Akuzona zonke izinyoni ezishiya izindawo zazo zomdabu lapho kufika isimo sezulu esibandayo. Izinyoni ezihlala ubusuku bonke azesabi isithwathwa, kepha kaningi zidinga ukondliwa.
Kungani zonke izinyoni zingandizi zibaleke ebusika
Izinhlobo eziningi zezindawo ezishisayo azifuduki ngenxa yesimo sezulu esingesihle sasebusika, esivumela ukuthi zizitike ngokudla kwazo okujwayelekile futhi zizale unyaka wonke. Umkhuba ohleliwe wezinyoni eziningi "ezisenyakatho" (amagwababa, ozibhukulu, izikhova, amajayi, amantongomane, amajuba, izingodo, ondlunkulu nabanye) kuchazwa ngamakhono abo amahle okuguquguquka, ukutholakala kokudla okufanelekile kanye nokungabikho kwezitha zemvelo.
Ukwahlukaniswa kwezinyoni ezihlala ebusika endaweni ethile, yize kungenangqondo, kubukeka kanjena:
- okwasemadolobheni;
- inkambu;
- ihlathi.
Isidleke sangaphambili edolobheni namaphethelo, sisondela eduze nezindlu zasebusika ukuze sihlole ngokukhululekile amathini kadoti sifuna ukudla okusele. Ngendlela yokudla, izinyoni zasebusika zimelelwa yizo zonke izigaba ezaziwayo:
- umhlaseli;
- izinambuzane;
- ezidla imifino;
- omnivores.
Zonke izinyoni eziqinile ezinamakhaza ziye zafunda ukuthola ukudla ngenqwaba yeqhwa nasemakhazeni amakhulu. Zisindiswa emazingeni okushisa aphansi ngezendlalelo zamafutha aminyene kanye nezimpaphe ezi-fluffy, ezigcina ukushisa.
Okubalulekile. Kuyinkohliso ukukholelwa ukuthi izinyoni ezidla izinambuzane zonke zindiza ziye eningizimu ngenxa yokubanda kwezinambuzane. Amasende kanye namantongomane, ngokwesibonelo, akuthola ngaphansi kwegxolo, hhayi ukunganaki namaqanda, izibungu neziphungumangathi.
Zidlani izinyoni zasebusika
Abahlushwa kakhulu yiqhwa njengokuntuleka kokudla, okudingekayo ukwanelisa indlala futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukukhiqiza ukushisa. Indlela elula yezinyoni ezinkulu (ezinjenge-goldfinches, siskins, izinkunzi zezinkunzi noma abadansi bompompi) ngemenyu yazo ecebile yasebusika, efaka:
- imbewu ye-birch;
- imbewu ye-alder;
- i-burdock;
- izithelo ze-rowan;
- imbewu ye-lilac nomlotha.
Izinyoni ezidla inyama ziye zajwayela ukubamba umdlalo omncane ngisho nangaphansi kweqhwa, kanti ezinye, ezinethemba lokuthola ukudla, zisondela eduze kwabantu.
Ukondla izinyoni ebusika
Ihlose ukunciphisa ukufa kwezinyoni ezihlala ebusika. Ukudla ebusika kuqala (kucatshangelwa izimo zezulu) ngo-Okthoba-Novemba kuphele ngoMashi-Ephreli.
Okusanhlamvu nokuningi
Ukondla ebusika kuhlose ukuheha izinyoni eziwusizo, ikakhulukazi osiki kanye namanothi, kanye nokugcina nokwandisa imfuyo yabo. Ukudla kwasebusika kwalezi zinyoni kufaka imbewu:
- ubhekilanga;
- i-hemp;
- ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi kanye zikaphayini (esezingeni eliphansi);
- ikhabe nekhabe;
- amathanga.
Igobolondo lika-sunflower liziboleka kalula kuma-tits amakhulu namanothi, kanti ama-tits amancane adinga ukuluchoboza kancane. Imbewu yamakhabe, edliwa ngokulangazelela ngotitisi kanye namantongomane, iphenduka into ebabazekayo engenakulinganiswa ngisho nasetitini elikhulu emakhazeni amakhulu.
Ukunakwa. Akufanele kube nosawoti ku-feeder (lokhu kungubuthi kuzo zonke izinyoni), futhi imbewu ye-sunflower, imbewu yamathanga, ibhece, uphayini kanye nembewu yekhabe kufanele ibekwe okusha, hhayi okuthosiwe.
