeza imininingwane ngokuvela kwezintwala. Noma kunjalo, ukusatshalaliswa kwazo kucishe kufane nomlando wezinsalela.
Uhlobo lwentwala ehlafunayo luvame ukuba nezinhlobo eziningi ezikhawulelwe ohlotsheni olulodwa lwenyoni noma iqembu lezinyoni ezihlobene eduze, okusikisela ukuthi uhlobo olwabelwe ukuhleleka kwezinyoni lwakhungathekiswa yifa lezintwala ezihlafunayo, ezahlukahluka futhi zathuthuka kanye nokuhluka nokuvela kwezinyoni eziziphethe ...
Ividiyo: Intwala
Lobu budlelwane obuphakathi komgcini nesinambuzane bungakhanyisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwababungazi uqobo. AmaFlamingo, ajwayele ukufakwa onogolantethe, akhubazeke izigaba ezintathu zezintwala ezimunca, ezitholakala kwenye indawo kuphela kumadada, amahansi nama-swans, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ahlobene kakhulu nalezi zinyoni kunonogolantethe. Intwala esondelene kakhulu nentwala yomzimba womuntu yintwala ye-chimpanzee, futhi kubantu, intwala ye-gorilla pubic.
Kodwa-ke, kunezici eziningana ezifihle ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwezinhlobo zezintwala nezinhlobo zezilwane. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulokhu ukukhulelwa kwesibili, okuwukuvela kwezinhlobo zezintwala kusikhungo esisha esingahlobene. Lokhu bekungenzeka noma ngasiphi isigaba ekuguqukeni komsingathi noma izinambuzane, ukuze ukwehluka okulandelayo kugubuzele yonke imikhondo yoshintsho lokuqala lomsingathi.
Ubude bemizimba eyisicaba yezintwala busuka ku-0.33 kuye ku-11 mm, mhlophe, uphuzi, nsundu noma umnyama. Zonke izinhlobo zezinyoni mhlawumbe zinezintwala ezihlafunwayo, kanti izilwane eziningi ezincelisayo zinezinhlayiya ezihlafunayo noma ezimunca, noma zombili.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Intwala ibukeka kanjani
Umzimba wentwala uthanjiswe dorsoventrally nge-eksisi yekhanda ende evundlile, evumela ukuthi ilale eduze kwezimpaphe noma izinwele ukuze kunamathiselwe noma kudliwe. Ukuma kwekhanda nomzimba kuyehluka kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezihlafunwayo zezinyoni, ukuzivumelanisa nemicucu ehlukahlukene yemvelo emzimbeni womgcini. Izinyoni ezinezimpaphe ezimhlophe, njengama-swans, zinentwala emhlophe, kanti ikati elinezimpaphe ezimnyama linentwala ecishe ibe mnyama ngokuphelele.
Izimpondo zezintwala zimfushane, zinezigaba ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu, kwesinye isikhathi kowesilisa ziyalungiswa njengezitho zokucindezela ukubamba insikazi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Imilomo iguqulelwa ukuluma ezintwala ezilumayo futhi iguqulwe kakhulu ukuncela amaswidi. Izintwala ezimunca zinezinaliti ezintathu, ezitholakala emgodleni ongaphakathi kwekhanda, kanye nesiqu esincane esihlome ngezinsimbi eziphindaphindayo ezifana nezinyo, mhlawumbe ngokubamba isikhumba ngesikhathi sokudla.
Izintwala zezindlovu zinezingxenye zomlomo ezihlafunwayo, ngemilomo eguquliwe ephela nge-proboscis ende. Ubambo lwezintambo lungaba nezingxenye ezintathu ezibonakalayo, lungaba nokuhlangana kwe-mesothorax ne-metathorax, noma womathathu angahlanganiswa abe yingxenye eyodwa, njengasezintwala ezimunca. Izinyawo zithuthuke kahle futhi ziqukethe ingxenye eyodwa noma ezimbili. Izinyoni ezihlala intwala ehlafunwayo zinamazipho amabili, kanti eminye imindeni egcwele izilwane ezincelisayo inezipho elilodwa. Izintwala ezimunca unozipho olulodwa, olubhekene nenqubo ye-tibial, eyakha isitho esikhama izinwele.
