I-vampire yomlilo - igama lesayensi lisho "i-vampire squid evela esihogweni". Umuntu angalindela ukuthi lolu hlobo lwesilwane lube yisidalwa esesabekayo esisabisa ulasha, kepha naphezu kokuvela kwalo kobudemoni, lokhu akulona iqiniso. Ngokuphikisana negama layo, i-vampire yesihogo ayizondli ngegazi, kepha iqoqa futhi idle izinhlayiya ezikhukhulekayo zisebenzisa imicu emibili emide enamathelayo. Lokhu akwenele ukondleka okwanele kwama-cephalopods afinyelela ku-30 cm ubude, kepha kwanele indlela yokuphila kancane emanzini amnyama anokuqukethwe okune-oxygen ephansi kanye nezilwane ezimbalwa ezidlayo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Infernal Vampire
I-Infernal Vampire (Vampyroteuthis infernalis) ukuphela kwelungu elaziwayo le-oda Vampyromorphida, i-oda lesikhombisa ekilasini lama-molluscs Cephalopoda. Bahlanganisa izici zombili izingwane (i-Octopoda), ne-squid, i-cuttlefish, njll. Kucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kungamelela ulayini wefa phakathi kwala maqembu womabili. Ama-vampire ama-infernal awawona ama-squid weqiniso kwezobuchwepheshe, njengoba abizwa ngamehlo abo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isikhumba esibomvu ngokubomvu, kanye nokubopha phakathi kwezandla zabo.
Ividiyo: I-Infernal Vampire
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-vampire ye-infernal yatholwa wuhambo lokuqala lwasolwandle olujulile lwase-Germany ngo-1898-1899 futhi inguye kuphela omele i-oda i-Vampyromorpha, ifomu lesikhashana le-phylogenetic lama-cephalopods.
Ezifundweni eziningi ze-phylogenetic, i-vampire yesihogo ibhekwa njengegatsha lokuqala le-octopus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inezici eziningi ezingahle zivumelane nezindawo zasolwandle ezijulile. Phakathi kwalokhu ukulahleka kwesikhwama se-inki kanye nezitho eziningi ze-chromatophore, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-photophores kanye nokuthungwa kwezicubu nge-gelatinous ukufana okufana ne-jellyfish. Lezi zinhlobo zihlala emanzini ajulile kuzo zonke izifunda ezishisayo nezipholile zoLwandlekazi Lomhlaba.
Njengensalela ye-phylogenetic, ukuphela kwelungu elaziwayo lohlelo lwayo. Ama-specimens okuqala aqoqwa ohambweni lwaseValdivia, futhi ekuqaleni achazwa ngephutha njengama-octopus ngo-1903 ngumhloli wamazwe waseJalimane uKarl Hun. I-vampire ye-hellish kamuva yabelwa i-oda elisha kanye ne-taxa eminingi engasekho.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Hellish Vampire Clam
I-vampire yomlilo inezingalo eziyisishiyagalombili ezinde zetende kanye nezintambo ezimbili ezihlehliswayo ezinganweba ngaphezu kobude besilwane sonke futhi zingafakwa emaphaketheni ngaphakathi kwewebhu. Le micu isebenza njengezinzwa ngoba izimpondo zimboza bonke ubude bezintambo ngezinkomishi zokudonsa engxenyeni esekude. Kukhona futhi amaphiko amabili ebusweni bomgogodla wengubo. I-infernal vampire squid ibizwa kanjalo ngenxa yesikhumba sayo esimnyama esimnyama, izintambo ezine-webbed, namehlo abomvu okuyisici se-vampire. Lesi squid sithathwa njengesincane - ubude baso bufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-28. Abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-vampire squid inokufana kwe-jellyfish, kodwa isici sayo esithakazelisa kunazo zonke ukuthi inamehlo amakhulu kakhulu ngokulingana nomzimba wayo ngokuhlobene nanoma yisiphi isilwane emhlabeni.
I-vampire engaphansi ine-chromatophores emnyama enamabala ansundu ngokubomvu. Ngokungafani namanye ama-cephalopods, lawa ma-chromatophores awasebenzi, avumela ushintsho lombala olusheshayo. I-vampire engaphansi ihlanganyela kakhulu kwezinye izici zama-octopus nama-decapods, kepha futhi inezinguquko ezimbalwa zokuhlala ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle. Ukulahleka kwama-chromatophores asebenzayo kanye ne-ink sac yizibonelo ezimbili nje.