Zonke izinhlobo ezinomdlandla zidla ama-oats namabele, futhi i-titmice, ngaphezu kwalokho, idla izingcezu zebhekeni elingenashukela, inyama, amafutha angaphakathi nezidumbu zezilwane ezincane, ezinamathiselwe egatsheni elinentambo / iwele.
Izingxube zokuphakelayo
Zihluke kakhulu ekubunjweni, kuya ngohlobo lomsoco wezinyoni ezondliwe. Ngakho-ke, kuma-insectivores, i-sunflower nembewu ye-hemp kunconywa ngesilinganiso se-1: 4. Njengomthetho, noma iyiphi ingxube iqukethe okusanhlamvu okuchoboziwe nembewu: kufomu elihlanzekile noma kufakwe amafutha wesilwane ancibilikile. Lezi zamuva zithanda kakhulu ama-tits.
Enye yezindlela zokupheka ezinama-khalori aphezulu kakhulu yizinhlamvu zenyama ebilisiwe, egcwele amafutha, okunezelwa kuwo imfucumfucu okusanhlamvu, imbewu noma okusanhlamvu, njenge-oat. Izinyoni ezinkulu nezidla izinambuzane ngokuzithandela zindiza ziye kubaphakeli, lapho imixube yemifino ye-hemp, amabele, amajikijolo omile (i-mountain ash, i-elderberry), i-sunflower echotshoziwe nama-oats achotshoziwe abalindele.
Okuphakelayo
Lezi zakhiwo zingaba nobukhulu nobukhulu obuhlukile, into esemqoka ukuthi akukho okuphakelayo okudluliselwa kuzo. Ngalokhu, ama-feeder kufanele afakwe eduze nezakhiwo zokuhlala, ngoba izinyoni eziningi zasebusika ziyaqonda ukuthi usizo luvela kubantu.
Uma okuphakelayo kuhloselwe ikakhulukazi amabele kanye namantongomane, isilinganiso senyanga sizoba kusuka ku-1.5 kuye ku-2 kg wenhlanganisela yokuphakelayo, u-0.5 kg wenyama no-200-300 g wamafutha. Emahlathini nasemapaki, lapho kwanda khona isibalo sezinambuzane eziyingozi, kufakwa umuntu oyedwa ophakela ngehektare ngalinye elingu-100-200.
Ukuphakama kokubekwa akubalulekile, kepha kuphela uma kungekho moose endaweni, imvamisa kudiliza abaphakeli. Kulokhu, alengiswe okungenani u-2.5 m, yize kulula kakhulu uma umphakeli elenga angadluli ukuphakama komuntu.
Ukuheha izinyoni, beka abaphakeli ezindaweni ezifanayo ukuze izinyoni zilethe ukukhula okuncane lapha.
Ukuphakela njengesisusa sokuziphendukela kwemvelo
Izinyoni ezifukamela ubusika ziyavela lapho zondliwa njalo. Lesi siphetho, esivezwe emakhasini ephephabhuku i-Current Biology, senziwe yizazi zezinyoni eziye zabona i-warbler enekhanda elimnyama iminyaka eminingana. Emkhakheni wokubuka kososayensi kwafika abantu abangu-2 bakaSylvia atricapilla abavela eJalimane, ababehlukaniswe ngamakhilomitha angama-800 kuphela. Izinyoni zombili lezi zizwe zindiza zaya eMedithera ebusika, zidla iminqumo nezithelo ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II.
Ngawo-1960, ingxenye yama-warblers (cishe i-10%) yaqala ubusika e-Albion enenkungu, eyayisizwa ukondliwa okusebenzayo kwezinyoni ngamaNgisi anakekelayo. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA kukhombisile ukuthi ama-warblers wabantu ababili, aqhubeka nokuthuthela eMedithera, akhombisa ukufana okukhulu komunye nomunye (ngisho nangebanga elingu-800 km) kunalabo abafudukela e-UK.
Izazi ze-ornithologists ziyaqiniseka ngokubaluleka kokwehluka kwezakhi zofuzo okubonwa kuma-warblers enani elifanayo labantu ebusika emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, womabili amagatsha wabantu aqala ukwehluka ngaphandle.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba abacwaningi begcizelela, kusesekuseni kakhulu ukuthola iziphetho zomhlaba, ngoba uSylvia atricapilla waqala ukubusika ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene kungekudala. Noma kunjalo, ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo basikisela ukuthi babambe ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu kwaba yizinhlobo ezi-2 ezizimele, ezenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya eliqondile labantu.
