Incazelo nezici
Abasendulo babiza lo mmeleli wezilwane ngemvubu, okungukuthi, "ihhashi lomfula". Kubonakala sengathi endulo abantu babekholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi amahhashi nezimvubu izidalwa ezihlobene. Kepha izazi zebhayoloji, ekuhlelweni kwamuva kwezilwane zomhlaba, zithi izidalwa ezinjalo zenziwa ngaphansi kwezingulube, zikholelwa ukuthi ukubukeka kwazo nokwakheka kwangaphakathi kuhambisana ngokuphelele nalesi sigaba.
Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokwenza ucwaningo lwe-DNA, ososayensi bathola ukuthi izimvubu zihlobene kakhulu nemikhomo. Kulabo abangaziwanga, kwakubonakala kungalindelekile, kucishe kumnandi, kepha kungenangqondo.
Yebo, lesi sidalwa, esihlala e-Afrika eshisayo, singamangala kakhulu. Futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngosayizi wayo, ngoba ungomunye wabamele izilwane zasendle ezinkulu kakhulu. Isisindo semvubu ingafinyelela kumathani ayi-4,5. Lokhu akuvamile emvelweni, yize kungezona zonke izilwane ezinjalo ezinesisindo somzimba esibonisiwe.
Ngokwesilinganiso, kubantu abasha kungama-1500 kg kuphela, ngoba ithathwa kukho konke ukuphila kwayo, okungukuthi, isilwane esidala, sisikhulu ngokwengeziwe. Ukuphakama komuntu omdala kungaphezu kwemitha elilodwa nohhafu. Ubude abukho ngaphansi kwamamitha amathathu, kepha bungaba ngaphezu kwamamitha ama-5.
Abanye ososayensi babheka imikhomo njengezihlobo eziseduze kakhulu zemvubu.
Umlomo walezi zidalwa nawo uyahlaba umxhwele, okuthi esimweni sawo esivulekile sifanekise i-engeli esetshenzisiwe, futhi ubukhulu bayo kusuka emaphethelweni kuya emaphethelweni buyimitha elilodwa nohhafu. Lapho imvubu ivula umlomo, iba yinto esabekayo ngokungenakugwenywa. Futhi ngaphandle kwesizathu, ngoba ngamazinyo akhe aqinile futhi aqinile ngokungavamile, uyakwazi ukuluma emgodini wezingwenya. Futhi lokhu, ngendlela, kuvame ukwenzeka.
Umlomo wemvubu lapho uvulekile ungaphezu kwemitha elilodwa
Imvubu nayo iyaphawuleka ngesikhumba sayo esijiyile ngendlela emangalisayo, kwesinye isikhathi iba nesisindo esifinyelela ku-500 kg. Umbala wayo u-brown-grey ngombala opinki. Uhamba ze ngokuphelele. Futhi kunebhayisikili elifushane, elihoshozelayo nelincane elilingana nelengulube, elihlanganisa ezinye izingxenye zezindlebe nomsila, futhi ebusweni kunezinhlamvu eziningi ezilukhuni.
Ubukhulu besikhumba bungafika ku-4 cm.Nokho, isikhumba, njengoba singavikelwe izimila zemvelo, asikwazi ukuvikela abanikazi baso ekuhlaselweni okungenamusa kokushisa kwase-Afrika.
Ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebe enamandla, isikhumba sesilwane siyasha futhi sibe bomvu. Kepha njengesivikelo elangeni elinonya, kanye nasemiphakathini eyingozi, umzimba uqala ukujuluka kakhulu, okungukuthi, ukhipha amafinyila angajwayelekile. Izithukuthuku zabamele abanjalo bezilwane nazo zinombala obomvu.
Futhi isici esinjalo ngesikhathi esisodwa sanikeza ukudla kwabadali bekhathuni elidumile laseSoviet, abathatha inkululeko yokuphakamisa ukuthi imvubu - iqhawe lesakhiwo sabo linamahloni ngezenzo zakhe ezingafanelekile, ngakho-ke lihlazisa.
Isikhumba salezi zidalwa siyakwazi nokukhipha ama-enzyme awusizo kakhulu, okuthi ngesikhathi esifushane apholise amanxeba, athola okuningi kulesi silwane esiphikisana phakade. Kepha lokho isilo esichaziwe sase-Afrika esingakwazi ukumangala ngakho ubuhle, umusa nomusa.
