Arapaima - i-giant yangempela yombuso ongaphansi kwamanzi, owasinda kuze kube yilolu suku kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kunzima ukucabanga ngenhlanzi enesisindo esilingana nezikhungo ezimbili. Ake sizame ukuqonda ukuthi hlobo luni lwempilo lesi sidalwa esingajwayelekile esiholela ekujuleni kwamanzi angenawo usawoti, olufaka izici eziyinhloko zangaphandle, thola konke ngemikhuba nesimo, chaza izindawo zokuhlala unomphela. Umbuzo uvele ngokuzithandela ekhanda lami: "Ngabe i-arapaima ingabizwa ngesikhathi samadinosaurs nempilo yangempela?"
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Arapaima
I-Arapaima iyinhlanzi ehlala emanzini amasha asezindaweni ezishisayo, okungokomndeni we-aravan ne-oda le-aravan. Lo myalelo wezinhlanzi zasemanzini angenasawoti ungabizwa ngokuthi awakudala. Izinhlanzi ezinjenge-Aravan zihlukaniswa ngamathambo aphuma emathanjeni, afana namazinyo, atholakala olimini. Maqondana nesisu nepharynx, amathumbu alezi zinhlanzi asohlangothini lwesobunxele, yize kwezinye izinhlanzi egijima ohlangothini lwesokudla.
Ividiyo: Arapaima
Izinsalela zasendulo kakhulu zama-arabaniformes zitholakale ezindaweni zezikhathi zeJurassic noma i-Early Cretaceous, iminyaka yalezi zinsalela isukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-145 kuya kweziyi-140. Batholakale enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwekazi i-Afrika, eMorocco. Ngokuvamile, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi i-arapaima yaphila ngesikhathi lapho ama-dinosaurs ayehlala khona emhlabeni wethu. Kukholakala ukuthi iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-135 ihlale ingashintshi ngokubukeka, okumangazayo nje. I-Arapaima ingabizwa ngokufanele hhayi nje ngemfuyo ephilayo, kodwa futhi nesilo esikhulu sangempela samanzi ajulile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Arapaima ingenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu eMhlabeni wonke, ezihlala emanzini ahlanzekile, ingaphansi kancane ngosayizi ezinhlotsheni ezithile ze-beluga.
Le nhlanzi enkulu emangalisayo inamagama amaningi, i-arapaima ibizwa ngokuthi:
- i-giant arapaima;
- i-brazilan arapaima;
- ipiraruka;
- puraruku;
- paiche.
AmaNdiya aseBrazil abiza le nhlanzi ngokuthi "piraruku", okusho ukuthi "inhlanzi ebomvu", leli gama lanamathela kuyo ngenxa yohlelo lombala obomvu-olintshi lwenyama yenhlanzi namabala abomvu acebile esikalini, atholakala emsileni. AmaNdiya aseGuiana abiza le nhlanzi ngokuthi i-arapaima, futhi igama layo lesayensi elithi "Arapaima gigas" livela nje egameni laseGuiana ngokufakwa kwesichasiso "isigebenga".
Ubukhulu be-arapaima buyamangalisa ngempela. Ubude bomzimba wayo onamandla bufinyelela amamitha amabili ubude, futhi kuyaqabukela, kepha kwakukhona ama-specimens akhula afika kumamitha amathathu. Kukhona izitatimende zofakazi bokuzibonela ukuthi kwakukhona ama-arapaima, amamitha angu-4.6 ubude, kepha le datha ayisekelwa yilutho.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ubuningi be-arapaima enkulu kunazo zonke obabanjwa babucishe bube yizikhungo ezimbili, lolu lwazi lubhaliswe ngokusemthethweni.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-arapaima
Umzimba we-arapaima uvulekile, isibalo sonke sihlangene futhi sicwecwe kancane ezinhlangothini. Kukhona ukuncipha okubonakalayo okusondela eduze kwendawo yekhanda, nayo enwetshiwe. Ukhakhayi lwe-arapaima lucabalele phezulu phezulu, namehlo asondele ezansi kwekhanda. Umlomo wezinhlanzi, uma uqhathaniswa nosayizi wawo, mncane futhi utholakala uphakeme impela.