Izinyoni zasebusika
ERussia, lokhu kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-70, kepha ama-ornithologists aseRussia minyaka yonke alungisa lesi sibalo, evuselela uhlu lwezinyoni zasebusika ezivela maphakathi nezwe lethu. Uhlu (ngenxa yesivuvujikelele) luyanezelwa yizinyoni eziyimizulane, ezihlala eduze nezindawo zokuhlala lapho kubanda khona.
Ngokuvamile, izinyoni zasemanzini, ezithola imizimba yamanzi engashisi ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele, ihlala ebusika ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Izinyoni ezihlala ebusika emahlathini nasemasimini aziyeki umsebenzi wazo owusizo wokuqothula izinambuzane.
Undlunkulu
Leli gama livame ukufihla undlunkulu wasendlini, uhlobo oluthandwa kakhulu futhi olungazikhukhumezi lohlobo lwangempela lwondlunkulu. Cishe wonke ama-subspecies ayi-12, ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile, ahlala impilo yokuhlala futhi anamathele kubantu. Ondlunkulu bendlu bahlala ezindaweni eziseningizimu nasenyakatho zomhlaba (kufaka phakathi i-Eurasia, i-Australia, iNyakatho / iNingizimu Melika, iNingizimu Afrika, iNew Zealand neziqhingi eziningi), kepha abakwazanga ukuzivumelanisa ne-Arctic kuphela.
Owesilisa ubonakala kalula ngendawo emnyama enwebeka ngaphezu kwesilevu, umphimbo / i-goiter naphezulu kwesifuba, kanye nangompunga omnyama (hhayi onsundu onsundu, njengomqhele wesifazane). Insikazi inomphimbo nekhanda empunga, kuthi umugqa ophuzi omphuzi ophuzi ugijima phezu kweso.
Undlunkulu wasendlini ongaphumeleli, njengoba kwenzekile, ungowesifazane oyedwa, futhi ungena emshadweni wesibili kuphela ngemuva kokushona komlingani wakhe.
Izinyoni zithanda omnivorous futhi zaziwa ngokungahloniphi kwazo - azinqikazi ukuphephezela etafuleni le-cafe elisemgwaqeni ukucosha imvuthu ezimbalwa. Undlunkulu wasendlini unesikhathi esifushane sokuphila, hhayi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-5. Amahemuhemu ondlunkulu abaphila kabili isikhathi eside awabhalwanga.
IBullfinch
Leli lungu lomndeni we-finch likhulu kancane kunondlunkulu wasendlini, kepha libukeka likhulu kakhulu ngenxa yokwakheka kwalo okuminyene. Owesilisa uhlukaniswa ngesisu esibomvu, umbala wakhe wenziwa ngcono yimibala ebomvu yezihlathi, umphimbo nezinhlangothi (ngokungafani nowesifazane ocwazimulayo). Abesifazane, ngaphezu kwalokho, abanalo umugqa omhlophe emaphikweni abo, futhi izilwane ezincane azinaso isigqoko esimnyama esimnyama emakhanda azo kuze kube se-molt yokuqala.
AmaBullfinches ahlala eYurophu, eNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga ye-Asia, kufaka phakathi iSiberia, iKamchatka neJapan. Umngcele oseningizimu webanga ufinyelela enyakatho yeSpain, ama-Apennines, enyakatho yeGrisi nasenyakatho ye-Asia Minor. Izakhamuzi eziningi zaseRussia zinesiqiniseko sokuthi i-bullfinch ivela emahlathini ethu ebusika, kepha akunjalo: ehlobo imbozwe ngamahlamvu aminyene, futhi ngemuva kwesihlahla esimbozwe yiqhwa kumane kubonakale kalula.
I-Matriarchy ibusa emindenini yama-bullfinches - i-snowball ithola ukudla, ihola owesilisa futhi ixabane nomakhelwane uma kunesidingo. Iduna liphathiswe ukukhulisa amatshwele.
