Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe kubhekwe njengensalela ephilayo. Izinkalankala ze-Horseshoe zifana nama-crustaceans, kepha zingezinhlobo ezihlukile zama-chelicerans, futhi zihlobene kakhulu nama-arachnids (ngokwesibonelo, izicabucabu nofezela). Abanayo i-hemoglobin egazini labo, kunalokho basebenzisa i-hemocyanin ukuthwala umoya-mpilo, futhi ngenxa yethusi elikhona ku-hemocyanin, igazi labo liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: izinkalankala
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe bezilokhu zikhona isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-300, okubenza babe badala kakhulu kunama-dinosaurs. Ziyafana nezinkalankala zangaphambi komlando, kepha empeleni zihlobene kakhulu nofezela nezicabucabu. Inkalankala ine-exoskeleton eqinile nemilenze eyi-10, eyisebenzisa ukuhamba olwandle.
Ividiyo: Inkalankala yeHorseshoe
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe ziligazi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umoya-mpilo uphathwa egazini labo yi-molecule equkethe i-hemocyanin, equkethe ithusi futhi edala ukuthi igazi liphenduke libe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lapho livezwa emoyeni. Izilwane eziningi ezinegazi elibomvu zithwala umoya-mpilo ku-hemoglobin enothe ngensimbi, okwenza igazi lazo libomvu lapho lihlangana nomoya.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Igazi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lezinkalankala zehhashi libaluleke kangangokuba ilitha lingathengisa ngama- $ 15,000. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iqukethe i-molecule ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini ocwaninga ngezokwelapha. Namuhla, noma kunjalo, izindlela ezintsha ezintsha ziholele ekufakweni okwenziwe okungaqeda umkhuba wokukhulisa izinkalankala zegazi labo.
Ama-vertebrate athwala amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi egazini lawo. Izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla ezifana nonkala bamahhashi zithwala ama-amoebocyte. Lapho i-amoebocyte ihlangana ne-pathogen, ikhipha ikhemikhali elenza igazi lendawo lijiye, abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi iyindlela yokufihla amagciwane ayingozi. Ngokuyinhloko, ama-amoebocyte egazini le-crabs yamahhashi aqina lapho ehlangana nama-endotoxin, umkhiqizo owandayo futhi kwesinye isikhathi obulalayo wamagciwane odala amasosha omzimba, kwesinye isikhathi aholele kumkhuhlane, ukwehluleka kwezitho zomzimba, noma ukushaqeka okubangelwa yisifo septic.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani inkalankala yamahhashi
Umzimba wenkalankala yehhashi uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu. Isigaba sokuqala yi-prosoma, noma ikhanda. Igama lenkalankala yehhashi livela ekuzungezeni kwekhanda layo, ngoba, njengezicathulo zehhashi ezinsikeni zehhashi, ikhanda lazo liyindilinga futhi limise okwe-U. Iyingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke yomzimba wenkalankala futhi iqukethe iningi lezitho zomzimba zezinzwa nezokuphila.
Inhloko yenkalankala yeHorseshoe ifaka phakathi:
- ubuchopho;
- inhliziyo;
- umlomo;
- isimiso sezinzwa;
- izindlala - konke kuvikelwe yipuleti elikhulu.
Ikhanda livikela nesethi enkulu kakhulu yamehlo. Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zinamehlo ayisishiyagalolunye ahlakazekile emzimbeni wonke kanye nezinye izithambisi zokukhanya ezimbalwa ngasemsileni. Amehlo amabili amakhulu kakhulu ayakhohlisa futhi alusizo ekutholeni abalingani. Amanye amehlo nokutholwa okulula kuyasiza ekutholeni ukunyakaza kanye nezinguquko ekukhanyeni kwenyanga.
Ingxenye ephakathi yomzimba ingaphakathi lesisu noma i-opisthosoma. Kubukeka njengonxantathu onama-spikes ezinhlangothini kanye negebe maphakathi. Izinsika ziyahamba futhi zisiza inkalankala yamahhashi. Isisu esingezansi siqukethe imisipha esetshenziselwa ukunyakaza kanye nama-gill okuphefumula. Indawo yesithathu, umsila wenkalankala yamahhashi, ibizwa nge-telson. Yinde futhi ikhonjisiwe, kanti ngenkathi ibukeka isabisa, ayiyona ingozi, inobuthi noma iyaluma. Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zisebenzisa u-telson ukuzigingqa uma zigcina ngomhlane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abesifazane bezinkalankala zezicathulo zehhashi bacishe babe yingxenye yesithathu enkulu kunabesilisa. Zingakhula zibe ngamasentimitha angama-46-48 ukusuka ekhanda kuye emsileni, kanti ezeduna cishe zingamasentimitha angama-36 kuye kwangama-38).
