I-Cuttlefish Isidalwa esimangalisayo esikwazi ukubhukuda ngesivinini esikhulu emabangeni amafushane, sizifihle khona manjalo, sixube izilwane ezisizingelayo ngesibani sikayinki ongcolile futhi sithokozise isisulu saso ngokubonisa okuhle kwe-hypnotism ebonakalayo. Izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla zenza ama-95% azo zonke izilwane, kanti ama-cephalopods kukholakala ukuthi angama-invertebrate ahlakaniphe kakhulu emhlabeni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Cuttlefish
I-Cuttlefish ngama-molluscs okuthi, kanye ne-squid, nautilus kanye ne-octopus, bakha iqembu elibizwa ngokuthi ama-cephalopods, okusho ukuthi ikhanda nezinyawo. Zonke izinhlobo kuleli qembu zinamatende axhumene nekhanda lazo. I-cuttlefish yanamuhla yavela esikhathini seMiocene (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-21 eyedlule) futhi yehla kukhokho onjenge-belemnite.
Ividiyo: Cuttlefish
Ama-cuttlefish angaphansi kohlelo lwama-molluscs anegobolondo langaphakathi elibizwa ngocezu lwamathambo. I-cuttlefish yakhiwe nge-calcium carbonate futhi idlala indima enkulu ekusizeni kwala ma-molluscs; ihlukaniswe ngamakamelo amancane lapho i-cuttlefish ingagcwalisa noma igcwalise igesi kuye ngezidingo zazo.
I-cuttlefish ifinyelela ubude bezingubo obungu-45 cm, yize sekurekhodwe isentimitha engama-60 cm.Isiphuku sabo (isifunda somzimba ngaphezulu kwamehlo) siqukethe ipuleti lamathambo, izitho zokuzala kanye nezitho zokugaya ukudla. Amaphiko ayizicaba ahamba ubude bonke bezingubo zawo, enza amagagasi lapho ebhukuda.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kunezinhlobo ezingaba yikhulu ze-cuttlefish emhlabeni. Izinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke yi-giant Australia cuttlefish (Sepia apama), engakhula ize ifike kumitha elilodwa ubude futhi ibe nesisindo esingaphezu kuka-10 kg. Okuncane kunazo zonke yi-Spirula spirula, okungajwayelekile ukudlula ama-45 mm ubude. Izinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke zaseBrithani yi-cuttlefish ejwayelekile (Sepia officinalis), engafika ku-45 cm ubude.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-cuttlefish
Ubuchopho be-cuttlefish bukhulu kakhulu uma buqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla (izilwane ezingenamgogodla), ezivumela i-cuttlefish ukuba ifunde futhi ikhumbule. Yize bengaboni kahle, banamehlo amahle kakhulu futhi bangashintsha masinyane umbala, ukwakheka nokunyakaza kwabo ukuxhumana noma ukuzifihla.
Ikhanda lazo lisekugcineni kwengubo yazo, ngamehlo amabili amakhulu emaceleni kanye nemihlathi ebukhali efana nomlomo maphakathi nezingalo zabo. Zinemilenze eyisishiyagalombili nezintambo ezimbili ezinde zokubamba inyamazane ezingadonswa ngokuphelele emzimbeni. Abantu abadala bangabonwa ngemigqa yabo emhlophe egatsheni ephuma phansi kwezingalo zabo zesithathu ezivulekile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Cuttlefish idala amafu oyinki lapho izwa usongo. Lo inki wake wasetshenziswa ngabadwebi nababhali (sepia).
I-cuttlefish iqhutshwa emanzini yilokho okubizwa nge- "jet engine". I-Cuttlefish inamaphiko agijima ezinhlangothini zawo. Ngezimpiko zazo ezingavuleki, i-cuttlefish iyakwazi ukundiza, ukukhasa nokubhukuda. Zingashukunyiswa futhi yi- "jet engine" okungaba yindlela yokuhlenga esebenzayo. Lokhu kutholakala ngokwenza lula umzimba nokushesha ukukhipha amanzi aphume emgodini emzimbeni wabo ngesiphon esimise okwefaneli esibasunduzela emuva.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Cuttlefish ingaguquguquki enemibala yokuguqula imibala. Kusukela ekuzalweni, i-cuttlefish encane ingabonisa okungenani izinhlobo zomzimba eziyishumi nantathu.