Ama-Bullfinches ayazi ukuthi angayithola kanjani imbewu kumajikijolo e-rowan, ama-hop cones kanye nomjunipha, kepha akhetha kakhulu i-maple, umlotha nembewu ye-alder. I-Buckwheat ne-millet azibaphikisi abaxhasi.
I-Chizh
Omunye ongowokuzalwa emndenini we-finch, ohlala emahlathini e-coniferous nasezweni lethu kuthiwa yizinyoni ezihlala ubusika kancane. ISiskin incane kunondlunkulu, kepha ayithandeki kangako, ngenxa yengoma yamahlaya ngeSiskin-fawn.
I-siskin inezimpaphe ezingaphuzi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namakhono amahle kakhulu ezwi, ngenxa yokuthi ithengwa ngenjabulo ezimakethe zezinkukhu. I-siskin iyathamba ngokushesha futhi ijwayele ikheji, lapho ishaya khona amakhwela imiculo elula futhi ikhiphe namachwane.
Ukudla okungokwemvelo kwesiskin kubuswa izinqunqwana (ikakhulukazi i-birch / alder) nembewu ye-coniferous, exutshwe nezinambuzane ezinjenge-aphid. Izibungu ezinqunu zihamba ziyokondla amaphuphu. Ekuthunjweni, le nyoni ijwayela imbewu edlwengulwe, ifilakisi kanye ne-canary.
Abalingani be-Siskin benzelwe kuphela isidleke sonyaka. Ekwindla, imihlambi yama-siskins ifudukela lapho kutholakala khona imizimba yamanzi engabandi.
UKlest-elovik
Uyigatsha elijwayelekile, inyoni ingaphezudlwana kondlunkulu, kepha incane kuneyenkanyezi. I-Klest idume ngoqhwaku lwayo oluqinile lwesiphambano, olungasetshenziswanga ukukhipha imbewu kuphela kwizigaxa, kepha futhi nokukhuphuka ezihlahleni. UKlest-elovik uhlala eYurophu (kufaka phakathi isikhala sangemva kweSoviet), Ephakathi naseNyakatho ye-Asia, eNyakatho-Ntshonalanga Afrika, ePhilippines, ePhakathi naseNyakatho Melika.
Le nyoni ikhetha ngokuqinile futhi ihlala ikakhulukazi ngesi-spruce, imvamisa iphayini futhi ixubekile, kepha ayikaze ibe ngamahlathi omsedari.
Owesilisa angabonwa ngesifuba sokusajingijolo (kowesifazane kuba mpunga oluhlaza okotshani). Umsila namaphiko wesiphambano esivamile anombala onsundu ngokumpunga. Le nyoni ivame ukulengiswa ibheke phansi, ifinyelele kwisigaxa, futhi ibambelele egatsheni ngeminwe emide eqinile.
Isigejane “asihlubuli” isigaxa kuze kube sekugcineni, siyaneliseka cishe nge-1/3 yembewu: okunye kudliwa ngamagundane nezingwejeje. Ama-crossbill anomsindo nimble achitha isikhathi esiningi ezihlahleni, endizeni avame ukunanela ngomsindo we "cap-cap-cap". Ngokungafani nezinyoni eziningi, ziyakwazi ukuzala izingane ebusika.
I-goldfinch enekhanda elimnyama
Inyoni yengoma, incane kunondlunkulu, futhi iyaziswa yizifundiswa ngamakhono ayo amahle kakhulu ezwi. Igoldfinch evamile, noma enekhanda elimnyama, icula ngokungakhathali unyaka wonke, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yisipho sayo noma esibayeni.
Imvelo ayiklomelisanga i-goldfinch hhayi kuphela ngethalente lomculi, kepha nangokubukeka okuhehayo - izimpaphe ezimnyama neziphuzi zamaphiko, izihlathi ezimhlophe, izimpaphe ezimnyama emuva nezinsundu ezibomvu ezizungeze uqhwaku nemandible. I-dimorphism yezocansi ibonakala ebubanzi bomugqa obomvu ngaphansi komlomo: kwabesilisa ingu-8-10 mm, kwabesifazane iphindwe kabili kunesincane.
Ngokusho kwezazi ze-ornithologists, akunakwenzeka ukuthola ama-goldfinches ama-2 anombala ofanayo wezimpaphe.
