Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela zezimpawu zezindlovu eziqanjwe ngegama ngokwengxenye yomhlaba. Lezi yizilwane ezihluke ngokuphelele, ubulili bezingane ezisanda kuzalwa obunqunywa izinga lokushisa kwamanzi nezimo zezulu ezijwayelekile.
Incazelo yophawu lwendlovu
Ukutholwa kokuqala kwemivubukulo yezindlovu kusalindwe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule... Izilwane zathola igama lazo ngenxa yenqubo encane endaweni yomlomo, ebukeka kakhulu njengomboko wendlovu. Yize isici esihlukile kangaka "sigqokwa" ngabesilisa kuphela. Umlomo wesifazana ubushelelezi ngekhala elihlale licocekile. Ekhaleni lakho kokubili lokho kanye nabanye kunezimpawu ezibabazekayo - izimpondo ezizwelayo.
Kuyathakazelisa!Unyaka ngamunye, izimpawu zezindlovu zichitha uhhafu wesizini yasebusika zingcolisa. Ngalesi sikhathi, bakhasa baphumele ogwini, isikhumba sabo sigcwala amabhamuza amaningi bese siphuma singqimba ngokoqobo. Kubukeka kungathandeki, futhi imizwa ayisajabuli.
Le nqubo ibuhlungu, ibangela ukungakhululeki esilwaneni. Ngaphambi kokuthi konke kudlule futhi umzimba wakhe umbozwe ngoboya obusha, kuzodlula isikhathi esiningi, isilwane sizokwehla emzimbeni, sithathe ukubukeka sikhathele futhi sikhathele. Ngemuva kokuphela kwe-molt, uphawu lwezindlovu lubuyela emanzini ukuyothatha amanoni nokugcwalisa amandla abo omhlangano ozayo nabobulili obuhlukile.
Ukubukeka
Lawa angabamele abakhulu bomndeni wezimpawu. Zihluka ngokwendawo ngezinhlobo ezimbili - eningizimu nasenyakatho. Izakhamizi zezifunda eziseningizimu zikhudlwana ngosayizi kunabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. I-dimorphism yezocansi kulezi zilwane ibizwa kakhulu. Abesilisa (kokubili eningizimu nasenyakatho) bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane. Owesilisa ovuthiwe ngokocansi ngokwesilinganiso unesisindo esingaba ngu-3000-6000 kg futhi ufinyelela kubude obungamamitha amahlanu. Insikazi ngeke ifinyelele kuma-900 kilograms futhi ikhule cishe ngamamitha ama-3. Kunezinhlobo ezingekho ngaphansi kwezingu-33 zama-pinniped, futhi izimvu zamanzi zezindlovu yizona ezinkulu kunazo zonke.
Umbala wejazi lesilwane uncike ezintweni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ubulili besilwane, izinhlobo, ubudala nesikhathi sonyaka. Ngokuya ngabo, ijazi lingaba bomvu, likhanye noma libe nsundu ngokunyama noma mpunga. Ngokuvamile, abesifazane babamnyama kancane kunabesilisa, izinwele zabo zisondele kumbala womhlaba. Abesilisa ikakhulu bagqoka uboya obunemibala yegundane. Buqamama, imihlambi yezindlovu ezikhasele ukuyothamela ilanga zifana nezidlakela ezibabazekayo.
Uphawu lwendlovu lunomzimba omkhulu obukeka umile okweqanda. Izidladla zesilwane zishintshwa ngamaphiko, alungele ukuhamba ngokushesha emanzini. Emaphethelweni ezinyawo zangaphambili kuneminwe eboshiwe enezinzipho ezicijile, kokunye kufinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha amahlanu. Imilenze yophawu lwendlovu mifushane kakhulu ukuba ihambe ngokushesha phezu komhlaba. Ubude bokuhamba kwesilwane esidala samathani amaningi kungamasentimitha angama-30-35 kuphela, ngoba izitho zangemuva zishintshwa ngokuphelele ngomsila wemfoloko. Ikhanda lophawu lwendlovu lincane, uma kuqhathaniswa nobukhulu bomzimba, lugeleza kahle kulo. Amehlo amnyama, isimo se-oval esicwecwe.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Emhlabeni, lesi silwane esincelisayo esikhulu sasolwandle sinenkinga ngokwedlulele. Kodwa-ke, lapho nje uphawu lwendlovu luthinta amanzi, luphenduka indawo yokubhukuda enhle kakhulu, ithuthukise isivinini esifinyelela kumakhilomitha ayi-10-15 ngehora. Lezi yizilwane ezinkulu, ezihola impilo yokuphila eyedwa kakhulu emanzini. Kubuthana kanye ngonyaka kuphela lapho behlangana khona emakoloni okuzala nokuzalanisa.