I-vampire engaphansi ibuye ibe ne-photophores, okuyizitho ezinkulu, eziyindilinga ezitholakala ngemuva kwemphetho ngayinye yabantu abadala futhi zisatshalaliswa ngaphezulu kwengubo, ifaneli, ikhanda, nendawo engaphezulu. Lawa ma-photoreceptor akhiqiza amafu akhanyayo ezinhlayiya ezikhazimulayo ezivumela le vampire squid ukuthi ikhanye.
Uhlala kuphi i-vampire yesihogo?
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-vampire yesihogo
I-vampire squid ihlala ezindaweni ezijulile kuzo zonke izilwandle zasendaweni eshisayo nasendaweni enesimo sezulu esipholile. Lesi yisibonelo esicacile se-cephalopod mollusk ejulile yolwandle, njengoba, njengoba kuvame ukukholelwa, ithatha ukujula okungakhanyisiwe okungamamitha ayi-300-3000, kanti iningi lama-vampires esihogweni lihlala ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-1500-2500. Kulesi sifunda sezilwandle zomhlaba kunendawo enokuqukethwe okuncane komoya-mpilo.
Ukugcwaliswa komoya-mpilo kuphansi kakhulu lapha ukusekela imetabolism ye-aerobic ezintweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa-ke, i-vampire eyi-hellish iyakwazi ukuphila nokuphefumula ngokujwayelekile lapho i-oxygen kuphela ngo-3%, leli khono likhona ezilwaneni ezimbalwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Okuqaphelwe yi-Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute kukhombisile ukuthi ama-vampire ama-hellish anqunyelwe kwisendlalelo esincane se-oxygen kuleli theku ngobude obumaphakathi obungu-690 m namazinga womoya-mpilo angu-0.22 ml / l.
Ama-squamp e-Vampire ahlala kungqimba olwandle olungenawo umoya-mpilo, lapho ukukhanya kungangeni khona. Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-vampire squid kusuka enyakatho kuye eningizimu kutholakala phakathi kwamazinga angamashumi amane enyakatho naseningizimu, lapho amanzi eyi-2 kuye ku-6 ° C. Kukho konke ukuphila kwayo, isendaweni enomoya ophansi. I-Vampyroteuthis ingahlala lapha ngoba igazi layo liqukethe enye i-pigment yegazi (i-hemocyanin), ebopha umoya-mpilo emanzini kahle kakhulu, ngaphandle kobuso bemiphunga yesilwane bukhulu kakhulu.
Manje uyazi lapho i-hellish vampire squid itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edla i-vampire yesihogo?
Isithombe: I-squid hellish vampire
Ama-squid adla inyama. I-vampire squid isebenzisa imicu yayo yezinzwa ukufuna ukudla olwandle olujulile, futhi futhi ine-statocyst eguquke kakhulu, ekhombisa ukuthi yehla kancane futhi ibhalansi emanzini cishe akukho mzamo. Ngaphandle kwegama nedumela layo, iVampyroteuthis infernalis ayisona isilwane esinolaka. Njengoba ikhukhula, i-squid ivula intambo eyodwa ngesikhathi kuze kube yilapho omunye wayo ethinta lesi silwane esidlayo. I-squid bese ibhukuda isiyingi ngethemba lokuthi izobamba inyamazane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-vampire squid inezinga eliphansi kakhulu lomzimba phakathi kwama-cephalopods ngenxa yokwehla kwayo ukuncika ezilwaneni ezizingela olwandle olujulile, okulinganiselwe ukukhanya. Imvamisa uhamba nokugeleza futhi akusebenzi kangako. Amaphiko amakhulu kanye nokubamba phakathi kwezingalo kuvumela ukunyakaza okufana ne-jellyfish.
Ngokungafani nawo wonke ama-cephalopods, i-vampire yesihogo ayizibambi izilwane eziphilayo. Idla izinhlayiya zemvelo ezicwila phansi olwandle olujulile, okuthiwa yiqhwa lasolwandle.
Siqukethe:
- isisu;
- zooplankton;
- usawoti namaqanda;
- izibungu;
- izinhlayiya zomzimba (i-detritus) yezinhlanzi nama-crustaceans.
Izinhlayiya zokudla zizwakala ngezingalo ezimbili zezinzwa eziyindilinga, ezinamatheliswe ndawonye yizinkomishi zokudonsa ezinye izingalo eziyisishiyagalombili, zimbozwe umgodla wezingalo eziyisishiyagalombili ezibambene, bese zimuncwa njengezicubu zomlomo ezivela emlonyeni. Zinezingalo eziyisishiyagalombili, kepha azinazo izinsimbi zokudla, esikhundleni salokho zisebenzisa izintambo ezimbili ezihoqekayo ukubamba ukudla. Bahlanganisa imfucumfucu evela ezinkomishini zokudonsa ukuze bakhe amabhola okudla.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Octopus Hell Vampire
Izinhlobo zihlala zithathwa njengombhukudi ohamba kancane ngenxa yomzimba wayo obuthakathaka we-gelatinous. Kodwa-ke, iyabhukuda ngokushesha okumangalisayo, isebenzisa amaphiko ayo ukuzulazula emanzini. I-statocyst yabo ethuthuke kakhulu, isitho esibhekele ukulinganisela, nayo inegalelo ekusetshenzisweni kwabo. I-vampire eyi-hellish ilinganiselwa ukuthi ifinyelela isivinini sobude bomzimba obubili ngomzuzwana, futhi ishesha iye kulokho ngesivinini ngemizuzwana emihlanu.