Izinsalela ezivamile zegolide zihlala eYurophu, eNtshonalanga ye-Asia, eNyakatho Afrika naseNtshonalanga yeSiberia. Yize bengathandi isithwathwa, iningi lama-goldfinches lasebusika ekhaya, lisondela ezindaweni zokuhlala. Ama-Goldfinches abhubhisa izinambuzane eziyingozi zensimu ngokuncika ezibungu ze-aphid yezihlahla, kanye nembewu yokhula, kufaka phakathi i-burdock, enqatshwa ezinye izinyoni.
Schur
Isidlaliso esithandwayo sale nyoni yehlathi - iqhude laseFinland, noma upholi waseFinland - savela ngenxa yezimpaphe zabesilisa ezikhanyayo (ezinesizinda esibomvu klebhu). Abesifazane nabesilisa abancane abazwakali kangako: amabele abo, ikhanda nomhlane kupendwe ngokungaphuzi okungcolile.
I-Shchur ikhula isuka enkanyezini, ihlanganiswe kakhulu futhi ihlome ngomlomo ojiyile, osiza ukukhipha imbewu kwizigaxa nokuchoboza amajikijolo. I-shchur ejwayelekile ithanda amahlathi e-coniferous, kaningi i-taiga, lapho ivame ukuqala khona ukubizwa kwe- "ki-ki-ki", okungathi kufana ne-bullfinch. Iphinde ikhiphe ukukhala okuzwakalayo kwe- "pew-li" noma, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yokukhwelana, ishintshela kuma-trill sonor.
I-Schur ivame ukudideka ne-bullfinch ngenxa yezimpaphe ezibomvu zamabele nokunamathiselwa emlotheni wezintaba. Kuyiqiniso, uSchur, ngokungafani ne-bullfinch, uthanda izinqubo zamanzi ngaphandle kwenkathi: bathi izinyoni zabonwa zibhukuda ngisho naphakathi nobusika. Ama-Schurs ajwayela ukuthunjwa kalula, kodwa maye, ayenqaba ukuzala.
Ibhungane elinamakhanda aphuzi
Yaziwa njengenyoni encane kunazo zonke (kuphela amasentimitha ayi-10) eYurophu kanye nenyoni kazwelonke yaseLuxembourg. I-kinglet ibizwa ngegama layo emgqeni wegolide oqondiswe hhayi kuzungezo, njengoba kufanele kube ngumqhele wangempela, kodwa nasekhanda. “Umqhele” (owolintshi kowesilisa nophuzi kowesifazane) weqa isigqoko esimnyama esigqokweni, futhi awukho nhlobo kwabancane.
Umbala ojwayelekile wezimpaphe ofana nowesiskin ungumnquma, futhi ukwakheka komzimba okufana nele-warbler kungumzimba oyindilinga, ikhanda elikhulu elinentamo engabonakali kanye nomsila omfushane.
Izidleke zebhungane ezinamakhanda aphuzi emahlathini e-coniferous / exubile (futhi nase-taiga ejulile), kanye nasezivandeni nasemapaki lapho kukhula khona ama-spruces amadala. Iningi lazo yizinyoni ezihlala phansi, ezijwayele ukufuduka okungajwayelekile ebusika. Indlela yokuphila ifana nezinsikazi: ngazo i-kinglet nayo izulazula, ihambela kude ngaphesheya kwemingcele yama-biotopes esidleke.
Ukusuka emhlabathini, ubuhlalu cishe abubonakali, njengoba bugcinwa buphezulu emiqheleni. Lapha bahlala bephenya kusuka egatsheni baye egatsheni, bebonisa ukuma okuhlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukubheka phansi. I-kinglet iyathemba futhi iyakwazi ukuvumela umuntu ukuthi avale, kepha hhayi ngesikhathi sokufukamela.
Magpie
Inyoni eyinganekwane enezimpaphe ezimnyama nezimhlophe eziphikisanayo, ekhazinyuliswa ezingomeni, ezinganekwaneni nasezinkondlweni. Abesifazane nabesilisa banemibala efanayo, kepha lezi zamuva zinokukhanya kwensimbi okugqamile (okuluhlaza / okunsomi) komsila omise okwe-fan ovula indiza. Uqhwaku nemilenze ye-magpie kumnyama, futhi okumhlophe kumboza izinhlangothi zayo, isisu, amahlombe kanye nomhlane ongezansi.
Inyoni endala isisindo esisuka ku-200 kuye ku-300 g ngobude bephiko obungu-19-22 cm kanye nomsila ofinyelela ku-22-31 cm.
