Lesi sigcawu esikhulu sikhuliswe ngenjabulo emhlabeni wonke. I-goliath tarantula (ubukhulu besandla somuntu wesilisa) yinhle, iyabhibha, ayizithobi futhi iyakwazi nokuzala ekuthunjweni.
Incazelo ye-goliath tarantula
Isicabucabu esikhulu kunazo zonke se-migalomorphic, u-Theraphosa blondi, ngumndeni omkhulu we-Theraphosidae (ovela e-Orthognatha suborder) wezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-800. Igama elithi "izicabucabu ze-tarantula" laqanjwa nguMaria Sibylla Merian, umdwebi wezilwane waseJalimane owabonisa ochungechungeni lwezimpawu zakhe ehlasela ukuhlinzekwa kwesicabucabu esikhulu kwi-hummingbird.
Umsebenzi wakhe "iMetamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium" enemidwebo yesilo sama-arachnid wethulwa emphakathini ngo-1705, kodwa kuphela ikhulu leminyaka kamuva (ngo-1804) uTheraphosa blondi wathola incazelo yesayensi kusosayensi wezinambuzane waseFrance uPierre André Latreil.
Ukubukeka
Njengezinye izicabucabu, umzimba we-goliath tarantula uqukethe izingxenye ezimbili ezixhunywe ngeshubhu ekhethekile - i-cephalothorax nesisu esisemqoka. Cishe i-20-30% yevolumu ye-cephalothorax isebuchosheni. Isihlangu se-dorsal sesicabucabu se-goliath sinokulingana nobude obulinganayo.
I-cephalothorax ihlukaniswe nge-groove yaba izingxenye ezimbili, i-cephalic ne-thoracic, kanti eyokuqala ifakwe ngamabili emilenze emibili. Lawa ama-chelicerae, aqukethe ingxenye eyodwa ejiyile enozipho oluhambayo (ngaphansi kwethiphu lawo kukhona ukuvuleka kwesitolo esinobuhlungu) kanye ne-pedipalps, ehlukaniswe izingxenye eziyisithupha.
Umlomo, owenzelwe ukumunca okuqukethwe okuthambile, utholakala esiqongweni sesifuba esiphakathi kwe-chelicerae. Amapheya amane emilenze, ngalinye lawo elenziwe izingxenye ezi-7, linamathiselwe ngqo ku-cephalothorax, ngemuva kwe-pedipalps. I-goliath tarantula ipendwe ngokuzithiba, ngemibala ehlukene ensundu noma empunga, kepha imivimbo elula iyabonakala emilenzeni, ihlukanisa ingxenye eyodwa kolunye.
Kuyathakazelisa. I-Theraphosa blondi enoboya - izinwele ezinde azimbozi nje kuphela izitho, kepha nesisu, izinwele ezihlabayo ezisetshenziselwa ukuvikela. Isicabucabu sibahlanganisa ngomlenze wasemuva sibheke esitheni.
Izinwele zisebenza njengegesi wezinyembezi, okwenza ukulunywa, amehlo ahlabayo, ukuvuvukala nobuthakathaka obujwayelekile. Izilwane ezincane (amagundane) zivame ukufa, ezinkulu zihlehle. Kubantu, izinwele zingabangela ukungezwani komzimba, kanye nokuwohloka kombono uma kungena emehlweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinwele ezithatha ukunyakaza okuncane kakhulu komoya / kwenhlabathi zithatha indawo yesicabucabu (ngaphandle kwezindlebe kusukela ekuzalweni) kokuzwa, ukuthinta nokunambitha. Isicabucabu asazi ukuthi singakubona kanjani ukunambitheka ngomlomo - uboya obuzwelayo emilenzeni "bika" kuye ngokudla kwesisulu. Futhi, izinwele ziba yinto ethuthukisiwe lapho yeluka iwebhu esidlekeni.