Amehlo e-Cuttlefish aphakathi kwezinto ezithuthuke kakhulu embusweni wezilwane. Ososayensi baphakamise ukuthi amehlo abo akhule ngokugcwele ngaphambi kokuzalwa futhi baqale ukubuka imvelo yabo ngenkathi beseqanda.
Igazi le-Cuttlefish linomthunzi ongajwayelekile wohlaza sasibhakabhaka ngoba lisebenzisa iprotheni eliqukethe ithusi i-hemocyanin ukuthwala umoya-mpilo esikhundleni seprotheni eliqukethe insimbi ebomvu i-hemoglobin etholakala ezilwaneni ezincelisayo. Igazi lifakwa izinhliziyo ezintathu ezihlukene, ezimbili zazo zisetshenziselwa ukumpompa igazi emithanjeni ye-cuttlefish, kuthi eyesithathu isetshenziselwe ukumpompa igazi emzimbeni wonke.
Ihlala kuphi i-cuttlefish?
Isithombe: I-Cuttlefish emanzini
I-Cuttlefish yizinhlobo zasolwandle kuphela futhi itholakala ezindaweni eziningi zasolwandle kusuka olwandle olungajulile kuya ekujuleni okukhulu nasemakhazeni kuya ezilwandle ezishisayo. I-Cuttlefish imvamisa ichitha ubusika emanzini ajulile bese iya emanzini angajulile asogwini entwasahlobo nasehlobo ukuzala.
I-cuttlefish ejwayelekile itholakala olwandle iMedithera, iNyakatho neBaltic, yize kukholakala ukuthi abantu batholakala kude eningizimu njengoba kutholakala naseNingizimu Afrika. Zitholakala ekujuleni okungaphansi kwe-sublittoral (phakathi kwegagasi eliphansi kanye emaphethelweni eshalofu lamazwekazi, kuze kufike ku-100 fathoms noma ku-200 m).
Ezinye izinhlobo ze-cuttlefish ezivame ukutholakala eBritish Isles yilezi:
- I-cuttlefish ejwayelekile (Sepia officinalis) - ejwayelekile kakhulu ogwini lwaseNingizimu neNingizimu-Ntshonalanga yeNgilandi naseWales. I-cuttlefish ejwayelekile ingabonakala emanzini angajulile ngesikhathi sokuphela kwentwasahlobo nasehlobo;
- i-cuttlefish enhle (i-Sepia elegans) - etholakala olwandle olwandle oluseningizimu yeBrithani. Le cuttlefish mncane kune-cuttlefish ejwayelekile, imvamisa ine-pink tinge ne-barb encane ekugcineni;
- i-pink cuttlefish (i-Sepia orbigniana) - i-cuttlefish engajwayelekile emanzini aseBrithani, afana ngokufana ne-cuttlefish enhle, kepha ayitholakali eningizimu yeBrithani;
- i-cuttlefish encane (Sepiola atlantica) - ibukeka njenge-cuttlefish encane. Lezi zinhlobo zivame kakhulu ogwini oluseningizimu naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNgilandi.
Manje uyazi lapho i-cuttlefish ihlala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi le mollusk idlani.
Idlani i-cuttlefish?
Isithombe: Sea cuttlefish
I-Cuttlefish yizilwane ezidla inyama, okusho ukuthi zizingela ukudla kwazo. Futhi, ziyizisulu zezilwane, okusho ukuthi zizingelwa izidalwa ezinkudlwana.
