Inqe lase-Afrika - ukuphela kwenyoni yabo bonke abaphilayo emhlabeni wethu engakhuphuka ibe ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-11,000. Kungani inqe laseAfrika lingakhuphukela phezulu kangaka? Ukuthi nje kulokhu kuphakama, ngosizo lwemisinga yomoya yemvelo, izinyoni zinethuba lokundiza amabanga amade, ngenkathi zisebenzisa umzamo omncane.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: African Vulture
Inqe lase-Afrika ngelomndeni woKlebe, uhlobo lweVultures. Igama layo lesibili yiGyps rueppellii. Lolu hlobo lwaqanjwa ngegama lesazi sezilwane saseJalimane u-Eduard Rüppel. Inqe livame kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho nasempumalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Ukutholakala kwezinyoni esifundeni esithile kuncike enanini lemihlambi yama-ungulates.
Ividiyo: African Vulture
Inqe lase-Afrika liyinyoni enkulu kakhulu edla inyama. Ubude bomzimba wayo bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.1, amaphiko ayo ingamamitha angu-2.7, kanti isisindo sayo singu-4-5 kg. Ngokubukeka, ifana kakhulu nentamo, ngakho-ke igama layo lesibili yintambo iRüppel (Gyps rueppellii). Le nyoni inekhanda elincane elifanayo elimbozwe ukukhanya phansi, uqhwaku olufanayo olufana ne-hook olune-waxen empunga, intamo efanayo ende, enqamula ngekhola lezimpaphe nangomsila ofanayo ofanayo.
Izimpaphe zenqe ngaphezulu komzimba zinombala onsundu onsundu, futhi ngezansi kwazo zilula ngombala obomvu. Umsila nezimpaphe eziyinhloko emaphikweni nasemsileni kumnyama kakhulu, kucishe kube mnyama. Amehlo mancane, ane-iris ephuzi ngokunsundu. Imilenze yenyoni imifushane, kunalokho iqine, inombala ompunga omnyama, onezinzipho ezinde ezicijile. Abesilisa abahlukile kwabesifazane ngaphandle. Ezilwaneni ezincane, umbala wezimpaphe ulula kancane.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Amanqe eRüppel athathwa njengamapheshana amahle kakhulu. Ngokundiza okuvundlile, izinyoni zingandiza ngejubane lama-65 km ngehora, futhi ngokundiza okuqondile (diving) - 120 km ngehora.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani inqe lase-Afrika
Ngokuvela kwenqe lase-Afrika, konke kucacile - kufana ncamashi nenqe, ikakhulukazi ngoba lolu hlobo lolohlobo lwe "Vultures". Ake sikhulume ngokunye manje. Inqe lase-Afrika liyakwazi ukundiza futhi lindizele ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, lapho kungekho khona kuphela i-oxygen, kepha futhi kubanda kakhulu - kwehle kuye ku-50C. Kungabi kanjani yiqhwa nakancane ekushiseni okungaka?
Kuvela ukuthi le nyoni ivikelwe kahle kakhulu. Umzimba wentamo umbozwe ungqimba oluminyene kakhulu phansi, olusebenza njengebhantshi elifudumele kakhulu phansi. Ngaphandle, ungqimba lwaphansi lumbozwe ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yizimpaphe ze-contour, okunikeza umzimba wale nyoni ukuxegisa namandla ezakhiwo.
Njengomphumela wezigidi zeminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, amathambo entamo asebenze "ngokushuna" okuphawulekayo futhi aguqulelwe kahle ukundiza endaweni ephakeme kakhulu. Njengoba kwenzekile, ngobukhulu bayo obuhle (ubude bomzimba - 1.1 m, amaphiko - 2.7 m), le nyoni inesisindo esincane - ingama-5 kg kuphela. Futhi ngoba amathambo amakhulu emathambo entamo "anomoya", okungukuthi, anesakhiwo esiyize.