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe ziphefumula ngazimbili ezi-6 zezihlanganisi ezinamathiselwe esiswini esingezansi, ezibizwa ngama-gill books. Umbhangqwana wokuqala uvikela amanye amabhangqa amahlanu, okuyizitho zokuphefumula futhi avule izimbotshana zezitho zobulili lapho amaqanda nesidoda kukhishwa khona emzimbeni.
Ihlala kuphi inkalankala yamahhashi?
Isithombe: Inkalankala yeHorseshoe eRussia
Namuhla kunezinhlobo ezine zezinkalankala zamahhashi ezitholakala emhlabeni. Izinkalankala ze-Atlantic horsehoe kuphela kwezinhlobo ezitholakala e-Atlantic Ocean. Lezi ezinye ezintathu zitholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, lapho amaqanda ezinhlobo ezithile asetshenziselwa ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalolu hlobo, kutholakala ogwini olusempumalanga ye-United States kusuka eMaine eningizimu kuya eGulf of Mexico kuya eNhlonhlweni yaseYucatan.
Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo:
- i-tachypleus trident, ejwayelekile eMalaysia, e-Indonesia nasogwini olusempumalanga yeChina;
- i-tachypleus giant, ehlala eBay of Bengal, evela e-Indonesia nase-Australia;
- carcinosorpius rotundicauda, ejwayelekile eThailand naseVietnam iya e-Indonesia.
Izinhlobo zezinkalankala zomdabu wase-United States (izinkalankala ze-Atlantic horsehoe) zitholakala e-Atlantic Ocean ngasogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika. Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zingabonakala nasogwini olusempumalanga ye-US Gulf of Mexico neMexico. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezinye izinkalankala zomhlaba ezinenkalankala, ezitholakala e-Indian Ocean nasePacific Ocean ngasogwini lwase-Asia.
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zisebenzisa izindawo ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngesigaba sazo sentuthuko. Amaqanda abekwa emabhishi asogwini ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo nasehlobo. Ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa, izinkalankala ezincane zamahhashi zingatholakala olwandle phansi olwandle olunesihlabathi emathafeni anamanzi. Izinkalankala zomuntu omdala zamahhashi zidla zijule olwandle zize zibuyele olwandle zizale. Izinyoni eziningi ezisogwini, izinyoni ezifudukayo, izimfudu nezinhlanzi zisebenzisa amaqanda ezinkalankala njengengxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwazo. Ziyizinhlobo eziyisihluthulelo esimisweni semvelo saseDelaware Bay.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona inkalankala. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Zidlani izinkalankala zehhashi?
Isithombe: Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe emhlabeni
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe azidli ngokukhetha, zidla cishe yonke into. Ziphila ngokudla ama-molluscs amancane, ama-crustaceans kanye nezibungu, kepha zingadla nezinye izilwane ngisho ne-algae. Ngakho-ke, izinkalankala zezicathulo zehhashi zidla izibungu, ama-molluscs amancane, izinhlanzi ezifile nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe azinemihlathi noma amazinyo, kepha zinemilomo. Umlomo utholakala maphakathi nendawo, uzungezwe ngazimbili zezidladla. Zondla ngomlomo, ezisendaweni engezansi yemilenze, embozwe ama-bristles (gnatobases) aminyene akhomba ngophakathi, asetshenziselwa ukugaya ukudla lapho isilwane sihamba. Bese ukudla kucindezelwa emlonyeni yi-chelicera, bese ingena emqaleni, lapho ikuchoboza khona futhi ingene esiswini nasemathunjini. Ukusingathwa kudonswa ngendunu etholakala ohlangothini lwe-ventral phambi komsila (umsila).
Ama-gnatobases anezikhala ezibukhali, ezihlabayo ezisezingxenyeni eziphakathi zezinkomishi zonyawo noma izidladla zokuhamba. Uboya obuncane bezinsensane buvumela izinkalankala zamahhashi ukuhogela ukudla. Ameva abheke ngaphakathi adabula futhi agaye ukudla, akudlulise emilenzeni ngenkathi ehamba. Badinga ukunyakaza ukuhlafuna ukudla.