Ama-cuttlefish ajwayelekile angamakhosi okuzifihla. Izakhiwo zabo eziningi ezikhethekile ezishintsha umbala zivumela ukuthi bahlangane ngokuphelele nesizinda sabo. Iphinde ibavumele ukuthi benyonyobele inyamazane yabo bese beqotha izintambo (ezinama-spikes afana nezishukela ezincomeni zabo) ngejubane lombani ukuyibamba. Basebenzisa izinkomishi zokudonsa zamatende abo ukubamba inyamazane yabo ngenkathi beyibuyisela emlonyeni wabo. I-cuttlefish ejwayelekile idla kakhulu kuma-crustaceans nezinhlanzi ezincane.
I-cuttlefish ngumuntu ohlala ezansi ovame ukuqamekela izilwane ezincane ezinjengezinkalankala, izimfanzi, izinhlanzi kanye nama-molluscs amancane. Ngokweqile i-cuttlefish izonyonyoba isisulu sayo. Imvamisa lokhu kuhamba okuhamba kancane kuhambisana nombukiso omncane esikhunjeni sakhe, njengoba imivimbo yombala idonsela emzimbeni, okwenza isisulu simiswe ngokumangala nangokubabazeka. Ngemuva kwalokho ivula imilenze yayo eyisishiyagalombili ububanzi bese idedela amatende amhlophe ama-2 amade abamba inyamazane ayibuyisele emlonyeni wayo ochobozayo. Lokhu kuhlasela okumangazayo okwaheha abatshuzi be-scuba kaningi, bese bekhuluma ngokungapheli ngemuva kokutshuza.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Cuttlefish olwandle
I-Cuttlefish ingamakhosi okuzifihla, akwazi ukusuka kokungabonakali ngokuphelele aze asobala ngokuphelele futhi abuye futhi cishe kumasekhondi ama-2. Bangasebenzisa lobu buqili ukuzihlanganisa nanoma yisiphi isizinda semvelo, futhi bangazifihla kahle ngezizinda ezingezona ezokwenziwa. I-Cuttlefish ngamakhosi eqiniso okufihla phakathi kwama-cephalopods. Kepha abakwazi ukuhlanekezela imizimba yabo, njengezingwane, kepha bayenza ihehe ngokwengeziwe.
AmaCephalopods anesifihla esihle kangako, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yama-chromatophores - amasaka ombala obomvu, ophuzi noma onsundu esikhunjeni, obonakalayo (noma ongabonakali) ngemisipha ezungeze umjikelezo wawo. Le misipha ingaphansi kokulawulwa okuqondile kwama-neurons ezikhungweni zezimoto zobuchopho, yingakho ingakwazi ukuhlangana ngokushesha okungaka ngemuva. Enye indlela yokuzifihla ukuguquguquka kwesikhumba se-cuttlefish, esiqukethe ama-papillae - imisipha yemisipha engashintsha ubuso besilwane bushelelezi buye obusabekayo. Lokhu kuyasiza kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, uma udinga ukucasha eduze kwedwala elivikelwe amagobolondo.