AmaMagpies ahlala ngamaqembu amancane, kwesinye isikhathi aqoqana emhlanjini omkhulu wabantu abafinyelela kuma-200. Lezi zinyoni ezihlala ebusika ziningi impela kwezinye izindawo, kepha azivamile emadolobheni amakhulu nasemadolobheni anabantu abaningi.
Okokwakha izidleke, uvame ukukhetha:
- amahlathi ahlanganisiwe futhi axubekile, lapho kunemiphetho khona;
- izingadi nezixuku;
- amabhande ehlathi;
- izihlahlana zezihlahla.
UMagpie akazesabi izintaba, lapho kutholakala khona endaweni ephakeme ye-1.5-2.6 km ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, njengomthetho, hhayi kude namanzi. Ngesimo sezulu esibandayo, indizela emasimini agundiwe, emapulazini nasezindaweni zokulahla inqwaba yedolobha.
Isihloko esihle
Hhayi kuphela ngobukhulu, kepha futhi nezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zohlobo lwe-tit, olubizwa nangokuthi i-bolshak. Ifana nondlunkulu ngosayizi, kepha idlula ukukhanya kwayo kwezimpaphe - ikepisi elimnyama libenyezela ekhanda lomgwaqo omkhulu, isisu esiphuzi esikhanyayo sihlukaniswe "ngothayi" omnyama kusuka esifubeni kuye emsileni, izihlathi zipendwe mhlophe. Abesilisa bahlala becacisa kakhulu kunabesifazane.
I-tit enkulu ivamile e-Eurasia, eMiddle East nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika. Lezi zinyoni ezinelukuluku futhi ezisebenzayo zivame ukuhlala eduze kwabantu (ezingadini, ezigcawini nasemapaki), kanye nasemasimini, emagqumeni amancane nasemahlathini.
I-tit enkulu i-omnivorous futhi idla kokubili izitshalo nezilwane (ikakhulukazi lapho zondla amaphuphu) ukudla:
- amabhungane nezintethe;
- amacimbi nezintuthwane;
- izicabucabu nezimbungulu;
- omiyane nezimpukane;
- ubhekilanga, i-rye, ukolweni, ummbila kanye nembewu ye-oat;
- imbewu / amajikijolo e-birch, i-linden, i-maple, i-elderberry nabanye;
- amantongomane amancane.
AmaBolshaks, ikakhulukazi abesilisa, angabaculi abahle abanokuhlukahluka kwemisindo okungafika kuma-40 ku-arsenal yabo. Bacula unyaka wonke, bathule kuphela ekwindla nasekupheleni kwasebusika kuphela.
I-Waxwing
Inyoni enhle kakhulu ene-motley enesici, cishe engabonakali lapho indiza. Abesifazane abahle kangako kunabesilisa, ngoba ekugcineni umbala wokuqhathanisa unamandla futhi ucacile - ikhanda elibomvu ngokubomvu, umphimbo omnyama nomaski, izimpaphe ezibomvu, ezimhlophe, ezibomvu emaphikweni kanye nethiphu eliphuzi lomsila ligqame ngokumelene nomlando ogcwele umlotha.
I-Waxwing ithanda amahlathi ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, izingadi nezihlahlana, lapho kufika khona imihlambi yamashumi, amakhulu ngisho nezinkulungwane zezinyoni. Ukudla okuyinhloko ebusika kwama-waxwings yi-mountain ash. Ehlobo nasekwindla, izinyoni zidla ama-snowberries, ama-rose hips, ama-elderberries, amajikijolo amajida nembewu ye-apula.
Okubalulekile. I-Waxworms ilala endaweni ethile uma icebile ekudleni. Ngaphandle kwalokho, imihlambi yezinyoni izulazula ifuna ukudla, ihambela kude nezindawo zokwakha izidleke.
Lapho isivuno semithi yasendle simpofu, kulapho ama-waxwings asebusika ebanda kakhulu emadolobheni nasemadolobheni. Izinyoni ziminzile, futhi amajikijolo awanaso isikhathi sokugaya, okunomthelela ekusakazekeni kwezitshalo ezidliwayo.