Isisu sentwala sinezigaba eziyisishiyagalombili kuya kweziyi-10 ezibonakalayo. Kukhona i-pair eyodwa yama-pores okuphefumula we-thoracic (spiracles) kanye nama-pair wesisu angaphezulu kwesithupha. Izitho zobulili zamadoda ezisungulwe zinikeza izici ezibalulekile zokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo. Owesifazane akanayo i-ovipositor ehlukile, kepha ama-lobes ahlukene akhona ezigabeni ezimbili zokugcina zezinhlobo ezithile angasebenza njengesiqondisi samaqanda ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa.
Umsele we-alimentary uqukethe i-esophagus, i-midgut ethuthuke kahle, i-hindgut encane, ama-tubules amane we-malpighian, ne-rectum enama-papillae ayisithupha. Ezintwala ezimunca, umphimbo udlula ngqo emgodini omkhulu, unethumba noma ngaphandle kwaso. Kukhona futhi nepompo eliqinile elixhunywe emphinjeni wokumunca igazi.
Ihlala kuphi intwala?
Isithombe: Intwala yezinambuzane
Izinyoni eziningi nezilwane ezincelisayo zitheleleke ngezinhlobo ezingaphezu kweyodwa zezintwala. Kaningi banezinhlobo ezine noma ezinhlanu zezintwala. Uhlobo ngalunye lunokuzivumelanisa okuthile okuluvumela ukuthi luhlale ezindaweni ezithile zomzimba womgcini. Phakathi kwezintwala ezihlafunwayo zezinyoni, ezinye izinhlobo zihlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomzimba ukuphumula, ukondla nokubeka amaqanda.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayoIzintwala azikwazi ukuhlala isikhathi esifushane kude nomgcini wazo, futhi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kusebenza ukugcina ukuxhumana okuseduze. Intwala idonswa ukushisa komzimba futhi iyaphazanyiswa ukukhanya, okuyiphoqelela ukuthi ihlale ifudumele futhi imnyama kuzimpaphe noma kumakhoba. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi izwele iphunga lomphathi wayo kanye nezici zezimpaphe nezinwele ezikusiza ukuthi uzulazule.
Intwala ingashiya umninikhaya wayo okwesikhashana iye kolunye uhlobo lohlobo olufanayo noma ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinhlobo ezihlukile, ngokwesibonelo, isuka kokuzingelwa iye kumzingeli. Izintwala ezihlafunwayo zivame ukuhlanganiswa nezintwala ezindizayo (i-Hippoboscidae), eziphinde zikhubaze izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo, kanye nezinye izinambuzane, ezingadluliselwa ngazo kumphathi omusha.
Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka bangakwazi ukuhlala kumgcini omusha ngenxa yokungahlangani kwamakhemikhali noma komzimba nomphathi ngokuya noma ngokuhlala. Isibonelo, ezinye izintwala ezincelisayo zingabeka amaqanda ezinweleni zobubanzi obufanele kuphela.
Ukungqubuzana kokudluliswa kusuka kolunye uhlobo lwesibambi kuya kolunye kuholela ekuthini kubanjwe noma kubekelwe imingcele, lapho uhlobo oluthile lwezintwala lutholakala ohlotsheni olulodwa kuphela noma iqoqo lezinhlobo ezisondelene. Kungenzeka ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo eziqondene nomsunguli zavela ngenxa yokuzihlukanisa ngoba yayingekho nje indlela yokudluliselwa izintwala.
Izilwane ezifuywayo nezilwane ema-zoo kwesinye isikhathi ziba nezintwala ezivela ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, kuyilapho ama-pheasants kanye nama-partridges ngokuvamile echuma kubantu bezintwala zenkukhu. IHeterodoxus spiniger, igciwane lezinja ezifuywayo ezifundeni ezishisayo, kungenzeka ukuthi yatholwa muva nje ku-marsupial yase-Australia.