Ingxenye yomsila we-arapaima inamandla amakhulu namandla, ngosizo lwayo inhlanzi yasendulo yenza ukuhlaselwa kombani futhi iphose, yeqe ikholamu lamanzi lapho ilandela isisulu sayo. Ekhanda lenhlanzi, njengesigqoko se-knight, kukhona amapuleti amathambo. Izikali ze-arapaima ziqine njengevesti lokuvikela izinhlamvu, zinemigqa eminingi, zinokukhululeka nosayizi omkhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Arapaima inezikali eziqine kakhulu, eziphindwe kayishumi kunethambo, ngakho-ke ama-piranhas anenkani futhi anegazi awazesabi izinhlanzi ezinkulu, zona ngokwazo kade zaqonda ukuthi lesi silokazana sinzima kakhulu kubo, ngakho bahlala kude naye.
Amaphiko wepectoral atholakala cishe eduze kwesisu se-arapaima. Amaphiko endunu nomgogodla mude impela futhi ayasuswa asondele ngasemsileni. Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo, ingxenye engemuva yenhlanzi ifana nesigwedlo, isiza i-arapaima ukusheshisa ngesikhathi esifanele futhi ihlasele ngokushesha isisulu sayo.
Ngaphambili, inhlanzi inohlelo lombala onsundu omnqumo, lapho kubonakala khona igagasi elithile eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lapho kutholakala khona amaphiko angenawo amaphiko, ithoni yomnqumo iyashintsha ibe bomvu, futhi lapho isondela eduze komsila, iba bomvu futhi icebe, icebe. Ama-operculums nawo angakhombisa amabhuleki abomvu. Umsila ubiyelwe umngcele obanzi obumnyama. Umehluko wobulili e-arapaima uyabonakala kakhulu: abesilisa bancane kakhulu futhi bancane, umbala wabo unamanzi amaningi futhi uyakhanya. Futhi izinhlanzi ezincane zinombala osufiphele, ofana nowesifazane nowesilisa abasha.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-arapaima ibukeka kanjani. Ake sibone lapho kutholakala khona inhlanzi enkulu.
Uhlala kuphi u-arapaima?
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ze-Arapaima
U-Arapaima ungumuntu ophethe i-thermophilic, gigantic, exotic.
Wathatha isifiso waya e-Amazon, ehlala ezindaweni ezingamanzi:
- I-Ecuador;
- EVenezuela;
- IPeru;
- EColombia;
- IFrench Guiana;
- IBrazil;
- ISuriname;
- IGuyana.
Futhi, le nhlanzi enkulu yafakwa ngobuciko emanzini aseMalaysia naseThailand, lapho yaqala khona ngempumelelo. Endaweni yabo yemvelo, izinhlanzi zithanda imifula namachibi emifula, lapho kugcwele khona izitshalo zasemanzini, kepha zingatholakala nasezindaweni zeminye imizimba yamanzi. Esinye sezici ezisemqoka sempilo yaso eyimpumelelo ngumbuso wamanzi wokushisa ofanele, okufanele ahluke kuma-degree angama-25 kuye kwangama-29, ngokwemvelo, anophawu lokuhlanganisa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho kufika isikhathi semvula, i-arapaima ivame ukufudukela emahlathini agcwele izikhukhula, agcwala amanzi. Lapho isomiso sibuya, izinhlanzi zibhukuda zibuyela emachibini nasemifuleni.
Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi izinhlanzi zingakwazi ukubuyela echibini noma emfuleni wazo, lapho-ke kufanele zilinde isikhathi emachibini amancane asala ngemuva kokuhamba kwamanzi. Esikhathini esomile esomile, i-arapaima ingagxuma ingene odakeni noma enhlabathini enesihlabathi epholile, futhi ingahlala emaxhaphozini. Uma inhlanhla iseceleni kwePiraruka futhi ikwazi ukumelana nenkathi eyomile, inhlanzi izobuyela emanzini ayo okuhlala kuyo ngenkathi yezimvula elandelayo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-arapaima nayo ikhuliswe ezimweni zokufakelwa, kepha lo msebenzi unzima kakhulu. Iyenziwa eYurophu, e-Asia naseLatin America. Vele, ekuthunjweni, ama-arapaimas awanawo ubukhulu obukhulu kangaka, angadluli imitha ubude. Izinhlanzi ezinjalo zihlala emanzini, ama-zoo, amadamu okufakelwa agxile ekuzaleni izinhlanzi.
Idla ini i-arapaima?