Ingxenye yokugcina yokwakhiwa kwe-cuttlefish sifihle ama-leukophores nama-iridophores, ikakhulukazi amapuleti akhanyayo, atholakala ngaphansi kwama-chromatophores. AmaLeucophores akhombisa ukukhanya kububanzi obuhlukahlukene bamaza, ngakho-ke angakhombisa noma yikuphi ukukhanya okukhona njengamanje - ngokwesibonelo, ukukhanya okumhlophe emanzini angajulile nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokujula. Ama-Iridophores ahlanganisa amaplatelets eprotheni okuthiwa i-reflexin nezingqimba ze-cytoplasm, okwenza kube khona ukubukeka okufana namaphiko uvemvane. Ama-Iridophores ezinye izinhlobo, njengezinye izinhlanzi nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, akhiqiza imiphumela yokuphazanyiswa okubonisa ukukhanya okuya kuma-waveleng aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okotshani. I-Cuttlefish ingavula noma icime lezi zikhombisi ngemizuzwana noma imizuzu ngokusebenzisa isikhala seplatelet ukukhetha umbala.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Cuttlefish ayikwazi ukubona imibala, kepha iyakwazi ukubona ukukhanya okuhlukanisiwe, ukuzijwayeza okungasiza ekukwazini kwabo ukuzwa ukungafani futhi kunqume ukuthi imiphi imibala namaphethini abazoyisebenzisa uma kuxutshwe nemvelo yabo. Abafundi be-Cuttlefish benziwe ngo-W futhi basiza ukulawula ukuqina kokukhanya okungena esweni. Ukuze igxile entweni, i-cuttlefish ishintsha ukuma kweso layo, hhayi ukwakheka kwelensi yeso, njengoba nathi senza.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Cub cuttlefish
Imijikelezo yokuzala ye-cuttlefish yenzeka unyaka wonke, ngama-spikes wokukhwelana ngoMashi nangoJuni. I-Cuttlefish i-dioecious, okungukuthi, banobulili obuhlukile besilisa nabesifazane. Abesilisa badlulisela isidoda kubantu besifazane ngokusebenzisa i-hectocotylized tentacle (i-tentacle modified for mating).
I-cuttlefish yesilisa izobonisa ukwehluka okugqamile kwemibala ngesikhathi sokuqomisana. Lezi zithandani zihlela imizimba yazo ubuso nobuso ukuze owesilisa akwazi ukuhambisa isikhwama sesidoda esivaliwe esikhwameni ngaphansi komlomo wowesifazane. Ngemuva kwalokho insikazi igijimela endaweni ethulile, lapho ithatha khona amaqanda emgodini wayo iwadlulise ngesidoda, iwuvundise. Endabeni yamaphakethe wesidoda amaningi, eyodwa engemuva kolayini, okungukuthi, eyokugcina, iwina.
Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, owesilisa uqapha insikazi aze abeke ukuqongelela kwamaqanda omvini amnyama avundisiwe, anamathisela alungise ulwelwe noma ezinye izakhiwo. Amaqanda lapho-ke avame ukusakazwa ngemibhobho embozwe nge-sepia, i-ejenti yokufaka imibala esebenza njengamandla ahlanganayo futhi futhi okungenzeka afihle imvelo yawo. I-Cuttlefish ingabeka amaqanda angaba ngu-200 ngokuhlangana, imvamisa eduze kwamanye abesifazane. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezingu-4, izingane zichanyuselwa njengezinguqulo ezincane zabazali bazo.
I-Cuttlefish inamaqanda amakhulu, u-6-9 mm ububanzi, agcinwa ku-oviduct, abese efakwa kuma-clumps ngaphansi kolwandle. Amaqanda afakwa ngoyinki, okuwasiza ukuthi ahlangane kangcono ngemuva. Amajita anesikhuphasha esinomsoco esizowasekela aze akwazi ukuzondla ngokudla. Ngokungafani nabazala babo be-squid ne-octopus, i-cuttlefish isivele iguquke kakhulu futhi azimele ngokuzalwa. Ngokushesha baqala ukuzama ukuzingela ama-crustaceans amancane futhi basebenzise ngokomzwelo yonke i-arsenal yabo yemvelo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngaphandle kwezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokuzivikela nezokuhlasela kanye nobuhlakani babo obusobala, ama-cuttlefish awahlali isikhathi eside kakhulu. Zihlala noma kuphi phakathi kwezinyanga eziyi-18 nezingama-24, kanti abesifazane bafa ngemuva nje kokuzala.
Izitha zemvelo ze-cuttlefish
Isithombe: Octopus cuttlefish
Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncane, ama-cuttlefish azingelwa izilwane eziningi zasolwandle.
Izilwane eziyinhloko ze-cuttlefish ngokuvamile:
- ushaka;
- Angler;
- i-swordfish;
- enye i-cuttlefish.