Isikhova
Mhlawumbe umhlaseli ophawuleka kakhulu ovela ekuhlelweni kwezikhova, okunokubonakala okugqamile - umzimba omkhulu omise umgqomo, amehlo akhanyayo e-orenji, "izindlebe zezimpaphe" (izimpaphe ezimile ngaphezu kwamehlo) nezinwele ezikhululekile ze-motley. Isikhova siphendula ikhanda laso ngama-degree angama-270 futhi singandiza buthule phakathi kwezihlahla.
Isikhova asibonwa hhayi kuphela ezindaweni eziningi zase-Eurasia, kodwa naseNyakatho Afrika (kuze kufike ku-15th parallel). Inyoni ejwayelekile yasebusika, izizwa ngokuzethemba kuma-biotopes ahlukahlukene, kusuka ku-taiga kuya ogwadule, ngezikhathi ezithile ivela emapulazini ngisho nasemapaki asedolobheni.
Izintshisekelo zokhozi lwe-ukhozi lubanzi futhi lubandakanya ama-vertebrate kanye nezingenamgogodla:
- amagundane;
- ama-lagomorphs;
- weasel;
- inzalo yama-ungulates;
- ama-hedgehogs, avame ukudliwa ngezinaliti;
- izimpaphe;
- inhlanzi;
- ezihuquzelayo kanye nasemanzini.
Isikhova ukhozi asiboni ubunzima ekukhetheni ukudla, sishintsha kalula sisuka kolunye uhlobo siye kolunye futhi sithanda ukudla okungabizi kakhulu.
Imikhuba yokudla incike endaweni. Isibonelo, izikhova zokhozi esifundazweni saseNorway iRogaland zigxile kumaxoxo otshani (kufika ku-45% wokudla).
Isikhova sinezwi elikhulu nomlando ocebile - kusukela ekuqothuleni ngokubonakalayo nangokubhonga kuze kube ukukhala nokuhleka. Ngendlela, owokugcina uthi inyoni ayijabule, kepha wethukile.
UJay
Le nyoni, eyathola igama layo isuka esenzweni esidala saseRussia esithi “to shine”, ichaza isimo sayo esimnandi kanye nezimpaphe ezinhle, umbala wayo onombala we-beige ohambisana nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okumhlophe nokumnyama emaphikweni. I-jay endala isisindo esingaba ngama-200 g ngokukhula okungama-40 cm futhi ihlotshiswe nge-perky tuft ekhuphuka lapho ixwayisiwe.
Uqhwaku oluqinile olubukhali lujwayele ukuhlukanisa izithelo ezinzima, ama-acorn namantongomane. Imenyu ye-jay ilawulwa uhlaza (okusanhlamvu, imbewu kanye namajikijolo), ahlanganiswe ngezikhathi ezithile namaprotheni ezilwane, njenge:
- izinambuzane nama-arachnids;
- ezingenamgogodla njengezikelemu;
- amagundane amancane;
- izibankwa;
- amaxoxo;
- amaqanda namachwane.
Ijay inebanga elide ngokwanele, elihlanganisa cishe lonke elaseYurophu, eNyakatho Afrika nase-Asia Minor. Lezi zinhlobo zihlala eCaucasus, eChina naseJapan, eMongolia naseKorea, eSiberia naseSakhalin. UJays ngokuzithandela uhlala emahlathini (ama-coniferous, deciduous and mixed), ekhetha izihlahla ze-oki. Le nyoni ayibalekeli amapaki anganakiwe, kanye nezihlahla ezinde (imvamisa eningizimu).
I-Nutcracker
Uyi-walnut ovela emndenini we-corvid. Akumangazi ukuthi uma ukude le nyoni engamasentimitha angama-30 ingaphanjaniswa negwababa. Vala phezulu, izinhlaka ezijwayelekile zamagwababa ziyangqubuzana nombala we-atypical - ikhanda nomzimba we-nutcracker akuwona omnyama, kepha onsundu, onendawo emhlophe ebonakalayo, inamaphiko amhlophe nomsila omnyama. I-dimorphism yezocansi ibuthakathaka: abesifazane bayakhanya / bancanyana kancane futhi banamabala afiphele emzimbeni.
Ama-Nutcrackers ahlala kusuka eScandinavia kuya eJapane, ekhetha amahlathi we-taiga ukuze akhe izidleke, ikakhulukazi amahlathi ephayini. Izinyoni azesabi isithwathwa esibi, noma ngabe izinga lokushisa lehla ngaphansi kuka-40 degrees Celsius.