Isithombe: Arapaima, ubuye abe yipiruku
Akumangazi ukuthi ngosayizi omkhulu kangaka, i-arapaima iyisilwane esinamandla kakhulu, esiyingozi nesiphuthuma. Ngokuyinhloko, imenyu ye-arapaima iyinhlanzi, equkethe zombili izinhlanzi ezincane kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi ezinesisindo. Uma kukhona noma yiziphi izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni ekufinyeleleni komzingeli, izinhlanzi ngokuqinisekile zizothatha ithuba lokubamba ukudla okungajwayelekile njalo. Ngakho-ke, izilwane ezifika emanzini zizophuza, nezinyoni ezihlezi emagatsheni athambekele emanzini, zingaba ukudla kwezinhlanzi ezinkulu.
Uma ama-arapaima avuthiwe ekhetha kakhulu ukudla, khona-ke abasha balezi zinhlanzi bamane banesifiso esingalawuleki futhi babambe konke okuhamba eduze, kulume:
- inhlanzi encane;
- zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane nezibungu zazo;
- izinyoka ezincane;
- izinyoni eziphakathi nendawo nezilwane ezincelisayo;
- isidumbu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Esinye sezitsha ezithandwa kakhulu i-arapaima yisihlobo sayo, inhlanzi ye-aravana, engaphansi kohlelo olufanayo lwe-aravana-like.
I-Arapaima, ehlala ezimweni zokufakelwa, yondliwa ngokudla okunothile ngamaprotheni: izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi, inyama yenkukhu, inyama yenkomo, i-shellfish kanye nama-amphibians. Njengoba endle i-arapaima ilandela inyamazane yayo isikhathi eside, izinhlanzi ezincane eziphilayo zivame ukuvunyelwa zingene emanzini ayo. Izinhlanzi ezivuthiwe zidinga ukondliwa okukodwa ngosuku, kanti izinhlanzi ezincane zidinga ukudla kathathu ngosuku, uma kungenjalo zingase ziqale ukuzingela omakhelwane abahlala e-aquarium yabo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Giant Arapaima
Ngaphandle kokuthi i-arapaima inkulu kakhulu, iyinhlanzi ekhuthele kakhulu, ehamba njalo. Uhlala njalo ezifunela ukudla, ngakho-ke angakwazi ukuba yiqhwa isikhashana ukuze angakwesabisi inyamazane etholakele noma ayeke ukuphumula okuncane. Inhlanzi izama ukuhlala isondele ezansi, kepha ngesikhathi sokuzingela ihlala inyukela phezulu.
Ngosizo lomsila wayo onamandla amakhulu, i-arapaima ingagxuma iphume kukholamu lamanzi ibude bayo bonke obumangalisayo. Ngokusobala, lo mbukwane umane uthusa futhi udikibala, ngoba lesi sidalwa sasendulo sifinyelela kumamitha amathathu ubude. I-Arapaima ikwenza lokhu ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho ijaha inyamazane izama ukubalekela emagatsheni ezihlahla elenga ngaphezu kwamanzi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ebusweni besikhumba sokubhukuda nepharynx, i-arapaima inenethiwekhi eminyene yemithambo yegazi efana nokwakheka kwezicubu zamaphaphu, ngakho-ke lezi zitho zisetshenziswa yizinhlanzi njengezinto zokuphefumula ezingeziwe, ezihogela ngazo umoya wasemkhathini ukuze uphile ngenkathi eyomile.