Uhlala isikhathi esingakanani uphawu lwendlovu
Izimpawu zezindlovu ziphila kusuka eminyakeni engama-20 kuya kwengama-22, kanti isikhathi sokuphila sezimpawu zasenyakatho zezindlovu ngokuvamile siba yiminyaka eyi-9 kuphela.... Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane baphila ngokulingana okude kakhulu kunabesilisa. Konke kuyiphutha lokulimala okuningi okutholwe abesilisa besilisa lapho belwa ubuqhawe.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Umehluko obaluliwe wobulili ungenye yezimpawu ezigqame kakhulu zezimpawu zasenyakatho zezindlovu. Abesilisa abagcini nje ngokuba bakhulu futhi banzima kunabesifazane, kodwa futhi banomboko omkhulu, wendlovu, abawudingayo ukuze balwe futhi bakhombise ukuphakama kwabo kunesitha. Futhi, isici esihlukile esenziwe ngokuhlukile sophawu lwendlovu yesilisa yizibazi ezisentanyeni, esifubeni nasemahlombe, ezitholwa ngenqubo yezimpi ezingapheli zobuholi ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Indoda endala kuphela enesiqu esikhulu esifana nesiqu sendlovu. Futhi kufanelekile ukukhipha ukubhonga kwendabuko. Ukunwetshwa kwe-proboscis enjalo kuvumela uphawu lwendlovu ukuba lukhulise umsindo wokukhala, ukububula nokukhala kwesigubhu okuzwakala kude. Isebenza futhi njengesihlungi esidonsa umswakama. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, izimpawu zezindlovu azishiyi indawo esemhlabeni, ngakho-ke umsebenzi wokongiwa kwamanzi ulusizo impela.
Abesifazane bangumyalo wobukhulu obukhulu kunabesilisa. Imibala yazo ivame ukuba nsundu ngokugqamile entanyeni. Amabala anjalo ahlala ekulungeni okungapheli kwabesilisa ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Usayizi wamabanga wesilisa kusuka kumamitha ama-4-5, abesifazane amamitha ama-2-3. Umuntu wesilisa omdala unesisindo samathani ama-2 kuye kwayi-3, abesifazane abakwazi ukufinyelela ithoni, enesisindo esingu-600-900 kilograms ngokwesilinganiso.
Izinhlobo zezimpawu zezindlovu
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zezimpawu zezindlovu - enyakatho naseningizimu. Izimpawu zasendlovu eziseningizimu zikhulu kakhulu. Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane eziningi ezincelisayo zasolwandle (njengemikhomo nama-dugong), lezi zilwane aziwona amanzi ngokuphelele. Bachitha cishe ama-20% ezimpilo zabo emhlabeni, kanye no-80% olwandle. Kuphela kanye ngonyaka baphumela ngaphandle emabhange bayoncibilika futhi benze umsebenzi wokukhiqiza kabusha.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izimpawu zezindlovu ezisenyakatho zitholakala emanzini aseCanada naseMexico, kanti izimpawu zasendlovu eziseningizimu zitholakala ngasogwini lwaseNew Zealand, eNingizimu Afrika nase-Argentina. AmaKoloni alezi zilwane emafwini aphelele akhasa aye emabhishi ukuyoncelisa noma ukulwela umbhangqwana. Lokhu kungenzeka, ngokwesibonelo, kunoma yiluphi ugu lolwandle olusuka e-Alaska luye eMexico.
Indlovu Seal Diet
Indlovu seal yisilwane esidla ezinye... Imenyu yayo ikakhulu ifaka ama-cephalopods ahlala olwandle olujulile. Lawa ama-squid, ama-octopus, ama-eels, ama-ray, ama-ice skate, ama-crustaceans. Futhi ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, i-krill futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nama-penguin.