Futhi ungakuqinisekisa kalula lokhu ngokubheka imvubu esithombeni... Ikhanda lalo likhulu (linesisindo esifinyelela ku-900 kg), kusukela ohlangothini linokuma kukanxande, futhi ukusuka ngaphambili libuthuntu ngokuphawulekayo. Futhi ngokuhlanganiswa nezindlebe ezincane ezingalingani, amehlo amancane anamajwabu amehlo anenyama, amakhala amangalisayo, umlomo omkhulu osabekayo nentamo emfushane ngokungajwayelekile, alijabulisi iso ngobuhle bemigqa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umzimba wesilwane umile okwesikhwama futhi umise umgqomo, ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlezi esiklebheni esiwugqinsi, esifushane ngendlela engeyona eyemvelo kangangokuthi imvubu eyondlekile futhi enesisu esijiyile iyahamba, ihudula isisu sayo cishe emhlabathini. Kepha umsila wesilwane, omfishane, kodwa ojiyile futhi oyindilinga ezansi, uyakwazi ukumangaza, yize kungemnandi neze.
Ngezikhathi ezifanele, isetshenziswa ngumnikazi ukufafaza umchamo nodoti ebangeni elide. Yile ndlela izimvubu ezimaka ngayo amasayithi abo, nephunga lezimfihlo linikeza izihlobo zabo imininingwane ebaluleke kakhulu ngomuntu othile, okufaka isandla ekuxhumaneni kwabo.
Izinhlobo
Kungani ososayensi baqala ukukhuluma ngobudlelwano bama-cetaceans, okungukuthi, imikhomo uqobo, kanye nezingulube namahlengethwa, nezimvubu ezingafani neze nabo ekuqaleni? Yebo, bavele babeka umbono wokuthi bonke abamele uhlu lwezilwane babenokhokho ofanayo owayekhona emhlabeni wethu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-60 edlule.
Akukaziwa kahle ukuthi wayengubani, futhi negama akakalinikwa. Kepha umqondo walobu budlelwano usanda kuqinisekiswa ngokucwaninga ngezinsalela zomhlali odla umhlanganiso waseHindustan - Indohius, amathambo akhe atholwa ngo-2007.
Lesi sidalwa sangaphambi komlando kwathiwa singumshana wama-cetaceans, kanti izimvubu zazingabazala bakamuva. Lapho nje ukhokho wemikhomo ezulazula emhlabeni, kepha enqubweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, inzalo yakhe yalahlekelwa izitho zayo yabuyela endaweni yokuqala yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo - amanzi.
Namuhla uhlobo lwemvubu lunenhlobo kuphela yesimanje enikezwe igama lesayensi: imvubu ejwayelekile. Kepha endulo, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zalezi zilwane zazinkulu kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, manje lezi zinhlobo ezivela ebusweni bomhlaba, ngeshwa, sezinyamalale ngokuphelele.
Emalungwini omndeni wemvubu asekhona nanamuhla, imvubu ye-pygmy nayo iyaziwa - enye yenzalo yezinhlobo ezazingasekho ngaphambili, kepha ingeyehlobo olwahlukile, okungukuthi imvubu enkulu... Laba bazalwane abancane bemvubu bakhula bafike ebangeni elicishe libe ngamasentimitha angama-80, ngesisindo esilinganiselwa ku-230 kg kuphela.
Abanye ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo bahlukanisa izinhlobo zemvubu ejwayelekile zaba ama-subspecies amahlanu, kepha abanye ososayensi, bengaboni mehluko omkhulu kubamele babo, kepha umehluko omncane nje ngosayizi wamakhala nokwakheka kogebhezi, bayakuphika lokhu kuhlukana.
Izimvubu njengamanje zitholakala ezwenikazi i-Afrika eningizimu yeSahara. Kepha uma sezisatshalaliswe ezwenikazi lonke. Futhi emuva emuva enkulungwaneni yokuqala yeminyaka yesikhathi sethu, kucatshangwa ukuthi batholakala kude kakhulu enyakatho, okungukuthi, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, eSiriya lasendulo naseMesopotamiya lasendulo.
Ukunyamalala kwalezi zilwane ezindaweni eziningi zeplanethi, lapho zazike zahlala khona, kuchazwa ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu somhlaba, kanye nangezindlela eziningi ngokuzingela komuntu lezi zidalwa ngenyama yazo ethambile enomsoco, isikhumba namathambo abalulekile.