Lapho imizimba yamanzi iba buthaka ngokuphelele, i-piraruku ingena enhlabathini enodaka noma enesihlabathi esimanzi, kepha njalo ngemizuzu eyi-10 kuya kwengu-15 ifika phezulu ukuze iphefumule. Ngakho-ke, i-arapaima iphefumulela phezulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukububula kwayo nokuphefumula kwayo kuzwakala kuso sonke isifunda. Ngokuvamile, lo whopper angabizwa ngokuzethemba hhayi nje njengomzingeli onobungcweti nobushesha, kodwa futhi nomuntu onamandla kakhulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Arapaima e-Amazon
Izinsikazi zase-Arapaima zivuthwa ngokocansi zisondela eminyakeni emihlanu ubudala, lapho zikhula zaba imitha elilodwa nohhafu ubude. Inhlanzi izala ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Insikazi iqala ukulungiselela isidleke sayo ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Uyihlomisa emthonjeni ofudumele, ovilaphayo noma lapho amanzi amile khona ngokuphelele, into esemqoka ukuthi ngezansi kunesihlabathi. Inhlanzi imba umgodi, ububanzi bawo busuka kwesigamu semitha kuya ku-80 cm, nokujula - kusuka ku-15 kuye ku-20 cm Kamuva, insikazi ibuyela kule ndawo nomlingani wayo bese iqala ukuzala, enkulu.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, amaqanda aqala ukuqhuma, futhi gazinga livela kubo. Sonke isikhathi (kusukela ekuqaleni kokuzala kuze kube yilapho gazinga selizimele), ubaba onakekelayo useduze, uvikela, anakekele futhi ondle inzalo yakhe, umama naye akabhukudi asuke esidlekeni ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-15.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinsuku zokuqala zempilo yengane u-arapaima zifika eduze kukayise, uyazondla ngemfihlo ekhethekile emhlophe efihliwe yizindlala eziseduze kwamehlo ezinhlanzi. Le nto inephunga elithile elisiza ifry ukuthi ihambisane noyise futhi ingalahleki embusweni ongaphansi kwamanzi.
Izingane zikhula ngokushesha, zithola cishe amagremu ayi-100 isisindo ngaphezu kwenyanga futhi zithola cishe u-5 cm ngobude.Izinhlanzi ezincane ziqala ukondla njengezilwane ezidla ezinye sezinonyaka owodwa weviki, bese zizimela. Ekuqaleni, ukudla kwabo kuqukethe ama-plankton nezinambuzane ezincane ezingenamgogodla, kuthi ngemuva kwesikhashana, kuvele izinhlanzi ezincane nezinye izilwane.
Abazali basabheka impilo yezingane zabo cishe izinyanga ezintathu futhi bazisize ngayo yonke indlela, okungajwayelekile kakhulu ekuziphatheni kwezinhlanzi. Ososayensi bachaza lokhu ngokuthi izingane ngokushesha azikwazi ukuphefumula ngosizo lomoya osemkhathini, futhi abazali abakhathalelayo babafundisa lokhu kamuva. Akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi mangaki ama-arapaima ahlala endle. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi isikhathi sabo sokuphila endaweni yabo yemvelo sisukela eminyakeni eyi-8 kuye kwengu-10, basuselwa ekutheni izinhlanzi zihlala ekuthunjweni iminyaka eyi-10 kuye kwayi-12.
Izitha zemvelo ze-arapaime
Isithombe: River Arapaima
Akumangalisi ukuthi i-colossus efana ne-arapaima ayinazo izitha ezimweni zemvelo, zemvelo. Ubukhulu bezinhlanzi bukhulu impela, futhi izikhali zaso zimane nje azingeneki, ngisho nama-piranhas adlula lolu hlangothi olukhulu, ngoba awakwazi ukubhekana nezikali zawo eziwugqinsi. Ofakazi bokuzibonela bathi kwesinye isikhathi ama-alligator azingela ama-arapaim, kepha akwenziwa njalo, yize imininingwane ephathelene nalolu lwazi ingaqinisekisiwe.
Isitha esikhohlisayo kunazo zonke se-arapaima singabhekwa njengomuntu obesezingela inhlanzi enkulu kakhulu emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. AmaNdiya ahlala e-Amazon ayebheka futhi asabheka le nhlanzi njengomkhiqizo wokudla oyinhloko. Kudala bakha iqhinga lokuyibamba: abantu bathola i-arapaima ngokuphefumula kwayo okunomsindo, ngemuva kwalokho bayibamba ngenetha noma nge-harpoon.
Inyama yenhlanzi imnandi kakhulu futhi inomsoco, iyabiza kakhulu eNingizimu Melika. Ngisho nokuvinjelwa kokudoba i-arapaima akuvimbi abadobi abaningi bendawo. AmaNdiya asebenzisa amathambo ezinhlanzi ngenhloso yokwelapha, kanye nokwenza izitsha ngawo. Isikali senhlanzi senza amafayili amahle kakhulu ezipikili, athandwa ngendlela emangalisayo phakathi kwabavakashi. Esikhathini sethu, izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu ze-arapaima zibhekwa njengezingajwayelekile, konke lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amakhulu eminyaka amaNdiya abambe ngokungalawuleki abantu abakhulu nabakhulu kakhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-arapaima
Ubungako besibalo sama-arapaima muva nje sebunciphe kakhulu. Ukudoba okuhleliwe nokungalawulwa kwezinhlanzi, ikakhulukazi ngosizo lwamanetha, kuholele ekutheni isibalo sezinhlanzi sehle kancane kancane kuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule. Izibonelo ezinkulu zahlupheka ikakhulukazi, ezazithathwa njengendebe enomona futhi zambiwa ngokuhaha okukhulu.