I-Chelicerae yizinto zokuhlobisa zangaphakathi eziphambi kwezidladla. Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zihamba ezansi nesihlabathi samanzi angajulile zifuna ukudla nama-chelicerae azo. UChilaria ungumbhangqwana wemilenze yangemuva engathuthuki kahle, engemuva kwemilenze yesilwane. UChelicerae noChilaria badlulisa izinhlayiya zokudla ezichotshoziwe emlonyeni wonkala bamahhashi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: izinkalankala
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zaziwa ngokuhlangana ngamaqoqo amakhulu noma ngamaqembu emabhishi, ikakhulukazi emazweni aseCentral Atlantic anjengeDelaware, New Jersey, neMaryland, entwasahlobo nasehlobo, lapho abantu babo bebaningi khona. Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zingadla unyaka wonke eFlorida, lapho kuzala khona iziqongo entwasahlobo nasekwindla.
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe ngokuvamile ziyizilwane zasebusuku ezivela emthunzini ebumnyameni ukuzingela ukudla. Njengezilwane ezidla inyama, badla inyama kuphela, kufaka phakathi izibungu zasolwandle, ama-molluscs amancane nama-crustaceans.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi izinkalankala zezicathulo zehhashi yizilwane eziyingozi ngoba zinemisila ebukhali, kepha azinabungozi ngokuphelele. Eqinisweni, izinkalankala zezicathulo zehhashi zimane nje ziyindida, futhi zisebenzisa umsila wazo ukugingqika uma zishayiswa igagasi. Kepha zinezinhlayiya onqenqemeni lwegobolondo lazo, ngakho-ke uma udinga ukuziphatha, qaphela futhi uzicoshe ezinhlangothini zegobolondo, hhayi ngomsila.
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zivame ukudilizwa amagagasi anamandla ngesikhathi sokuzala futhi kungenzeka zingakwazi ukuzibuyisela endaweni yazo. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekufeni kwesilwane (ungabasiza ngokubaphakamisa ngobumnene ezinhlangothini zombili zegobolondo bese usiphindisela emanzini).
Kwesinye isikhathi abalindi basolwandle benza amaphutha ezinkalankala zezinkalankala ezifile. Njengawo wonke ama-arthropods (kufaka phakathi ama-crustaceans nezinambuzane), izinkalankala zamahhashi zinezimbobo ezinzima (igobolondo) ngaphandle komzimba. Ukuze sikhule, isilwane kufanele sichithe izizinda zaso ezindala bese sakha esisha, esikhudlwana. Ngokungafani nonkala bangempela, abaphuma emathanjeni abo amadala, izinkalankala zezicathulo zehhashi ziya phambili, zishiya i-molt ngemuva kwazo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inkalankala yeHorsesho emanzini
Ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo, izinkalankala zabantu abadala behhashi lehhashi zihamba zisuka emanzini ajulile olwandle ziye emabhishi aseMpumalanga naseGulf Coast ukuzalela. Abesilisa bafika kuqala bese belinda abesifazane. Lapho abesifazane befika ogwini, bakhipha amakhemikhali emvelo abizwa ngokuthi ama-pheromones, aheha abesilisa futhi athumele isignali yokuthi sekuyisikhathi sokukhwelana.
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zithanda ukuzalela ebusuku ngesikhathi samaza aphakeme nezinyanga ezintsha ezigcwele. Abesilisa banamathela kwabesifazane bese beya ngasogwini ndawonye. Ogwini, abesifazane bamba izidleke ezincane bese bebeka amaqanda, bese kuthi abesilisa bavundise amaqanda. Le nqubo ingaphindwa izikhathi eziningana ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zamaqanda.
Amaqanda enkalankala yeHorseshoe angumthombo wokudla wezinyoni eziningi, ezihuquzelayo nezinhlanzi. Iningi lezinkalankala zehhashi alifinyeleli esigabeni sazo ngaphambi kokuba lidliwe. Uma iqanda liqhubeka nokuphila, lesi sibungu sizochanyuselwa eqandeni cishe emasontweni amabili noma ngaphezulu. Isibungu sibukeka njengezinhlobo ezincane zezinkalankala zabantu abadala, kodwa ngaphandle komsila. Izibungu zingena olwandle futhi zihlale phansi esihlabathini samathafa asolwandle unyaka owodwa noma ngaphezulu. Njengoba zikhula, zizongena emanzini ajulile bese ziqala ukudla ukudla kwabantu abadala.
Eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, izinkalankala ezincane zamahhashi zizoncibilika zikhule. Inqubo ye-molting idinga ukuthi kudedelwe ama-exoskeletons amancane ngokushintshana ngamagobolondo amakhulu. Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zidlula kuma-molts ayi-16 noma ali-17 ngesikhathi sokukhula kwazo. Cishe eminyakeni eyishumi ubudala, zifinyelela ekuvuthweni futhi zikulungele ukuqala ukuzala, futhi entwasahlobo zifudukela emabhishi asogwini.