Amahlengethwa nawo ahlasela la ma-cephalopods, kepha adla kuphela emakhanda awo. Abantu basongela i-cuttlefish ngokubazingela. Uhlobo lwabo lokuqala lokuzivikela kungenzeka ukuthi luzama ukugwema ukutholwa yizilwane ezisebenzisa izidleke zazo ezimangalisayo, ezingazenza zibukeke njengamakhorali, amadwala, noma ulwandle ngesikhathi esisodwa. Njengengane yakubo, i-squid, i-cuttlefish ingafafaza uyinki emanzini, imboze umhlaseli wayo efwini elimnyama lobumnyama elingcolile.
Sekuyisikhathi eside abacwaningi bazi ukuthi i-cuttlefish ingaphendula ekukhanyeni nakwezinye izinto ezisakhulayo ngaphakathi kweqanda. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba zichamule, imibungu iyakwazi ukubona usongo futhi iguqule izinga lokuphefumula kwayo. I-cephalopod engakazalwa yenza konke esibelethweni ukugwema ukutholwa lapho isilwane sisengozini - kubandakanya nokubamba umoya. Akukona nje kuphela lokhu kuziphatha okuhle kakhulu, kububufakazi bokuqala bokuthi ama-invertebrate angafunda esibelethweni, njengabantu kanye namanye ama-vertebrate.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-cuttlefish
La ma-molluscs awafakiwe kuhlu lwezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, futhi akukho mininingwane eminingi ngabantu bawo. Kodwa-ke, abadobi bezentengiselwano eSouth Australia babamba amathani afinyelela kwangu-71 ngenkathi yokuvuna kokudla kwabantu nogibe. Ngenxa yokuphila kwabo okufushane nokuzala kanye kuphela empilweni, usongo lokudotshwa ngokweqile luyabonakala. Okwamanje azikho izindlela zokuphatha zokunciphisa ukubanjwa kwe-cuttlefish, kepha kunesidingo sokwengeza i-giant cuttlefish ohlwini lwezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kunezinhlobo eziyi-120 ezaziwa nge-cuttlefish ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke, ezisukela ngosayizi osukela ku-15 cm kuye kwi-cuttlefish enkulu yase-Australia, evame ukuba uhhafu wemitha ubude (kungafakwa amatende) futhi inesisindo esingaphezu kwe-10 kg.
Ngo-2014, inhlolovo yabantu ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa ePoint Lawley yabhala ukwanda kokuqala kwenani le-cuttlefish eminyakeni eyisithupha - 57,317 uma kuqhathaniswa nabangu-13 492 ngo-2013. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwango-2018 ikhombisa ukuthi isilinganiso saminyaka yonke sobuningi be-cuttlefish enkulu yase-Australia senyukile sisuka ku-124,992 ngo-2017 saya ku-150 408 ngo-2018.
Abantu abaningi bangathanda ukugcina i-cuttlefish njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Lokhu kulula ukukwenza e-UK nase-Europe, njengoba izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezinjenge-Sepia officinalis, i- "European cuttlefish" ingatholakala lapha. E-United States, nokho, azikho izinhlobo zemvelo kanti izinhlobo ezivame ukungeniswa zivela eBali, ebizwa ngeSepia bandensis, okuyisihambi esimpofu futhi evame ukufika njengomuntu omdala onamasonto ambalwa nje ukuthi aphile. Azinconywa njengezilwane ezifuywayo.
I-Cuttlefish ingenye yama-molluscs athakazelisa kakhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi kubhekiselwa kubo njengonwabu lwasolwandle ngenxa yekhono labo elimangalisayo lokushintsha masinyane umbala wesikhumba ngokuthanda kwabo. I-cuttlefish ihlome kahle ekuzingeleni. Lapho izimfanzi noma inhlanzi zifinyeleleka, i-cuttlefish ibhekisa kuyo bese idubula izintambo ezimbili ukuze ibambe inyamazane yayo. Njengomndeni wabo we-octopus, i-cuttlefish icasha ezitheni ngokufihla kanye namafu ayinki.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/12/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09.09.2019 ngo-12: 32