I-vampire eyi-hellish ingakhanya isikhathi esingaphezu kwemizuzu emibili, ngenxa yama-photophores, akhanya ngasikhathi sinye, noma akhanya ukusuka kwesinye kuya kathathu ngomzuzwana, kwesinye isikhathi ukudonsa. Izitho ezisezikhaleni zezandla nazo zingakhanya noma zicwayize, okuvame ukuhambisana nempendulo. Uhlobo lwesithathu nolokugcina lokukhanya ngamafu akhanyayo, abukeka njenge-matrix ezacile enezinhlayiya ezivuthayo kuyo. Kukholakala ukuthi izinhlayiya zifihlwa izitho zamathiphu ezandla noma zingavuli izitho ze-visceral futhi zingakhanya kuze kube yimizuzu eyi-9.5.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-vampire we-infernal avame ukulimala ngesikhathi sokubanjwa futhi aphile kuma-aquariums kuze kube izinyanga ezimbili. NgoMeyi 2014, iMonterey Bay Oceanarium (USA) yaba ngeyokuqala ukukhombisa lo mbono.
Impendulo enkulu yokuphunyuka kwe-vampire squid ifaka phakathi ukukhanya kwezitho zamaphaphu ezingxenyeni zezandla nangaphansi kwamaphiko. Lokhu kukhanya kuhambisana nokuvayiza kwezandla, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukukhomba kahle ukuthi i-squid isemanzini kuphi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-squid ikhipha ifu elincanyana elikhanyayo. Lapho umbukiso okhanyayo usuphelile, cishe akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi ngabe i-squid igilikile noma ixubene nefu emanzini angenamkhawulo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Infernal Vampire
Njengoba ama-vampire ama-hellish angena emanzini ajulile kunama-squid amakhulu, azala emanzini ajulile kakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi abesilisa bathwale ama-spermatophores baye kwabesifazane kusuka kufreyimu yabo. Ama-vampire abesifazane makhulu kunabesilisa. Baphonsa amaqanda avundisiwe emanzini. Amaqanda avuthiwe makhulu impela futhi atholakala entanta ngokukhululeka emanzini ajulile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana nokuzalwa kwe-vampire yesihogo. Ukukhula kwabo kudlula kumafomu we-III morphological: izilwane ezincane zinezinhlayiya ezimbili, ifomu eliphakathi linamabili amabili, elivuthiwe futhi. Ezigabeni zabo zokuqala nezesemaphakathi zokuthuthuka, amaphiko amabili atholakala eduze kwamehlo; njengoba isilwane sikhula, lezi zibhangqwana ziyanyamalala kancane kancane.
Ngesikhathi sokukhula, isilinganiso sendawo engaphezulu kuya kumthamo wamaphiko siyancipha, zishintsha ngosayizi bese zihlela kabusha ukwandisa ukusebenza kokuhamba kwesilwane. Ukushaya amaphiko abantu abavuthiwe kuphumelela kakhulu. Lesi sifo esiyingqayizivele sidale ukudideka esikhathini esedlule, ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezichazwa njengezinhlobo eziningana emindenini ehlukene.
I-vampire engapheli ikhiqiza kancane ngosizo lwenani elincane lamaqanda. Ukukhula kancane kungenxa yokuthi izakhamzimba azisatshalaliswa ekujuleni. Ubukhulu bendawo abahlala kuyo nenani labantu abahlakazekile benza ubudlelwane bamadlozi bube yinto engatheni. Insikazi ingagcina iphakethe lesidoda esiyindilinga lesilisa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokufaka umquba emaqanda. Ngemuva kwalokho, kungadingeka ukuthi alinde kuze kufike ezinsukwini ezingama-400 ngaphambi kokuba achamisele.
Amantshontsho acishe abe yi-8 mm ubude futhi angamakhophi amancane amancane athuthukiswe kahle, anokuhluka okuthile. Izingalo zabo azinazo izintambo zamahlombe, amehlo abo mancane, futhi imicu ayakheki ngokuphelele. Amantshontsho ayashintsha futhi asinda esikhunjini sangaphakathi esivulekile isikhathi esingaziwa ngaphambi kokuba aqale ukondla. Izilwane ezincane zivame ukutholakala emanzini ajulile adla i-detritus.