Ubukhulu besicabucabu se-goliath
Kukholakala ukuthi owesilisa osekhulile ukhula aze afike ku-4-8.5 cm (ngaphandle kwezitho), nowesifazane - aze afike ku-7-10.4 cm. I-Chelicerae ikhula ngokwesilinganiso efinyelela ku-1.5-2 cm. Isikhathi somlenze ezimweni ezingavamile sifinyelela Amasentimitha angama-30, kepha kaningi kakudluli amasentimitha ayi-15-20. Izinkomba zosayizi werekhodi zingezabafazi bakaTheraphosa blondi, isisindo sabo esivame ukufika kumagremu ayi-150-170. Kwakuyisibonelo esinje ngesikhala semilenze esingu-28 cm, esabanjwa eVenezuela (1965), esangena eGuinness Book of Records.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
I-goliath tarantula ngayinye inendawo yomuntu siqu, indawo yayo ebalwa ngamamitha ambalwa ukusuka endaweni yokukhosela. Izicabucabu azithandi ukushiya lair kude futhi isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke zizama ukuzingela eduzane ukuze zihudulele inyamazane yazo endlini.
Imigodi ejulile yabanye abantu ivame ukusebenza njengesiphephelo, abanikazi bayo (amagundane amancane) bafa ngokulwa nezicabucabu ze-goliath, ngasikhathi sinye bebakhululela indawo yokuhlala.
Isicabucabu siqinisa ukungena kwalo mgodi ngezintambo zomhlanga, ngasikhathi sinye sigoqa izindonga ngokuqinile ngaso. Akakudingi ngempela ukukhanya, njengoba engaboni kahle. Abesifazane bahlala emgodini ingxenye enkulu yosuku, bayishiya ngesikhathi sokuzingela ebusuku noma ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Ukubhekana nezidalwa eziphilayo, izicabucabu ze-tarantula zisebenzisa i-chelicerae enobuthi (ngasendleleni, zibhoboza kalula intende yomuntu). I-Chelicerae iyasetshenziswa futhi lapho wazisa isitha ngokuhlaselwa okuhleliwe: isicabucabu sibahlikihla, siveza i-hiss ehlukile.
Ukuqothula
Ukushintsha ikhava e-chitinous ye-goliath tarantula kunzima kakhulu kangangokuba isicabucabu sibonakala sizalwa kabusha. Akumangazi ukuthi iminyaka yesicabucabu (lapho igcinwa ekhaya) ilinganiswa ngama-molts. I-molt ngayinye elandelayo iqala isigaba esisha empilweni yesicabucabu. Ukuzilungiselela, izicabucabu zize zenqabe nokudla: abasha baqala ukulamba isonto lonke, abantu abadala - izinyanga eziyi-1-3 ngaphambi kwe-molt elindelekile.
Ukushintshwa kwe-exoskeleton ephelelwe yisikhathi (i-exuvium) kuhambisana nokwanda kosayizi cishe izikhathi eziyi-1.5, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezingxenye zomzimba ezilukhuni, ikakhulukazi imilenze. Yibo, noma kunalokho, ubukhulu babo, ababhekene nosayizi womuntu othile. Isisu se-tarantula siba sincane ngandlela-thile, sizuze isisindo futhi sigcwalise phakathi kwama-molts (izinwele ezilumayo ezikhula esiswini ziwa esikhaleni esifanayo).
Iqiniso. Intsha uTheraphosa blondi ichitha cishe njalo ngenyanga. Njengoba zikhula, izikhawu phakathi kwama-molts ziba zinde futhi zibe zinde. UGoliath wesifazane ovuthiwe ngokobulili uchithe ikhava yabo yakudala cishe kanye ngonyaka.
Ngaphambi kokuncibilika, isicabucabu sihlala simnyama njalo, sinesisu esinezicucu ezinendawo ezinempandla ngokuphelele, kusuka lapho izinwele zikanywa khona, nobukhulu bayo obulinganiselwe. Iphuma ku-molt, i-goliath ayigcini nje ngokukhula ibe nkulu, kodwa futhi iyakhanya, isisu siwa ngokuqaphelekayo, kepha kuvela izinwele ezintsha ezitinyayo kuso.
Ukukhululwa kukhava wangaphambilini kuvame ukwenzeka ngemuva, imvamisa kunzima, lapho isicabucabu singakwazi ukwelula imilenze engu-1-2 / izinyawo. Kulokhu, i-tarantula iyabalahla: ngo-3-4 ama-molts alandelayo, izitho ziyabuyiselwa. Umbhalo wezitho zakhe zokuzala uhlala esikhunjeni esilahlwe ngowesifazane, okulula ngaso ukukhomba ubulili be-tarantula, ikakhulukazi lapho isencane.