Isibonelo, izinsalela zemvubu eziphakeme cishe ngamamitha zibhekwa ngokufanele njengezinga eliphakeme kunamazinyo endlovu, ngoba aziphuzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi zihlala isikhathi eside. Kungakho kwenziwa amazinyo okufakelwa nezinto zokuhlobisa. Abomdabu benza izikhali ngalolu daba, kanye nezikhumbuzo, okuthi, kanye nezikhumba zalezi zilwane ezihlotshiswe ngamadayimane, zithengiselwa izivakashi.
Manje inani lamakhanda esizwe izimvubu africa ayikho ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-150. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elibonisiwe, yize lihamba kancane, liyancipha. Kakhulu ngenxa yezigameko zokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho, ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala yalezi zilwane ngenxa yokukhula nokusabalala kwempucuko.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Isici esibaluleke kunazo zonke esihlanganisa imikhomo nezimvubu yindlela yokuphila yasemanzini yasemanzini. Bachitha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sabo emizimbeni yamanzi ahlanzekile, futhi ngaphandle kwale ndawo ngokuvamile abakwazi ukuhlala. Izidalwa ezinjalo azigxili emanzini anosawoti. Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni lapho imifula igelezela olwandle, noma kungenjalo kaningi, isatholakala.
Futhi ziyakwazi ukubhukuda ukunqoba izingqinamba zolwandle lapho zifuna izindawo ezintsha ezifanele ukuhlala. Indawo ekhethekile, okungukuthi, ephakeme futhi esezingeni elifanayo, amehlo abo abheke phezulu nasemakhaleni abanzi, kanye nasezindlebeni, iwavumela ukuthi abhukude ngokukhululeka ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ukuphefumula nokubona umhlaba obazungezile, ngoba imvelo enomswakama ihlala ingaphansi komugqa othile.
Imvubu emanzini kusuka emvelweni, ayikwazi ukuzwa kuphela, kepha futhi nokushintshanisa amasiginali akhethekile, adlulisa imininingwane ezihlotsheni, eziphinde zifane namahlengethwa, kepha, kanye nawo wonke ama-cetaceans. Izimvubu zibhukuda kahle, futhi amafutha anamandla angaphansi komhlaba azisiza ukuba zihlale emanzini, futhi ulwelwesi olusezidladleni luzisiza ukuba zihambe ngempumelelo kule ndawo.
Lezi zigelekeqe zitshuza kamnandi futhi. Egcwalise kahle amaphaphu emoyeni, angena ekujuleni, ngenkathi evala amakhala awo ngemiphetho yawo enamanzi, futhi angahlala lapho imizuzu engaba mihlanu noma ngaphezulu. Izimvubu emhlabeni ebumnyameni, bazitholela okwabo ukudla, kanti ukuphumula kwabo kwasemini kwenzeka kuphela emanzini.
Ngakho-ke, banesithakazelo esikhulu ekuhambeni kwezwe, yize bekhetha ukuhamba ebusuku. Ngempela, ekukhanyeni kosuku emhlabeni, balahlekelwa umswakama omningi oyigugu, ohwamuka kakhulu esikhunjeni sabo esizwelayo esingenalutho, okuyingozi kakhulu kuso, futhi siqala ukufiphala ngaphansi kwemisebe yelanga engenasihe.
Ngalezo zikhathi, ama-midge acasulayo ase-Afrika, kanye nezinyoni ezincane ezizondlayo, zizungeza lezi zidalwa ezinkulu, ezingagxili nje kuphela ebukhoneni bazo obungathandeki, kepha futhi zisiza izigebengu ezingenazinwele ukususa izigqoko zazo ezinqunu ngokulunywa yizinambuzane ezinobungozi, okungaba buhlungu kakhulu ...
Ukuhleleka okukhethekile kwezinyawo zazo, kufakwe iminwe emine, kusiza izidalwa ezinjalo eziyingqayizivele ukuba zihambe enhlabathini eyixhaphozi eduze kwemizimba yamanzi. Isilwane siyazinweba ngangokunokwenzeka, ulwelwesi oluphakathi kwazo lunwebeka, futhi lokhu kwandisa indawo yokusekelwa kwezitho. Futhi lokhu kusiza imvubu ukuba ingangeni ku-goo ongcolile.
imvubu – isilwane esiyingozi, ikakhulukazi emhlabeni. Umuntu akufanele acabange ukuthi ezingalweni zezinto ezisemhlabeni, ngebala lakhe, akasebenzi futhi akanakuzisiza. Ukuhamba kwayo emhlabeni kwesinye isikhathi kufinyelela kuma-50 km / h. Ngasikhathi sinye, uphatha kalula umzimba wakhe omkhulu futhi usabela kahle.