Etafuleni le-nutcracker, imikhiqizo efana:
- ama-acorn;
- imbewu yezihlahla ezinamakhaza / izihlahla;
- izithelo ze-hazel;
- amajikijolo;
- ama-invertebrate amancane.
AbakwaNutcrackers bahlakaniphile, njengawo wonke ama-corvids: ukuqoqa amantongomane, balahla asonakele, futhi babekelele usuku lwemvula, bafihle amantongomane emigodini, ngaphansi kophahla, noma bagqitshwe emhlabathini.
Ngesinye isikhathi inyoni ithwala amantongomane kaphayini afinyelela kwangu-100, iwabeka esikhwameni se-hyoid.
Ama-Nutcrackers ahlala ngamunye ngamunye noma emihlambini, ahamba amabanga amafushane lapho ukudla kuphelile. Izinyunyana zomndeni zakhiwa kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo.
Isikhova esimhlophe
Inkulu kunezinye izikhova ezihlala endaweni enetundra, futhi abesifazane bezinhlobo babeka amarekhodi, akhule afike kuma-70 cm futhi enesisindo esingu-3.3.2 kg. Ekuthunjweni, izinyoni zihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu, kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30, kepha isigamu ubude endle.
Inhloko yesikhova se-polar iyindilinga, izimpaphe, zisifihla phakathi kweqhwa, zimhlophe ngemichilo. Abesilisa bamhlophe kunabesifazane nezilwane ezincane ezinenani elikhulu lokumakwa okungafani. Amehlo aphuzi ngokukhanyayo, uqhwaku lumnyama ngezimpaphe-bristles, izimpaphe ezinyaweni ziphambuka zibe "izinwele", amaphiko afinyelela ku-1.7 m.
Isikhova esineqhwa, esaziwa njengohlobo oluthile lokuzulazula, sidonsela ezindaweni ezivulekile, njengomthetho, itundra, kaningi maqondana ne-steppe ne-forest-tundra.
Uhlala e-Eurasia, eNyakatho Melika, eGreenland naseziqhingini ngazinye zoLwandle i-Arctic. Ukusetha phansi, kugwema uhlaza olude, olungenxa yendlela yokuzingela - kusuka phansi, ukuhlala egqumeni. Ukusuka lapho, ihlola indawo ezungezile futhi, lapho ibona inyamazane, indizela kuyo, ishaya amaphiko ayo kakhulu ukuze ifake izinzipho ezibukhali emhlane wayo.
Ukudla kwesikhova esimhlophe kuqukethe izidalwa eziphilayo:
- amagundane, ngokuvamile ama-lemmings;
- ama-hares nama-pikas;
- ukuqeda;
- ama-hedgehogs;
- amahansi namadada;
- ama-partridges;
- inhlanzi nesidumbu.
Izidliwayo zigwinya umdlalo omncane wonke, umdlalo omkhulu - ziwuse esidlekeni bese uziqeda, ziwudwengule ube yizicucu. Okudingekayo nsuku zonke ngamagundane ama-4. Izikhova ezineqhwa zizingela ngemva kokuntwela kokusa nantambama, zindiza kude nesidleke sazo. Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, izikhova ezineqhwa ziyathula, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ziyakhala, zikhala ngokungazelelwe, zikhonkothe futhi zihhehle.
Amajuba
Zimelela umndeni wejuba futhi zihlala eduze kwabantu, zihlakazeke umhlaba wonke, ngaphandle kwe-Arctic ne-Antarctic. Isisindo samajuba eqiniso sihlobene nezinhlobo futhi sisuka ku-0.2 kuye ku-0.65 kg. Amajuba ahlukile ngezimpawu zombala nezimpaphe - izinyoni zingaba pink, peach noma ezinemibala eminingi, njengopholi. Kwesinye isikhathi izimpaphe ziba nephethini, zigobile noma zenze uhlobo lomsila wepigogo.
Amajuba, ikakhulukazi asemadolobheni, acishe abe omnivorous, njengoba efinyelela kudoti. Ngokuvamile, imenyu yamajuba wangempela iqukethe:
- imbewu nezinhlamvu;
- izithelo namajikijolo;
- izinambuzane.
Ukungathobeki kwamajuba ngokudla okungachazeki kuchazwa ngenani elincane lamahlumela wokunambitha - ama-37 kuphela ngokumelene nama-receptors ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi umuntu ngamunye anawo.