Inyoni iphefumula kanjani endaweni ephakeme kangako? Kulula. Isistimu yokuphefumula yebha ihambelana kahle namazinga we-oxygen ephansi. Emzimbeni wenyoni kunamasaka amaningi omoya axhunywe emaphashini nasemathanjeni. Inqe liphefumula ngokungaqondile, okusho ukuthi, lihogela amaphaphu alo kuphela, bese liphuma ngomzimba wonke.
Uhlala kuphi amanqe ase-Afrika?
Isithombe: Inyoni yenyoni yase-Afrika
Inqe lase-Afrika lihlala emithambekeni yezintaba, amathafa, amahlathi, ama-savanna kanye nogwadule olusenyakatho nasempumalanga ye-Afrika. Kuvame ukutholakala emaphethelweni aseningizimu yeSahara. Le nyoni iphila impilo yokuhlala yodwa, okusho ukuthi, ayenzi ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile ezithile zonyaka. Amanqe kaRuppel angafuduka afike esifundeni sendawo ahlala kuyo elandela imihlambi yama-ungulates, okuwumthombo omkhulu wokudla kwawo.
Izindawo ezinkulu zokuhlala kanye nezindawo zokwakha izidleke zamanqe ase-Afrika yizindawo ezomile, kanye namagquma abuka kahle indawo ezungezile namawa amakhulu. Ukusuka lapho kuba lula kakhulu ukuthi bakhuphukele emoyeni kunasemhlabeni. Ezintabeni, lezi zinyoni zingatholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-3500, kepha ngesikhathi sendiza, zingakhuphuka kathathu ngaphezulu - kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-11,000.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngo-1973, kwaqoshwa icala elingajwayelekile - ukushayisana kwenqe lase-Afrika nendiza endiza eya e-Abidjan (eNtshonalanga Afrika) ngejubane lika-800 km / h endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-11277. Le nyoni yashaya injini ngengozi, eyagcina iholele ekulimaleni kwayo okukhulu. Ngenhlanhla, ngenxa yezenzo eziqondiswe kahle zabashayeli bezindiza kanye nenhlanhla, kunjalo, leli liner likwazile ukuhlala ngempumelelo esikhumulweni sezindiza esiseduze futhi akekho noyedwa umgibeli olimalile, nenqe, yebo, lafa.
Ukuze usuke endaweni eyisicaba, inqe lase-Afrika lidinga ukusheshiswa okude. Ngalesi sizathu, amanqe akhetha ukuhlala emagqumeni, emaweni, emaphethelweni edwala, lapho ungasuka khona kuphela ngemuva kokushaya amaphiko abo.
Yini edliwa inqe lase-Afrika?
Isithombe: African Vulture endizeni
Inqe lase-Afrika, njengezinye izihlobo zalo, liyisidlakudla, okusho ukuthi, lidla izidumbu zezilwane. Ekufuneni kwabo ukudla, amanqe kaRüppel asizwa ngamehlo abukhali ngokukhethekile. Njengomthetho, wonke umhlambi uzibandakanya nokufuna ukudla okufanelekile, isikhathi ngasinye wenza lesi senzo njengesiko. Umhlambi wamanqe uqala ukukhuphukela phezulu esibhakabhakeni futhi usatshalaliswa wedwa kuyo yonke indawo elawulwayo, ubheke inyamazane isikhathi eside. Inyoni yokuqala ebona inyamazane yayo iyayigijimela, ngaleyo ndlela inikeze isignali kubo bonke abanye ababambe iqhaza "ekuzingeleni". Uma kunenqwaba yamanqe, kepha akukho ukudla okwanele, khona-ke bangakulwela.
Amanqe aqinile kakhulu, ngakho-ke awayesabi nakancane indlala futhi angadla ngokungajwayelekile. Uma kunokudla okwanele, khona-ke izinyoni zizifunela ikusasa, ngenxa yezici zazo zokwakheka - i-goiter enamandla nesisu esikhulu.
Imenyu Yezintambo ZaseRüppel:
- izilwane ezincelisayo (amabhubesi, amahlosi, izimpisi);
- izilwane ezinezinselo (izindlovu, izinhlwathi, izinqama zezintaba, izimbuzi, ama-llamas);
- izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinkulu (izingwenya)
- amaqanda ezinyoni nezimfudu;
- inhlanzi.