Futhi-ke, uma unikezwe ubudlova obedlulele besilo, kungcono ukuthi umuntu angahlangani naye. Isilo sasendle esinjalo asikwazi nje ukuchoboza isisulu semilenze emibili, kodwa futhi nokudla kuso. Lezi zinsimbi ezisindayo zilwa njalo phakathi kwazo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayakwazi ukubulala imvubu yengane, uma kungeyona eyayo, kodwa isihambi. Kwabamele umhlaba wezilwane, izingwenya, amabhubesi, obhejane nezindlovu kuphela abathatha isinqumo sokumelana nabalwi abansundu.
Imvubu ingafinyelela ngesivinini esifinyelela ku-48 km / h
Emhlambini wezimvubu, ongabalelwa kwamashumi ambalwa kuya emakhanda angamakhulu ambalwa, kunezimpi eziqhubekayo ukuthola indawo yazo esigungwini seqembu. Imvamisa abesilisa nabesifazane bagcinwa behlukene. Kukhona nabesilisa abangashadile abazulazula bodwa.
Emhlambini oxubekile, abesilisa bavame ukugxila emaphethelweni, bavikele izintombi zabo kanye namancane phakathi komhlambi. Izidalwa ezinjalo ziyaxhumana ngokuthintana ngezwi ezikhishwa emoyeni ovulekile nasekujuleni kwamanzi.
Kwesinye isikhathi kuyakhononda, ukukhala, ukukhala kwamahhashi (mhlawumbe yingakho abizwa ngamahhashi omfula), futhi kwezinye izimo, ukubhonga, okuyinto embi kakhulu ngezimvubu futhi esakazeka esifundeni cishe ikhilomitha.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Phambilini, bekukholelwa kabanzi ukuthi izimvubu ziyingcuba kuphela. Kepha lokhu kuyiqiniso kuphela. Futhi, njengoba lezi zilwane zichitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini, kubonakala kunengqondo ukubeka uhlobo oludlayo ku-algae.
Kepha lokhu akunjalo neze. Izitshalo zikusebenzisa njengokudla, kepha kuphela izitshalo zasemhlabeni neziseduze kwamanzi, nezinhlobo nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu. Kepha izimbali zasemanzini, ngenxa yezici zomzimba wezimvubu, azizihehi nakancane.
Ngakho-ke, izikhukhula eziphilayo ziya emhlabathini, lapho zidla khona ezindaweni ezifanele, zigade ngentshiseko izindawo zazo futhi zingavumeli ngisho nezihlobo zazo ukuba zizisondeze ukuze izivakashi ezingamenyiwe zingaphazamisi ukudla kwazo.
Imvamisa, ngokuminza kwabo, izinsimbi ezisindayo zilimaza kakhulu ukutshalwa kwamasiko omuntu. Banyathela amasimu bagibela ezingadini zemifino, bachitha ngesihluku yonke into ekhula lapho. Izindebe zabo ezinama-horny ziyithuluzi elihle elingasika utshani empandeni, ngaleyo ndlela ligunde yonke into ebazungezile ngesikhathi esifushane.
Futhi bathatha kuze kufike kumakhulu ayisikhombisa amakhilogremu wokudla okunjalo kwemifino ngosuku. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngenkathi kugaywa ukudla, izimvubu zikhipha amagesi ayingozi hhayi ngamathumbu, njengezinye izinto eziphilayo, kodwa ngomlomo.
Kepha imvubu – isilwane hhayi kuphela isilwane esidla utshani, kwesinye isikhathi siphenduka isilwane esinonya esinenkani. Imvamisa abantu abasha kuphela abakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi enjalo. Amazinyo abo amakhulu, azilola wodwa, ezimweni ezehlukile ezifinyelela ubude bemitha, kanye nezinsimbi zabo ziyisikhali esesabekayo ngokwemvelo asihloselwe ukuhlafuna ukudla kwemifino, kepha ukubulala kuphela. Futhi kuphela ngobudala, amazinyo ezilwane aba buthuntu, futhi abanikazi bawo baba yingozi kakhulu.