Manje uyazi lapho intwala itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi lesi sinambuzane sidlani.
Idlani intwala?
Isithombe: Izintwala
Izintwala ezincelayo zondla igazi kuphela futhi zinezitho zomlomo ezilungiselelwe le njongo. Izinaliti ezinhle zisetshenziselwa ukubhoboza isikhumba lapho kufakwa khona uketshezi lwamathe ukuvimbela ukujiya lapho igazi lidonswa emlonyeni. Izinaliti zihlehliselwa ekhanda lapho intwala ingadli.
Izinyoni ezihlafuna izintwala zidla ku:
- izimpaphe;
- igazi;
- uketshezi lwezicubu.
Bathola uketshezi ngokuququda isikhumba, noma, njengezintwala zezinyoni, emgodini ophakathi wophaphe olukhulayo. Izintwala ezidla izimpaphe ziyakwazi ukugaya i-keratin ezimpapheni. Kungenzeka ukuthi izintwala ezihlafunayo azidli ngoboya noma izinwele, kodwa kudoti wesikhumba, uketshezi futhi, mhlawumbe, kwesinye isikhathi uketshezi lwegazi nezicubu.
Ukungenwa yizintwala kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngenkathi ebandayo futhi kufinyelela esiqongweni sayo ngasekupheleni kobusika nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ukushisa kwesikhumba nakho kuhlotshaniswa nobukhulu besifo sezintwala. Inani lezintwala liyancipha ngenkathi eshisayo. Ukungadli kahle ebusika kwenza buthakathaka ukuzivikela kwezinkomo ekulweni nezintwala. Ijazi eliminyene nelinamanzi ebusika kudala izimo ezinhle kakhulu zokuthuthukiswa kwezintwala.
Ukudla kutholakala ngokushesha entwasahlobo lapho imihlambi iqala ukudla emadlelweni amasha. Ijazi elifushane nokuchayeka elangeni kunciphisa umswakama wesikhumba, futhi amadlelo amahhala abangela ukugcwala ngokweqile ezindaweni zokuhlala zasebusika, nakho okunciphisa ukudluliswa. Ngenxa yalokho, ukugcwala izintwala kuvame ukwehla ngokuzenzekelayo ngesikhathi sehlobo. Kodwa-ke, izintwala ezimbalwa zivame ukuphatha ezinye izilwane, eziphinde zihlasele umhlambi wonke lapho zibuya ebusika ebusika obulandelayo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Intwala emhlophe
Izintwala zichitha impilo yazo yonke kubaphathi abafanayo: ukudluliselwa kusuka komunye umphathi kuya komunye kwenziwa ngokuxhumana. Ukudluliswa komhlambi kuye emhlambini ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngokungeniswa kwesilwane esinegciwane, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi izimpukane nazo zingathwala izintwala.
Kuze kufike ku-1-2% wezinkomo emhlambini zingathwala izinqwaba zezintwala, ngisho nasehlobo lapho amazinga okushisa aphezulu anciphisa inani lezintwala. Lezi zilwane ezibambile zingumthombo wokutheleleka kabusha ngesikhathi sokubanda okubandayo. Imvamisa kuyinkunzi noma inkomo esesimeni esibi. Indawo yokuhlala yasebusika inikeza izimo ezifanele zokudluliswa kwezintwala phakathi kwemfuyo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuqhamuka kwezifo ezidalwa yizintwala kwakuvame ukuba yimikhiqizo yendlala, impi nezinye izinhlekelele ngaphambi kokufika kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwama-shampoo wokulawula imishanguzo yokubulala izinambuzane, izintwala zekhanda ziyamelana nemithi eminingi yokubulala izinambuzane futhi ziyavuka ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba.