Manje e-Amazon, kuyaqabukela kakhulu ukuhlangana nezinhlanzi ezingaphezu kwamamitha amabili ubude. Kwezinye izifunda, ukuvinjelwa kokubanjwa kwe-arapaima sekuqalisiwe, kepha lokhu akuvimbeli abazingeli abazingelayo abazama ukuthengisa inyama yenhlanzi, engabizi kakhulu. AmaNdiya-abadobi bendawo bayaqhubeka nokuzingela izinhlanzi ezinkulu, ngoba kusukela endulo bebejwayele ukudla inyama yayo.
Inhlanzi enkulu neyasendulo ye-arapaima isacwaningisiswa kahle, akukho lwazi oluthile nolunembile ngenani lemfuyo yalo. Noma isibalo sezinhlanzi sehlile, ukucabanga kusekelwe kuphela enanini lezinhlobo ezinkulu, ezaqala ukuhlangana kakhulu. I-IUCN ayisakwazi ukubeka le nhlanzi kunoma yisiphi isigaba esivikelwe.
Kuze kube manje, i-arapaima inikezwe isimo esingaqondakali "sedatha enganele". Izinhlangano eziningi zokongiwa kwemvelo ziyakuqinisekisa ukuthi le nhlanzi ephindayo idinga izindlela ezikhethekile zokuzivikela, ezithathwa yiziphathimandla zezinye izifundazwe.
Ukuqapha i-arapaime
Isithombe: Arapaima ovela eRed Book
Njengoba sekushiwo, izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-arapaima seziyivelakancane kakhulu, yingakho, sekuseduze kakhulu nokuphela kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha yekhulu eledlule, iziphathimandla zezwe ngalinye laseLatin America zifake le nhlanzi kumaRed Data Books ezindaweni zazo futhi bathatha izinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuvikela le nhlobonhlobo, yomlando wokuqala, umuntu wezinhlanzi.
I-Arapaima ayigcini ngokuthakazelisa nge-gastronomic, kepha ibaluleke kakhulu kososayensi bezinto eziphilayo kanye nezazi zezilwane, njengesilwane sasendulo, esidala esesekhona kuze kube namuhla kusukela ngesikhathi sama-dinosaurs. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlanzi isafundwa kancane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kwamanye amazwe, ukuvinjelwa okuqinile ekubambeni i-arapaima sekuqalisiwe, futhi kulezo zindawo lapho inani labantu bezinhlanzi likhona impela, ukudotshwa kwalo kuvunyelwe, kepha ngelayisense ethile, imvume ekhethekile kanye nenani elilinganiselwe.
Abanye abalimi baseBrazil bazalela i-arapaima ekuthunjweni besebenzisa inqubo ekhethekile.Lokhu bakwenza ngemvume yeziphathimandla futhi ukuze bandise inani lezinhlanzi. Izindlela ezinjalo ziyaphumelela, futhi esikhathini esizayo kuhlelwe ukukhulisa izinhlanzi eziningi ekuthunjweni ukuze imakethe igcwale inyama yayo, futhi i-arapaima, ehlala endle, ayikhathazwa yilokhu nganoma iyiphi indlela futhi iqhubeke nempilo yayo echumayo izigidi eziningi zeminyaka.
Ngifingqa, ngithanda ukungeza ukuthi uMama Wemvelo akayeki ukusimangaza, alondoloze izidalwa ezimangalisayo nezasendulo njenge arapaima... Ngokumangazayo, le nhlanzi yasendulo yayihlala eduze kwama-dinosaurs. Uma ubheka i-arapaima, ulinganisa ubukhulu bayo obumangalisayo, umuntu ngokungaqondile ucabanga ukuthi yiziphi izilwane ezinkulu ezazihlala emhlabeni wethu ezigidini eziningi zeminyaka edlule!
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/18/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/25/2019 ngo-14: 08
