I-Petrels (i-Procellariidae) ingumndeni ohlanganisa izinyoni zasolwandle ezintsha-ze-pygmy, ezingaphansi kohlelo lwama-petrels. Isigaba sama-petrels simelwe yizinhlobo eziningi, futhi ikakhulukazi izinyoni eziphakathi nendawo.
Izici ezijwayelekile
Kanye namanye ama-petrel, amalungu omndeni wakwaPetrel anezimbobo eziyizigaxa ezisezingxenyeni ezingenhla zomlomo. Ngalezi zimbobo, kukhishwa usawoti wasolwandle namajusi esisu... Uqhwaku luxhunywe futhi lude, olunomphetho obukhali nemiphetho. Lesi sici somlomo sivumela izinyoni ukuba zibambe izisulu ezishelelayo kakhulu, kuhlanganise nezinhlanzi.
Usayizi wabamele petrels buhluka kakhulu ngokuqinile. Izinhlobo ezincane kakhulu zimelwe ama-petrels amancane, ubude bawo bomzimba abudluli ikota yemitha enamaphiko we-50-60 cm nobukhulu ebangeni lika-165-170 g. Ingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlobo nayo ayinabo ubukhulu obukhulu kakhulu bomzimba.
Okuhlukile yizimbumbulu ezinkulu, ezifana nama-albatross amancane ngokubukeka. Usayizi omzimba omaphakathi wama-petrels amakhulu amakhulu awudluli imitha, enamaphiko afinyelela kumamitha amabili nesisindo ebangeni elingu-4.9-5.0 kg.
Kuyathakazelisa! Impela yonke imiphimbo yabantu abadala indiza kahle kakhulu, kepha yehlukile ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokundiza.
Izimpaphe zazo zonke izigaxa zihlukaniswa ngemibala emhlophe, mpunga, nsundu noma emnyama, ngakho-ke zonke izinhlobo zalo mndeni zibukeka zingabonakali futhi zilula. Njengomthetho, kunzima kakhulu kumuntu ojwayelekile ukuhlukanisa ngokuzimela phakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ubunzima bokuhlukaniswa kungenxa yokungabi bikho kwezimpawu ze-dimorphism yezocansi ebonakalayo ezinyonini. Izidladla zale nyoni azithuthukisiwe kahle, ngakho-ke, ukuze zihlale emhlabeni, i-petrel kufanele isebenzise amaphiko ayo nesifuba sayo njengesisekelo esengeziwe.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwePetrel
Umndeni we-petrel (i-Procellariidae) uhlukaniswe waba yimikhakha emibili nemikhakha eyishumi nane... Umndeni omncane waseFulmarinae umelwe yizinyoni ezinesitayela sokundiza esishelelayo. Ukudla kutholakala ezingxenyeni ezikha phezulu kakhulu, futhi ukukuthola, le nyoni ihlala emanzini. Abamele lo mndeni omncane abaguqulwanga noma abaguqelwanga ngokwanele ukuntywila:
- i-petrel enkulu (Macronestes);
- ama-fulmars (iFulmаrus);
- I-Antarctic petrel (Thalassois);
- Amajuba aseKapa (Dartion);
- iqhwa petrel (Pagodroma);
- i-petrel eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (Halobaena);
- izinyoni zemikhomo (Rashyrtila);
- Isiphepho saseKerguelen (iLugensa);
- isivunguvungu (Pterodroma);
- IPseudobulweria;
- isiphepho mascarene (Pseudobulweria aterrima);
- isiphepho boulevards (Bulweria).
Umndeni omncane uPuffininae umelwe yizinyoni ezindizayo ezindizayo.
Ngesikhathi sokundiza okunjalo, ukushaya okuvamile kwamaphiko nokuhlala emanzini kuyashintshana. Izinyoni zalo mndeni omncane ziyakwazi ukuntywila kahle kusuka ehlobo noma endaweni yokuhlala:
- i-petrel enamandla (i-Procellaria);
- I-Westland petrel (iProcellaria westlandisa);
- i-variegated petrel (iCalonestris);
- i-petrel yangempela (Рuffinus).