Ukugcwala izintwala okukhulu kungadala ukucasuka okukhulu kwesikhumba, futhi ukulimala kwebhola langaphandle lesikhumba kungaholela ezifweni zesibili. Izilwane ezifuywayo nazo zingase zibhekane nokushiswa nokulinyazwa kwezikhumba noboya bazo, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwenyama namaqanda kungancipha. Ezinyonini ezigcwele kakhulu, izimpaphe zingalimala kakhulu. Enye yezintwala zezinja yisikhungo esiphakathi sesibungu, kanti intwala yamagundane iyisidlulisi segundane typhus phakathi kwamagundane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Intwala emnyama
Ngaphandle kwezintwala emzimbeni womuntu, izintwala zichitha umjikelezo wazo wonke wempilo, kusuka eqandeni kuye kumuntu omdala, kumuntu ophethe. Abesifazane bavame ukuba bakhulu kunabesilisa futhi bavame ukubadlula kumuntu oyedwa. Kwezinye izinhlobo, abesilisa abavamile, futhi ukuzala kwenzeka ngamaqanda angenamvumba (parthenogenesis).
Amaqanda abekwa ngawodwana noma abe ngama-clump, imvamisa ngokuzihlanganisa nezimpaphe noma izinwele.Intwala yomuntu ibeka amaqanda ezingutsheni eduze kwesikhumba. Amaqanda angaba yizakhiwo ezilula ze-ovoid, amhlophe acwebezelayo phakathi kwezimpaphe noma izinwele, noma angabazwa kakhulu noma ahlotshiswe ngama-protrusions asiza ukunamathisela iqanda noma ukusebenzela ukushintshaniswa kwegesi.
Lapho isibungu esingaphakathi kweqanda sesikulungele ukuqandusela, simunca umoya ngomlomo waso. Umoya udlula emseleni okondlayo futhi unqwabelane ngemuva kwesibungu kuze kudaleke ingcindezi eyanele yokukhama isivalo seqanda (gill callus).
Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, izibungu zinesakhiwo esibukhali se-lamellar, isitho sokufukamela esifundeni sekhanda esisetshenziselwa ukuvula ithambo le-branchial. Isibungu esivelayo siyafana nesomdala, kepha sincane futhi asinombala, sinezinwele ezimbalwa, futhi sehlukile kweminye imininingwane yemiloji.
Ama-Metamorphoses ezintwala alula, ezibungu ziyancibilika kathathu, ngasinye sezigaba ezintathu phakathi kwama-molts (ama-instars) siba sikhulu futhi sifane nomuntu omdala. Isikhathi sezigaba ezahlukahlukene zentuthuko siyahlukahluka kuye ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane naphakathi kohlobo ngalunye ngokuya ngezinga lokushisa. Enkabeni yomuntu, isigaba seqanda singahlala kusuka ezinsukwini eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi nane, kanti ukuqandula kuya ezigabeni zabantu abadala kungahlala ezinsukwini eziyi-8 kuye kwezingu-16.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umjikelezo wokuphila wentwala ungasondelana kakhulu nemikhuba ethile yomninindlu. Isibonelo, intwala yezindlovu kufanele iqedele umjikelezo wayo wokuphila emasontweni amathathu kuya kwamahlanu, kabili ngonyaka, okusetshenziswa uphawu lwendlovu ogwini.
Izitha zemvelo zezintwala
Isithombe: Intwala ibukeka kanjani
Izitha zezintwala ngabantu abalwa nazo. Ukugxila okujwayelekile kokuntywila nokufafaza ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane yendabuko (ikakhulukazi i-organophosphates, ama-synthetic pyrethroids kanye nama-amidine) kungama-lacides asebenza kahle ezinkomeni. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinambuzane aziwabulali amaqanda ezinyosi (izinti), futhi umphumela wazo oyinsalela ngokuvamile awenele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izintwala ezingavuthiwe ziyabulawa ngesikhathi zichanyuselwa.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zilawula ngempumelelo izintwala ezinkomeni, kufaka phakathi okulandelayo:
- ama-pyrethrins ahlanganisiwe;
- ama-pyrethroids okwenziwa;
- cyfluthrin;
- imvume;
- i-zeta-cypermethrin;
- i-cyhalothrin (kufaka phakathi i-gamma ne-lambda cyhalothrin, kepha izinkomo kuphela).