Izitha zemvelo zenkalankala
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani inkalankala yamahhashi
Kuze kube manje, zinhlobo ezine kuphela zezinkalankala zamahhashi ezisindile, okukhona kuzo izinhlobo ezi-3 esifundeni seNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ingubo elukhuni yenkalankala yamahhashi ivimbela noma iziphi izidalwa ezingaba namandla okungena kulezi zilwane eziyizidlakela. Banezitha ezimbalwa ezaziwayo zemvelo ngaphandle kwabantu. Ikhono labo lokumelana namazinga okushisa ashubile nosawoti kukholakala ukuthi kunomthelela ekusindeni kwalezi zinhlobo. Ihamba kancane futhi izinzile, ingamaqhawe angempela asinde kaningi.
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe ziyingxenye ebalulekile yemvelo yemiphakathi esogwini. Amaqanda abo angumthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwezinyoni ezifudukela ngasenyakatho, kufaka phakathi i-sandpiper yase-Iceland, esengozini yenhlangano. Lezi zinyoni ezisogwini ziguqukele ukufanisa umsebenzi omkhulu wokuzala izinkalankala, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zaseDelaware naseChesapeake Bay. Basebenzisa lamabhishi njengesiteshi sikaphethiloli ukufaka uphethiloli futhi baqhubeke nohambo lwabo.
Izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi, kanye nezinyoni, zidla amaqanda ezinkalankala eFlorida. Izinkalankala zomuntu omdala zamahhashi zidla izimfudu zasolwandle, izingwenya, iminenke yamahhashi eFlorida noshaka.
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zidlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni. Amagobolondo abo abushelelezi, abanzi ahlinzeka nge-substrate ekahle yezinye izimpilo zasolwandle eziningi. Njengoba ihamba olwandle, izinkalankala zamahhashi zingathwala izimbaza, amagobolondo, izikelemu eziyizigaxa, isaladi lasolwandle, izipanji ngisho nama-oysters.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: izinkalankala
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe ziyancipha ngaphezu kobubanzi bazo. Ngo-1998, i-Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission yathuthukisa uHlelo Lokuphatha izinkalankala zamahhashi, oludinga ukuthi zonke izifundazwe ezisogwini lwe-Atlantic zikhombe amabhishi lapho lezi zilwane zihlala khona. Njengamanje, ngosizo lomphakathi, ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo abavela eFish and Wildlife Research Institute babhala phansi izindawo zokwakhiwa kwezinkalankala zezinkalankala esifundazweni saseFlorida.
Ngenkathi izibalo zezinkalankala zamahhashi zehla ngeminyaka yama-1990, inani labantu manje liyalulama ngenxa yemizamo yesifunda yokuphatha amazwe ngeKhomishini Yezokudoba YaseManzini i-Atlantic. IDelaware Bay inesibalo esikhulu sabantu bezinkalankala emhlabeni, futhi ososayensi abavela kuNational Research System of Conservation Areas basiza ukwenza ucwaningo lwaminyaka yonke mayelana nokuzala kwenkalankala yamahhashi, okuyinselele ejwayelekile eDelaware Bay. Kodwa-ke, ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala kanye nokufunwa okuphezulu kwazo njengezicupho zokuhweba kusalokhu kuyinkinga yezinkalankala zezinhlanzi kanye nezinyoni zasolwandle ezifudukayo.
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zisinde ngempumelelo izigidi zeminyaka. Ikusasa labo lincike ekutheni abantu bakuqonda kanjani futhi bakwazisa kanjani ukubaluleka kwabo kwezinye izilwane zasendle nabantu, kanye nezindlela ezisetshenziselwe ukulondolozwa kwazo.
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe - izidalwa ezinhle. Zingezinye zezilwane ezimbalwa ezingenazo izilwane ezidla ezinye ngaphandle kwabantu, ezibamba izinkalankala zezicathulo zehhashi ngokuyinhloko ukuze zizithibe. Amaprotheni atholakala egazini lalezi zilwane asetshenziselwa ukuthola ukungcola emalungiselelweni emithambo. Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe ngokwazo, ngokusobala, azihlupheki ngesikhathi sokusampulwa kwegazi. Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zisetshenzisiwe nasocwaningweni ukwelapha umdlavuza, ukuxilonga i-leukemia, nokukhomba ukushiyeka kwe-vitamin B12.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/16/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 16.08.2019 ngo-21: 21