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphandle kokwehlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane, zimbili kuphela izidleke ezisendaweni yezwe lethu - ama-fulmars (i-Fulmarus glacialis) kanye nama-petrels ahlukahlukene (i-Calonestris leuсomelas).
Umndeni kaPetrel ucebe kunayo yonke yezinhlobo zezilwane nomndeni onhlobonhlobo kakhulu we-oda le-tube-noses.
Indawo yokuhlala, izindawo zokuhlala
Indawo yokusabalalisa kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zama-petrels kuxhomeke ngqo ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo zezinyoni.... Iziphukuphuku ziyizinyoni zamanzi asenyakatho, zisatshalaliswa nge-circumpolarly. Ukufakwa endle olwandle i-Atlantic kuyaziwa eziqhingini ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNyakatho Melika, iFranz Josef Land, iGreenland neNovaya Zemlya, kuze kufike eBritish Isles, nasePacific Ocean izidleke zezinyoni ezisuka eChukotka ziye e-Aleutian naseKuril Islands.
Kuyathakazelisa! ICape Dove yaziwa kakhulu ngabasolwandle ezindaweni eziseningizimu, ezilandela njalo imikhumbi futhi zihlomise izidleke zayo ogwini lwase-Antarctic noma eziqhingini ezizungezile.
Izidleke ezivamile zama-petrel eziqhingini ezisogwini lwaseYurophu nase-Afrika, nasePacific Ocean nesting zibonakala ezindaweni ezisuka eHawaii ziye eCalifornia. Ama-petrels akhokhiswa ngama-slender azalela eStrait of Bass Islands, kanye naseTasmania naseceleni kogu lwaseNingizimu Australia.
I-petrel enkulu ingumhlali ovamile olwandle oluseningizimu yezwe. Izinyoni zalolu hlobo zivame ukwakha izidleke eSouth Shetland nase-Orkney Islands, kanye naseziQhingini zaseMalvinas.
Ukudla kukaPetrel
Ama-petrels, kanye nama-storm petrels, adla izinhlanzi ezincane kakhulu nazo zonke izinhlobo zama-crustaceans abhukuda eduze komhlaba. Lezi zinyoni zenza ama-dives amafushane lapho kudingeka. Inani elikhulu lama-petrels amakhulu adla inani elikhulu le-squid. I-Albatrosses ayivamisile ukucwilisa futhi ivame ukuhlala phezu kwamanzi, kanye nama-fulmars nama-petrels amakhulu aphuma ebusweni bamanzi.
Ebusuku, lezi zinyoni ngokuzithandela zidla kakhulu i-squid, ekhuphuka ngobuningi bayo emanzini, kuthi emini, izinhlanzi ezifundayo, udoti ovela emikhunjini edlulayo noma zonke izinhlobo zezidumbu ziba yisisekelo sesabelo sokudla. Ama-petrels amakhulu mhlawumbe angabamele kuphela ama-pipe-nose angakwazi ukuhlasela ngenkuthalo izindawo zokwakha ama-penguin amancane futhi adle izinyoni ezincane.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Imvamisa, ama-petrels amadala abuyela ezindaweni zokujwayela ezijwayelekile, noma ngabe zikude kakhulu.... Kunomncintiswano onamandla kakhulu ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke ezindaweni ezinkulu ezigcwele kakhulu zezinyoni eziseziqhingini ezincane.
Endaweni engasogwini phakathi kwabo bonke abamele izidleke zama-petrels, kunemikhosi eyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izinyoni ngokwazo azilwi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi ziklabalasa futhi zishaye phezulu. Lokhu kuziphatha kufana nezinyoni ezizama ukuvikela indawo yazo.