Amanqe adla ngokushesha okukhulu. Isibonelo, umhlambi wezinyoni ezindala eziyishumi ungasidla isidumbu se-antelope emathanjeni uqobo phakathi nengxenye yehora. Uma isilwane esilimele noma esigulayo, ngisho nesincane, siwela endleleni yezinyoni, amanqe awasithinti, kodwa linda ngesineke size sife. Ngesikhathi sokudla, ilungu ngalinye lomhlambi lidlala indima yalo: izinyoni ezinkulu zidwengula isikhumba esijiyile sesidumbu sesilwane, kanti ezinye zidwengula okusele. Kulokhu, umholi wepakethe uhlala enikezwa ngomusa ucezwana olumnandi kakhulu.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ngokunamathisela ikhanda lakho phakathi kwesidumbu sesilwane, intamo ayingcoli nhlobo ngenxa yokhololo lwentamo yophaphe.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: inqe lase-Afrika emvelweni
Zonke izinhlobo zamanqe zinomlingiswa ovuthiwe nozolile. Ukungqubuzana okuvamile phakathi kwabantu emihlambini kwenzeka kuphela lapho kuhlukaniswa inyamazane bese kuthi uma kunokudla okuncane kakhulu, kepha kunezinyoni eziningi. Amanqe akanandaba ngokuphelele nezinye izinhlobo: awawahlaseli futhi, omunye angaze athi, awuqapheli. Futhi, amanqe ahlanzekile kakhulu: ngemuva kokudla okunomsoco, ayathanda ukubhukuda emzimbeni wamanzi noma ahlanze izimpaphe zawo isikhathi eside ngosizo lomlomo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ijusi lesisu, eliqukethe i-antidote ethile, eqeda bonke ubuthi, livikela kubuthi be-cadaveric yamanqe.
Yize umzimba ubukeka umkhulu, amanqe adlondlobala impela futhi ahamba. Ngesikhathi sezindiza, zikhetha ukundiza kumaza omoya akhuphukayo, zihoxise izintamo zazo futhi zigobise amakhanda, zihlola ngokucophelela indawo ezungezile zenyamazane. Ngale ndlela, izinyoni zonga amandla namandla. Zifuna ukudla emini kuphela, bese zilala ebusuku. Amanqe awathathi izinyamazana esuka endaweni eya kwenye futhi ayidla kuphela lapho itholakale khona.
Abantu abavuthiwe ngokobulili bamanqe bathambekele ekubeni nomuntu oyedwa, okungukuthi, bakha imibhangqwana "eshadile" kanye kuphela, ngokugcina ngokweqile ukwethembeka kumphefumulo wabo womshado impilo yabo yonke. Uma ngokuzumayo omunye "wabashadikazi" efa, kwesinye isikhathi omunye angahlala yedwa kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe, okungabaningi abantu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: isikhathi sokuphila kwamanqe ase-Afrika yiminyaka engama-40-50.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: African Vulture
Amanqe avame ukuzala kanye ngonyaka. Bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi beneminyaka engama-5-7. Isikhathi sokukhwelana sezinyoni siqala ngoFebhuwari noma ngoMashi. Ngalesi sikhathi, amanqe amabili abambe ndawonye futhi andiza, enza ukunyakaza okuvumelanisiwe, sengathi kukhombisa uthando nokuzinikela kwabo. Ngaphambi kwenqubo yokukhwelana, eyeduna ikhazimula phambi kwesifazane, isakaze izimpaphe zomsila nezimpiko.
Amanqe akha isidleke sawo ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo:
- emagqumeni;
- emaphethelweni edwala;
- emaweni.