Ahlala isikhathi esingakanani ama-goliath
Ama-Tarantulas, nezicabucabu ze-goliath azikho ngaphandle, ziphila ngaphezu kwamanye ama-arthropods asemhlabeni, kepha impilo yazo incike ebulilini - abesifazane bahlala kulo mhlaba isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kwezimo zokufakelwa, isikhathi sempilo kaTheraphosa blondi sinqunywa yizinto ezifana nokushisa / umswakama ku-terrarium kanye nokutholakala kokudla.
Okubalulekile. Ukudla okumpofu nokubandayo (ngokulinganisela!) Isimo, i-tarantula ihamba kancane ikhula futhi ikhule. Izinqubo zakhe zomzimba zivinjelwe futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuguga komzimba.
Izazi ze-Arachnologists azikafiki esivumelwaneni mayelana nesikhathi sempilo kaTheraphosa blondi, ukuma ezinombolweni zeminyaka emi-3 kuya kwengu-10, yize kunemininingwane yabantu abalinganiselwa eminyakeni eyikhulu kuya kwengu-30 yalolu hlobo.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Umehluko phakathi kobulili, njengoba sathola, uzibonakalisa empilweni yama-goliaths: abesilisa (abazuze ukuzala) ezimweni eziningi abachitheki futhi bafe ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva kokukhwelana. Abesifazane baphindwe kaningi kunabesilisa ngokwesikhathi sokuphila emhlabeni, futhi futhi babukeka behlaba umxhwele futhi besinda.
I-dimorphism yezocansi yesicabucabu se-goliath ayiphawulwa ngosayizi kuphela, kepha nakwizici zobulili zesibili ezivezwa ngabesilisa abavuthiwe ngokocansi kuphela:
- "Ama-bulbs" kuzeluleko zezindlebe, ezidingekayo ukuhambisa isidoda kowesifazane;
- "I-Spur" noma imiqolo emincane engxenyeni yesithathu yephuphu lesithathu (tibial).
Isibonisi esihle kakhulu sokuvuthwa ngokocansi kowesifazane kubhekwa njengokuziphatha kwakhe lapho ebeka umuntu wobulili obuhlukile.
Indawo yokuhlala
Isicabucabu i-goliath sesizinze emahlathini emvula aseVenezuela, eSuriname, eGuyana nasenyakatho neBrazil, sikhetha indawo enamanzi enemigodi eminingi eshiyiwe. Lapha izicabucabu zicasha elangeni elishisa bhe. Kanye nokukhanyisa okuphansi, badinga umswakama kanye nokushisa okuphezulu (80-95%) (okungenani ama-25-30 ° С). Ukuvimbela izidleke ukuthi zingakhukhulwa yimvula yasezindaweni ezishisayo, ama-goliath azihlomisa emagqumeni.
Ukudla kwe-Goliath tarantula
Izicabucabu zezinhlobo ziyakwazi ukubulawa yindlala izinyanga ngaphandle kwemiphumela yezempilo, kepha, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zinesifiso esihle kakhulu sokudla, ikakhulukazi lapho zithunjwa.
Iqiniso. I-Theraphosa blondi yaziwa njengesilwane esidla ezinye izilwane, kepha njengezinhlobo ezihlobene nayo, ayithetheleli igama lomndeni (ama-tarantula), ngoba ayihloselwe ukusetshenziswa kwenyama yenkukhu njalo.
Ukudla kwe-tarantula kaGoliath, ngaphezu kwezinyoni, kufaka phakathi:
- ama-arachnids amancane;
- amaphela nezimpukane;
- izikelemu zegazi;
- amagundane amancane;
- izibankwa nezinyoka;
- amasele namaxoxo;
- inhlanzi nokuningi.
UTheraphosa blondi ubuka isisulu ngokuqamekela (ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iwebhu): ngalesi sikhathi akasanyakazi ngokuphelele futhi uhlala ezolile amahora amaningi. Umsebenzi wesicabucabu ulingana ngokulingana nokusutha kwawo - insikazi edliwayo ayishiyi umgodi izinyanga.