Izitha zemvelo ze-vampire ye-infernal
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-vampire yesihogo
I-vampire ye-infernal ihamba ngokushesha ibanga elifushane, kepha ayikwazi ukufuduka okude noma indiza. Lapho isongelwa, i-vampire squid ibaleka ngokungahambi kahle, ihambisa ngokushesha amaphiko ayo ibheke kufele, kuthi ngemuva kwalokho indiza indize iphume engubeni, egudla emanzini. I-squid pose yokuzivikela yenzeka lapho izingalo nezimbumba zelulwa phezu kwekhanda nezembatho endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi uphayinaphu pose.
Lesi sikhundla sezingalo newebhu senza kube nzima ukulimaza ingwane ngenxa yokuvikelwa kwekhanda nengubo, kanye nokuthi lesi sikhundla siveza amabala asindayo anombala omnyama esilwaneni okwenza kube nzima ukukhomba ekujuleni kolwandle olumnyama. Amathiphu wesandla akhazimulayo aqoqelwe ngaphezulu ngenhla kwekhanda lesilwane, ahlukanisa ukuhlaselwa kude nezindawo ezibucayi. Uma umhlaseli eluma engcebeni yesandla se-vampire yesihogo, angayivuselela.
Ama-vampire ama-infernal atholakele kokuqukethwe yisisu kwezinhlanzi zasolwandle olujulile, kufaka phakathi:
- i-grenadier enamehlo amancane (A. pectoralis);
- imikhomo (Cetacea);
- amabhubesi olwandle (Otariinae).
Ngokungafani nezihlobo zabo ezihlala ezindaweni ezinomoya wokungenisa izihambi, ama-cephalopods ajulile olwandle awakwazi ukuchitha amandla ezindizeni ezinde. Njengoba kunikezwe isilinganiso esiphansi semetaboli kanye nobuningi bezilwane eziphansi ekujuleni okunjalo, i-vampire squid kumele isebenzise amaqhinga amasha wokugwema izidalwa ukonga amandla. "Iziqhumane" zazo ezibalwe ngenhla zihlangana nezingalo ezikhazimulayo ezikhazimulayo, ukunyakaza okungajwayelekile kanye nezindlela zokubaleka, okwenza kube nzima kumzingeli ukukhomba ilitshe elilodwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-squid hellish vampire
I-vampire ye-infernal ingumphathi wobukhosi wolwandle, ekujuleni, lapho yena noma indawo yakhe yokuhlala bengasongelwa nganoma iyiphi ingozi. Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi izilwane zezilwane zihlakazeke kakhulu futhi aziziningi. Lokhu kungenxa yezinsizakusebenza ezilinganiselwe zokusinda. Ucwaningo lukaGowing lukhombisile ukuthi lolu hlobo luziphatha kakhulu njengezinhlanzi emikhubeni yezocansi, luguqula izikhathi zokuzalela ngezikhathi zokuzola.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Le hypothesis isekelwa iqiniso lokuthi ngaphakathi kwabesifazane abagcinwe eminyuziyamu kunenhlayiyana kuphela yamaqanda esikhathi esizayo. Enye yama-vampire ama-hellish avuthiwe eqoqweni lomnyuziyamu yayinamaqanda angaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-6.5, futhi cishe ama-3.8 ayizinkulungwane asetshenziswa emizameni edlule yokuzalanisa. Ngokwezibalo zososayensi, ukukhwelana kwenzeka izikhathi ezingama-38, kwabe sekulahlwa imibungu eyi-100.
Ngokusuka kulokhu singaphetha ngokuthi inani lama-vampire asesihogweni alisongelwa, kepha inani lawo lilawulwa ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kohlobo.
Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi ukulinganiselwa kungenxa yezizathu eziningana.:
- ukuntuleka kokudla kwabazali nenzalo;
- amathuba okufa kwayo yonke inzalo ancishisiwe;
- ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okwakhiwa kwamaqanda nokulungiselela isenzo sokuzala.
I-vampire yomliloNjengezinto eziningi eziphila olwandle olujulile, kunzima kakhulu ukutadisha emvelweni wemvelo, ngakho-ke kuncane okwaziwayo ngokuziphatha nangabantu balezi zilwane. Sethemba ukuthi, njengoba siqhubeka nokuhlola ulwandle olujulile, ososayensi bazofunda kabanzi ngalolu hlobo lwezilwane oluhlukile noluthokozisayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/09/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-12: 28