Basebenzisa amagatsha aminyene nanciphile omile notshani obomile ukwakha izidleke. Isidleke sikhulu ngosayizi - 1.5-2.5 m ububanzi no-0.7 m ukuphakama. Lapho isidleke sesakhiwe, umbhangqwana ungasisebenzisa iminyaka eminingana.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Amanqe ase-Afrika, njengezihlobo zawo, ahlelekile ngokwemvelo. Ukudla izidumbu zezilwane, badla amathambo ngenkuthalo kangangokuthi akukho lutho olusele kubo lapho amabhaktheriya e-pathogenic anganda khona.
Ngemuva kokukhwelana, insikazi ibeka amaqanda esidlekeni (ama-1-2 ama-PC.), Amhlophe ngamabala ansundu. Bobabili abalingani bayashintshana ngokufukamela i-clutch: ngenkathi eyodwa ifuna ukudla, eyesibili ifudumeza amaqanda. Ukufukamela kungathatha izinsuku ezingama-57.
Amachwane angachamusela bobabili ngasikhathi sinye nangomehluko wezinsuku eziyi-1-2. Zimbozwe ngogqinsi oluminyene phansi, olujika lube bomvu ngemuva kwenyanga. Abazali futhi babandakanyeka ekondleni inzalo ngokunye, ukubuyisa ukudla nokunakekela izilwane ezincane ngale ndlela kuze kube yizinyanga ezi-4-5 ubudala. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu, amaphuphu ashiya isidleke, azimele ngokuphelele futhi azimele ngabazali bawo.
Izitha zemvelo zamanqe ase-Afrika
Isithombe: Inyoni yenyoni yase-Afrika
Amanqe athanda ukwakha izidleke ngamaqembu afinyelela kwayishumi nambili ngazimbili, akha izidleke emadwala, emifantwini noma kwamanye amagquma angenakufinyeleleka kuwo. Ngalesi sizathu, izinyoni cishe azinazo izitha zemvelo. Kodwa-ke, ngezikhathi ezithile izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu zomndeni we-feline (ama-cougars, izingulule, ama-panther) angabhubhisa izidleke zawo, adle amaqanda noma amachwane angachanyuselwa. Vele, amanqe ahlala ephapheme futhi azama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuvikela ikhaya labo kanye nenzalo yabo, kepha ezimweni ezithile, abaphumeleli njalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi senkungu eminyene noma imvula, amanqe akhetha ukungandizi futhi azame ukulinda isimo sezulu esibi, acashe ezidlekeni zawo.
Kwesinye isikhathi, emzabalazweni wocezu oluhamba phambili, ikakhulukazi uma kunokudla okuncane nezinyoni eziningi, amanqe kaRüppel avame ukuhlela izimpi futhi angalimazana kabi. Izitha zemvelo zamanqe zibandakanya izimbangi zazo zokudla, nazo ezidla izidumbu - izimpisi ezinamabala, izimpungushe nezinye izinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama. Avikela abokugcina, amanqe enza amaphiko awo abukhali, ngaleyo ndlela ashaye abenzi bawo. Ngezimpisi nezimpungushe, kufanele ulwe ngokuxhuma hhayi amaphiko amakhulu kuphela, kodwa futhi noqhwaku oluqinile olubukhali lokuvikela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, amanqe ase-Afrika abanjwa ngabomdabu bezimpaphe zomsila nezindiza, abebezisebenzisa ukuhlobisa izingubo nezitsha zabo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani inqe lase-Afrika
Yize kusatshalaliswa kabanzi amanqe ase-Afrika kuyo yonke indawo yokuhlala, emashumini ambalwa edlule, ngaphansi kwethonya lezici zemvelo, inani labo laqala ukwehla. Futhi iphuzu alikho kuphela ekungeneleleni komuntu emvelweni, kepha futhi nasezindinganisweni ezintsha zokuhlanzeka, okuphakamisa ukulahlwa okubanzi kwezidumbu zezilwane ezifile.
Lawa mazinga amukelwa ngezinhloso ezinhle kakhulu zokwenza ngcono izimo zokuthuthwa kwendle kanye nezifo kulo lonke izwekazi, kodwa empeleni kuvela ukuthi lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Njengoba amanqe ase-Afrika engabakhwabanisi, lokhu kusho into eyodwa kuphela kubo: ukuntuleka kokudla okuqhubekayo, umphumela wawo ukwehla kwenani labo.