Lapho ibona into efanelekile, i-goliath iyayishaya bese iyaluma, ifaka ushevu ngomphumela wokukhubazeka. Isisulu asikwazi ukunyakaza, futhi isicabucabu simgcwalisa ngejusi lokugaya elincisa ingaphakathi. Sesisithambisile saba sesimweni esifiselekayo, isicabucabu simunca uketshezi, kepha asithinti isikhumba, isembozo namathambo.
Ekuthunjweni, ama-tarantula abantu abadala anikezwa ukudla okuphilayo kanye namagundane / amaxoxo abulawe, kanye nezilayi zenyama. Kubalulekile kubantu abasha (kuze kufike ku-4-5 molts) ukukhetha izinambuzane zokudla ezifanele: akufanele zeqe u-1/2 wesisu sesicabucabu. Izinambuzane ezinkulu zingasabisa i-goliath, zivuse ingcindezi futhi zenqabe ukudla.
Ukunakwa. Ubuthi be-goliath tarantula abubi kumuntu ophilile futhi buqhathaniswa nemiphumela yaso naleyo yenyosi: indawo yokuluma ibuhlungu kancane futhi iyavuvukala. Umkhuhlane, ubuhlungu obukhulu, ukudlikizela, kanye nokungezwani komzimba nakho akuvamile.
Izilwane ezifuywayo, isibonelo, amagundane namakati, zibulawa ukulunywa nguTheraphosa blondi, kepha akukho miphumela ebulalayo erekhodiwe maqondana nabantu. Kodwa-ke, lezi zigcawu akufanele zigcinwe emindenini enezingane ezincane noma abantu abajwayele ukungezwani nezinto ezithile.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izicabucabu zikaGoliyati zizala unyaka wonke. Indoda, eheha ukunakwa kwesifazane, ishaya umqulu wesigubhu eduze komhume wayo: uma umlingani esekulungele, uvumela ukukhwelana. Owesilisa uphatha i-chelicera yakhe ngezingwegwe zakhe ze-tibial, ehambisa imbewu kuma-pedipalps ngaphakathi kowesifazane.
Lapho eseqedile ukwenza ucansi, umlingani uyabaleka, njengoba owesifazane evame ukulwela ukumudla. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, uluka umfece oqukethe amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-50 kuye kweziyizi-2. Umama ngokuthuka uqapha umfece amasonto ayisithupha kuya kwayisithupha, awudlulise awuphendule aze aqhamuke ama-nymphs (izicabucabu ezisanda kuzalwa). Ngemuva kwama-molts ama-2, i-nymph iba yisibungu - isicabucabu esincane esigcwele. Abesilisa bathola ukuzala ngeminyaka eyi-1.5, abesifazane abekho ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-2-2.5.
Izitha zemvelo
UTheraphosa blondi, yize enobuthi bokuzalwa, abazimbalwa kangako. Izilwane ezinkulu azinantshisekelo ku-goliath, kepha yena nenzalo yakhe bavame ukuba yisisulu sokuzingela sabazingeli abalandelayo:
- i-scolopendra, njenge-Scolopendra gigantea (ubude obungama-40 cm);
- ofezela abavela kuhlobo lwe-Liocheles, i-Hemilychas, i-Isometrus, i-Lychas, i-Urodacus (ngokwengxenye) ne-Isometroides;
- izicabucabu ezinkulu zohlobo lweLicosidae;
- izintuthwane;
- i-toad-aha, noma i-Bufo marinus.
Lesi sakamuva, ngasendleleni, sikwazile ukugibela emigodini lapho kukhona khona abesifazane abanezingane ukuze badle izingane ezisanda kuzalwa.
Futhi, ama-goliath tarantulas abhubha ngaphansi kwezinselo zababhaki abasebenza kanzima.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
UTheraphosa blondi akekho ohlwini lwe-IUCN Red List, olubonisa ukuthi akukho ukukhathazeka ngalolu hlobo lwe-tarantula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangazala kabusha ekuthunjweni, okusho ukuthi abasongelwa ngokuqothulwa noma ukwehla kwabantu.