Izici ezijwayelekile zezidleke zezinyoni zinomehluko othile ophawulekayo phakathi kwama-petrels. Isibonelo, ama-albatross akhetha ukusula ingaphezulu bese akha izindunduma zenhlabathi nezimila. Ama-Petrels esidlekeni ngqo ezinqenqemeni, kanye nasezingeni lomhlabathi, kepha ingxenye ebalulekile yawo, kanye nezimbungulu zesiphepho, ziyakwazi ukumba imingxuma ekhethekile emhlabathini othambile noma zisebenzise imifantu yemvelo yobukhulu obanele.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphambi kokuba iphuphu lishiye isidleke salo somdabu, lezi zithandani ezindizela olwandle ziyololonga, lapho ngesikhathi sendlala, izinyoni ezincibilikayo zincipha ngokusobala.
Abesilisa bavame ukuhlala beqaphe isidleke izinsuku ezimbalwa, kanti abesifazane badla olwandle noma baya ekudleni okululazayo. Izinyoni ezibhanqiwe ndawonye azondli, kodwa zifukamela iqanda izinsuku ezingama-40-80. Ezinsukwini zokuqala, amachwane achanyuswayo adla ngokudla okuthambile nokunamafutha okuyizinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ezishubile, eziphinde zavuselelwa yizinyoni ezindala.
Amachwane kaPetrel akhula ngokushesha ngokwanele, ngakho-ke, lapho esekhule kancane, ayakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kokuqondisa kwabazali izinsuku ezimbalwa. Amantshontsho ezinhlobo ezincane aqala ukundiza cishe inyanga eyodwa nengxenye ngemuva kokuzalwa, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezinkulu zindiza okokuqala ngqa cishe ezinsukwini eziyi-118-120 kamuva.
Izitha zemvelo
Ngaphandle kwabantu abavakashela izidleke zezinyoni, ama-dating petrels anezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo. Ingozi ethile idalwa yiSouth Pole Skua, ecekela phansi izidleke zezinyoni futhi engadla amatshwele angavuthiwe. Iningi lama-petrels azivikela osongweni ayakwazi ukukhafula okuqukethwe yisisu okunamafutha ebangeni elanele.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-petrels ajwayelekile yizibindi ezinde zangempela; endle, ubudala benyoni enjalo bungafinyelela kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka noma ngaphezulu.
Kwezinye izinhlobo, kufaka phakathi ama-fulmars, lo mkhuba noma ukusabela kokwesaba kwenza ukundiza kube lula kakhulu. Ukukhishwa kwejet ketshezi lwe-fetid kwenziwa cishe ngemitha, ngokunemba okuphezulu ngokwanele. Izitha zemvelo zezinyoni ezincane zifaka phakathi umalusi-ueka, kanye namagundane namakati alethwe ezindaweni eziyisiqhingi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Emndenini ovamile we-petrel, abamele bahlukile hhayi ngosayizi kuphela, kodwa nangosayizi wabantu.... Isibonelo, ama-fulmars yizinyoni eziningi kakhulu. Inombolo yabo e-Atlantic icishe ibe yizigidi ezintathu, kanti ePacific Ocean - cishe ngabantu abayizigidi ezingama-3.9-4.0. Inani eliphelele lama-petrels ase-Antarctic lehluka phakathi kwezigidi eziyi-10-20, kanti inani lomhlaba lama-petrels weqhwa lizinzile cishe ezigidini ezimbili.
Inani lezidleke eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eziQhingini zaseKerguelen alidluli ngazimbili eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100-200, kanti eziqhingini zaseCrozet nasePrince Edward kunamashumi ezinkulungwane zamabhangqa alezi zinhlobo. Ngokomthetho, ukukhiqizwa kwama-petrels aseMedithera bekuvinjelwe e-Italy naseFrance kuphela, kepha amanye amakoloni ezinyoni nawo avikelekile eziqhingini eziseduze naseCorsica.
Njengamanje, esigabeni sezinhlobo ezingandile nezisengozini yomndeni we-Procellariiform kufaka phakathi i-Balearic shearwater (Ruffinus mauretanisus) Rozovonogy shearwater (Ruffinus sreatorus), iTrinidad petrel (Rterodroma arminjoniana) White petrel (Rterodroma alba), The Madeira petrelira (Rterodrianian) (Рterоdrоma sаndwiсhеnsis) nabanye abanye.