Ngenkathi izinyoni ezazifuna ukudla zaqala ukuthuthela ngobuningi zaya eziqiwini, noma kunjalo, lokhu manje kudala izinkinga ezengeziwe, ngoba ngandlela thile kuphazamisa ibhalansi esungulwe iminyaka. Isikhathi sizosho ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngakho. Esinye isizathu sokwehla kwesibalo samanqe ukubanjwa okukhulu kwezinyoni yizakhamizi zendawo ukuze zenze amasiko enkolo. Kungenxa yalokhu, hhayi ngenxa yokushoda kokudla, inani lezinyoni lehle cishe ngama-70%.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe be-International Union for the Conservation of Nature, amanqe avame ukutholakala ebulewe engenazidladla namakhanda. Into yokuthi abelaphi bendawo benza umuthi kubo - umuthi othandwa kakhulu kuzo zonke izifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimakethe zase-Afrika, ungathenga kalula ezinye izitho zezinyoni, okuthiwa zikwazi ukwelapha izifo nokuletha inhlanhla.
Ukutholakala kwama-poison ahlukahlukene kusalolunye usongo ekusindeni kwamanqe emazweni ase-Afrika. Abizi eqolo, athengiswa ngokukhululeka, futhi asetshenziswa ngokungakhethi. Kuze kube manje, akekho noyedwa umuntu oshushiswe ngokufaka ushevu noma ngokubulala inqe, ngoba ukufakelwa ubuthi ezilwaneni kungenye yamasiko amadala abantu bomdabu base-Afrika.
Ukuvikelwa kwamanqe ase-Afrika
Isithombe: Inqe lase-Afrika elivela eRed Book
Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000, i-International Union for Conservation of Nature yathatha isinqumo sokubeka izinhlobo ezisengozini yezinhlobo ze-African Vulture. Namuhla, inani lamanqe aseRüppel cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-270.
Ukuze ngandlela thile sivikele izilwane nezinyoni e-Afrika kubuthi nasezibulala-zinambuzane, ngo-2009 inkampani yaseMelika i-FMC, engumkhiqizi wesidakamizwa esidume kakhulu esinoshevu emazweni ase-Afrika, i-furadan, yethula umkhankaso wokubuyisa imithwalo esivele isifikile e-Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa. Isizathu salokhu kwakuyindaba enomsindo mayelana nobuthi obukhulu bezilwane ezinama-pesticides, okukhonjiswa kolunye lwezinhlelo zezindaba zesiteshi se-CBS TV (USA).
Usongo oluvela kubantu luphinde lukhuliswe yizimpawu zokuzalela kwamanqe kaRüppel. Ngemuva kwakho konke, bafinyelela ekhonweni lokuzala kabusha sekwephuze kakhulu - eneminyaka engama-5-7, futhi bazala inzalo kanye kuphela ngonyaka, noma kabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokufa kwamachwane onyakeni wokuqala wokuphila liphezulu kakhulu futhi lifinyelela cishe kuma-90%. Ngokusho kwezibikezelo ezinethemba elikhulu kakhulu lezazi zezinyoni, uma ungaqali ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinqala zokugcina inani lalezi zinhlobo, eminyakeni engama-50 ezayo inani lamanqe ase-Afrika ezindaweni zawo lingehla kakhulu - hhayi ngaphansi kuka-97%.
Inqe lase-Afrika - isidlakela esijwayelekile, hhayi isilwane esidlangalaleni, njengoba kuvame ukukholelwa ngenxa yokungazi. Imvamisa babheka inyamazane yabo isikhathi eside kakhulu - ngokoqobo amahora ashibilika esibhakabhakeni ngokunyuka kwemisinga yomoya. Lezi zinyoni, ngokungafani namanqe aseYurophu nase-Asia, ekufuneni ukudla azisebenzisi imizwa yazo yokuhogela, kodwa amehlo azo abukhali.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/15/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 15.08.2019 ngo-22: 09