Ukudla okunama-herbaceous akusebenzi kangako futhi kunama-calories amaningi, ngakho-ke izimvubu zivame ukufaka inyama entsha ekudleni kwabo. Beqhutshwa yindlala, babamba izinsephe, izinhlwathi, bahlasele imihlambi yezinkomo, baze babhekane nezingwenya, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi baneliseka ngezidumbu ezingafanele, ngaleyo ndlela benelise isidingo somzimba samaminerali.
Ekufuneni ukudla, izimvubu, njengokujwayelekile, azihambi ibanga elide ukusuka emizimbeni yamanzi, ngaphandle kwamakhilomitha ambalwa nje. Kodwa-ke, ezikhathini ezinzima, isifiso sokwaneliswa singenza isilwane sishiye indawo enhle yamanzi isikhathi eside futhi siqale uhambo olude lomhlaba.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Imvubu iyaphila okuningi, cishe iminyaka engama-40. Kepha okuthakazelisayo, izidalwa ezinjalo zizalwa kaningi entweni yamanzi. Yize izimvubu ezincane ziphuma ngokushesha esizalweni sikanina, zintanta ziye phezulu echibini.
Futhi lesi simo singesinye isibonakaliso sokufana kwalaba bameleli bezilwane nemikhomo. Izinsana zizizwa zikhulu emanzini futhi ziyazi ukuthi zingabhukuda kanjani ngezikhathi zokuqala. Ekuqaleni bazama ukuhlala besondelene nonina, kepha kungekudala bathola ukuzimela, ngokuhamba ngobuciko emvelweni wamanzi nokudilika emanzini.
Kwesinye isikhathi lapho beneminyaka eyisikhombisa, abesifazane bavuthwe ngokwanele ukuba babe namazinyane. Ukukhwelana kuvame ukwenziwa emanzini aseduze kogu noma emanzini angajulile, futhi ngesikhathi esithile: ngo-Agasti nangoFebhuwari, okungukuthi, kabili ngonyaka.
Futhi umlingani wabesifazane abavuthiwe emhlambini wezimvubu uvame ukuvela kube ukuphela kwendoda evelele, eqala ukumelana nezimpi ezinamandla, ezinegazi kakhulu nabanye abaphikisi bale ndawo.
Omama beMvubu bakhetha ukuzala bodwa. Futhi-ke, lapho bezwa ukuthi ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili zokukhulelwa, izintambo sezivele zisondela, basuka emhlambini beyofuna idamu elincane elithule, lapho osebeni balungisa isidleke sezihlahla ezinotshani obuningi, notshani, obenzelwe inzalo okudala ilindelwe.
Uma ingane esanda kuzalwa evela emanzini ingakwazi ukuzintanta yodwa, umama uyamphusha ngamakhala ukuze angaklinywa. Izingane zinosayizi womzimba wemitha kanye nesisindo esibalulekile.
Ezimweni ezikhethekile, ingakhuphukela ku-50 kg, kepha kaningi ingaphansi kancane, okungukuthi, kusuka kuma-27 kg nangaphezulu. Futhi lapho ziya ezweni, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa cishe zikwazi ukuhamba kalula kalula. Kwesinye isikhathi zizalelwa osebeni lwamanzi.
Usana olusanda kuzalwa, njengoba lufanele izilwane ezincelisayo, ludla ubisi, olunombala opinki othambile ngombala ojuluka komama ongena kulo (njengoba sekushiwo, ezimvubu, isicubu esikhishwe yibo sinombala obomvu). Ukondla okunjalo kuhlala unyaka owodwa nengxenye.
Izimvubu zivame ukuhlala ema-zoo, yize ukugcinwa kwazo kungabizi neze. Futhi kunzima ngabo ukudala izimo ezifanele. Imvamisa, izimpahla zokufakelwa ezikhethekile zenzelwe impilo ejwayelekile.
Ngendlela, ekuthunjweni, izidalwa ezinjalo zinethuba lokuphila isikhathi eside futhi kaningi zifa kuphela lapho zineminyaka engama-50 ngisho nangemva kwalokho. Kucwaningisiswa ngokungathi sína ngamathuba okuzalanisa izimvubu emapulazini enyama neminye imikhiqizo yemvelo ebalulekile.