Abesilisa bazingela phansi, kanti abesifazane baya olwandle oluvulekile ukuthola ukudla. Izimpawu zezindlovu zisebenzisa i-vibrissae ukuthola indawo nosayizi wokudla okungahle kube khona, ukukhomba isisulu ngokushintshashintsha okuncane emanzini.
Izimvu zamanzi zendlovu zitshuzela ekujuleni okukhulu. Uphawu lwezindlovu esekhulile lungachitha amahora amabili ngaphansi kwamanzi, lucwile emanzini ajule ngamakhilomitha amabili... Zenzani ngempela izimvu zamanzi zezindlovu kulezi zingodo ezihamba phambili, impendulo ilula - okuphakelayo. Ngenkathi kuhlinzekwa isisu sezimpawu zezindlovu ezithathiwe, kwatholakala ama-squid amaningi. Ngokuvamile, imenyu ifaka izinhlanzi noma ezinye izinhlobo zama-crustaceans.
Ngemuva kokuzalela, izimpawu eziningi zezindlovu ezisenyakatho ziya enyakatho ziye e-Alaska ukugcwalisa amafutha azo zisemhlabeni. Ukudla kwalezi zilwane kudinga amakhono ajulile okuntywila. Bangakwazi ukucwila ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1500, bahlale ngaphansi kwamanzi kuze kube kukhuphuka okungavamile cishe imizuzu eyi-120. Iningi lokuntywila ekujuleni okujulile, noma kunjalo, lihlala cishe imizuzu engama-20. Ngaphezulu kwama-80% wesikhathi sonyaka esichithwa ukondla olwandle ukuhlinzeka amandla ezinkathi zokuzalela nezokuncancisa, lapho kungekho khona ukubuyela emuva kokuphakelayo.
Isitolo esikhulu samafutha akuyona ukuphela kwendlela evumela isilwane ukuthi sizizwe sikhulu ekujuleni okuphawuleka kangako. Izimpawu zezindlovu zinezinsimbi ezikhethekile ezisemgodini wesisu lapho zingagcina khona inani elengeziwe legazi elinomoya-mpilo. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ungene futhi ugcine umoya cishe amahora ambalwa. Futhi bangagcina i-oxygen emisipheni ene-myoglobin.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izimpawu zezindlovu yizilwane ezihlala zodwa. Bahlangana ndawonye kuphela ngezikhathi zokuncibilika nokuzala, emhlabeni. Njalo ebusika babuyela emakoloni abo okuqala ezizwe. Izimpawu zezindlovu zesifazane zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi zineminyaka engama-3 kuye kwengu-6, kuthi abesilisa baneminyaka engu-5 kuye kwengu-6. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi owesilisa ofinyelele kule minyaka uzobamba iqhaza ekukhiqizeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, akabhekwa njengonamandla ngokwanele, ngoba kuzofanele alwele owesifazane. Kuphela ngokufinyelela eminyakeni yobudala eyi-9-12 lapho ezothola khona ubukhulu namandla anele ukuze akwazi ukuncintisana. Kungalesi sikhathi kuphela lapho owesilisa angathola khona isikhundla se-Alpha, esimnikeza ilungelo lokuba "ngumfazi".
Kuyathakazelisa!Abesilisa balwa bodwa besebenzisa isisindo somzimba namazinyo. Ngenkathi ukulwa nokufa kuyivelakancane, izipho zokubuyisa ezivamile ziyinsakavukela. Izinduna zabesilisa besilisa baka-Alpha zisukela kwabesifazane abangama-30 kuya kwabayi-100.
Abanye abesilisa badudulelwa emaphethelweni ekoloni, kwesinye isikhathi bakhwelana nabesifazane abanekhwalithi engaphansi kancane ngaphambi kokuxoshwa owesilisa we-Alpha. Abesilisa, yize kusatshalaliswa "izintokazi" esezenzekile, bayaqhubeka nokuhlala emhlabeni isikhathi sonke, bavikela izindawo ebezinabantu emzabalazweni. Ngeshwa, ngesikhathi sokulwa okunjalo, abesifazane bavame ukulimala futhi kufa amawundlu asanda kuzalwa. Ngempela, ngesikhathi sempi, isilwane esikhulu, esingamathani ayisithupha sikhuphukela ekuphakameni kwaso bese siwela esitheni ngamandla amakhulu, sibhubhise konke okusendleleni yaso.