Ama-pyrethroids amaningi yi-lyophilic, enikela ekuthuthukiseni ukwakheka kokunisela ngokusatshalaliswa okuhle. Ama-pyrethrin emvelo ehla ngokushesha, kuyilapho ama-pyrethroids enziwe afana ne-flumethrin ne-deltamethrin azinzile futhi anesikhathi eside sokwenza, kepha awazithinti zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wokuphila wezintwala.
Ama-Organophosphates afana ne-fosmet, i-chlorpyrifos (yezinkomo zobisi zenyama nezingancelisi kuphela), i-tetrachlorvinphos, i-coumaphos ne-diazinone (kuphela yezinkomo zobisi ezingancelisi) nazo ziyasetshenziswa ukulwa nezintwala.
Amakhemikhali afana ne-macrocyclic lactones, ivermectin, eprinomectin ne-doramectin asetshenziselwa ukulawula izintwala ezinkomeni. Ama-lactone afakiwe we-macrocyclic futhi alawula ukulunywa yizintwala njengoba efinyelela kuma-parasites ngegazi lomsingathi. Kodwa ukulawula izintwala ezihlafunwayo ngokuvamile akuphelele. Ukwakhiwa kwemithi kuyasebenza uma ulunywa yizintwala, kuyilapho ukwakheka komjovo kusebenza ngokuyinhloko ngokumelene nezintwala ezimunca igazi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Intwala
Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-2 900 ezaziwayo zezintwala ezihlafunayo noma ezilumayo, ezinye eziningi ezingakachazwa, nezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-500 zezintwala ezincelisayo. Izintwala azikatholakali eplatypus noma ezindaweni zokudla nezingulube, futhi awukho umlando owaziwayo wamalulwane noma imikhomo. Ubuningi bezintwala buhluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu futhi kuya ngesizini.
Izilwane ezigulayo nezinyoni ezinomlomo owonakele, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokulahleka nokuhlanzwa, zingaba nenani elikhulu ngokungajwayelekile: ngaphezulu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-14,000 ezibikiwe izintwala ngempungushe ngayinye egulayo nangaphezu kuka-7,000 ikhormorant ngayinye ngomlomo owonakele.
Izintwala ezitholakala kubasingathi abanempilo ngokuvamile ziphansi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kokuzilungisa nokunakekela umninikhaya, izintwala namaqanda azo kungalawulwa ngezinambuzane ezidlayo, izindawo zokugeza uthuli, ukukhanya kwelanga okukhulu nomswakama ongapheli.
Ukuhlaselwa yizintwala kuvame kakhulu ezilwaneni ezisencane, ezindala noma ezibuthakathaka noma ezilwaneni ezigcinwe ezimweni ezingcolile. Izintwala ezihlafunwayo zivame kakhulu ezinjeni nasemakati emhlabeni wonke. Enye intwala ehlafunwayo, iHeterodoxus spiniger, itholakala ezinjeni ezindaweni ezishisayo ezifana nasePhilippines. Ukungenwa yizintwala ezimunyisayo kuvame kakhulu ezindaweni ezibandayo, okuthinta kakhulu lezi zintwala.
Intwala Isidleleli esandile emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zinhlobo ziqondene nomninimzi futhi zihlukaniswe izintwala ezilumayo nezincelayo. Ukwehlukaniswa kwe-morphology yekhanda, izinhlobo zezinhlobo zokubamba futhi kwesinye isikhathi indawo lapho kusingathwa kuvame ukwanela ukukhomba izintwala ngezinhloso zokuxilonga. Ukuhlaselwa yizintwala kuthiwa yizintwala ekhanda.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/19/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.08.2019 ngo-21: 55