Umjikelezo waminyaka yonke wokuzalisa uphawu lwendlovu olusenyakatho uqala ngoDisemba. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa abakhulu bakhasa baye emabhishi angenamuntu. Amanani amakhulu abesifazane abakhulelwe maduze azolandela abesilisa ukwakha amaqembu amakhulu njengabesifazane. Iqembu ngalinye labesifazane linamaduna alo aphethe. Umncintiswano wokubusa mkhulu kakhulu. Abesilisa basungula ukubusa ngokubheka, ukushukuma komzimba, zonke izinhlobo zokuhogela nokugquma, bakhuphule ivolumu yabo ngesiqu sabo. Ukulwa okubabazekayo kuphetha ngokucwiywa okuningi nokulimala okushiywe yiminyango yomphikisi.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-2-5 ngemuva kokuhlala kowesifazane emhlabathini, ubeletha ingane. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kophawu lwendlovu lomntwana, umama uyayondla ngobisi isikhathi esithile. Ukudla okunjalo, okukhishwa ngumzimba wowesifazane, cishe kungama-12% amafutha. Ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa, le nombolo inyuka iye ngaphezu kuka-50%, ithole ukungaguquguquki okwe-jelly oketshezi. Ukuqhathanisa, ubisi lwenkomo luqukethe amafutha ayi-3.5% kuphela. Insikazi yondla izinyane layo ngale ndlela izinsuku ezingaba ngu-27. Ngasikhathi sinye, akadli lutho, kepha uthembela kunqolobane yakhe yamafutha kuphela. Ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuba izingane zilunyulwe kunina futhi ziqale uhambo lwazo, insikazi iphinde iphinde ikhweshane neyeduna ebusayo bese ibuyela olwandle.
Kwaphela amanye amasonto amane kuya kwayisithupha, izingane zikhuthalela ukubhukuda nokudayiva ngaphambi kokushiya osebeni lapho zizalelwa khona ukuyohlala olwandle izinyanga eziyisithupha. Yize kunqolobane yamafutha, ebavumela ukuthi bangabi nokudla isikhathi eside, ukufa kwezingane ngalesi sikhathi kuphakeme kakhulu. Cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha ngaphezulu, bazohamba kulayini omuhle, ngoba kungalesi sikhathi lapho cishe abacishe babe ngama-30% babo bazofa.
Kancane nje kwengxenye yesifazane ekhweshwayo ayizali ingane. Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyi-11, ngemuva kwalokho kuzalwa udoti wewundlu elilodwa. Ngakho-ke, abesifazane bafika endaweni yokuzalanisa vele "ekukhukhulekeni", ngemuva kokukhwelana ngonyaka odlule. Ngemuva kwalokho bayazala futhi babuyele ebhizinisini futhi. Omama abadli inyanga egcwele ukondla ingane yabo.
Izitha zemvelo
Izimpawu zezindlovu zezingane zisengozini enkulu. Ngenxa yalokho, zivame ukudliwa ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye ezifana nemikhomo yokubulala noma oshaka. Futhi, ingxenye enkulu yamazinyane ingafa ngenxa yezimpi eziningi zabesilisa zobuholi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Lezi zilwane zazivame ukuzingelwa inyama yazo, uvolo namafutha.... Zombili izinhlobo zasenyakatho nezaseningizimu zaphoqelelwa onqenqemeni lokuqothulwa. Ngesikhathi sika-1892, babhekwa njengabangasekho ngokuphelele. Ngenhlanhla, ngo-1910, kwatholakala elinye ikoloni endaweni eseduze nesiQhingi saseGuadalupe, eduze naseCalifornia engezansi. Eduze nesikhathi sethu, imithetho eminingana emisha yokongiwa kolwandle yenziwe ukuze ibavikele futhi lokhu kube nemiphumela.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- AmaManatee (Latin Trichechus)
- I-Dugong (lat. Dugong dugon)
Namuhla, ngenhlanhla, abasekho engozini, yize bevame ukulinyazwa babulawe ukubanjiswa ukubamba inhlanzi, udoti kanye nokushayisana nezikebhe. Ngasikhathi sinye, inhlangano i-IUCN inikeze izimvu zezindlovu uphawu lokulondolozwa kwe- "Least Concern of Extinction".
