Osprey Iyinyoni enkulu edla inyama. Olunye lwezinhlobo zezinyoni eziyi-6 ezisatshalaliswa emazweni ahlukahlukene. Isici salo ukuthi idla cishe izinhlanzi kuphela. Imelela umndeni we-monotypic weSkopins (Pandionidae). Kushiwo izinhlobo ezivikelekile.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Osprey
Umhlobo lo wachazwa nguLinnaeus ngonyaka ka 1758. Igama elijwayelekile elithi Pandion lanikezwa ukuhlonipha inkosi yase-Athene uPandion I wasenganekwaneni, owaphendulwa waba yile nyoni ngentando yaphezulu kaZeus. Yize kukhona uhlobo lokuthi uPandion II wayehloselwe futhi indodana yakhe yaphenduka inyoni. I-epithet ethile "haliaetus" yakhiwe ngamagama esiGreki asho "ulwandle" kanye "nokhozi". Imvelaphi yegama laseRussia ayikacaciswa.
Ividiyo: Osprey
Izinsalela zasendulo kakhulu zabameli bomndeni. Ama-Skopins atholakala eGibhithe naseJalimane futhi abuyela emuva e-Early Oligocene (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-30 edlule). Izinsalela, ezingabangelwa uhlobo lwe-Osprey, zitholakala kamuva, izidumbu zaseMiocene - Pleistocene eningizimu yeNyakatho Melika. Izihlobo eziseduze zika-Osprey zihlangene ebuthweni laseYastrebins.
Abantu be-osprey yesimanje ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba banezici ezishiwoyo, esivumela ukuthi sihlukanise izinhlobo ezi-4:
- uhlobo lwama-subspecies ahlala e-Eurasia amakhulu kunawo wonke, anombala omnyama. Iyafuduka;
- ama-subspecies kaCaroline ajwayelekile eNyakatho Melika. Ngokuvamile, kubukeka njengokujwayelekile. Iyafuduka;
- I-Ridgway subspecies itholakala eCaribbean. Inekhanda elikhanyayo (ngomqondo wombala, hhayi engqondweni). Uhlala phansi;
- ama-subspecies ase-crested ahlala e-Australia nase-Oceania, iziqhingi zase-Indonesia. Abantu bancane, banezimpaphe ezinesici sokuphakanyiswa ngemuva kwekhanda - amakhekhe.
Ama-subspecies akamuva avame ukuhlukaniswa ngama-morphologists njengezilwane ezizimele: i-comb osprey, noma i-osprey esempumalanga (Pandion cristatus). Yize abacwaningi abathanda izindlela zokuhlukaniswa kwezakhi zofuzo bakholelwa ukuthi wonke ama-subspecies nawo afanelwe isimo sezinhlobo ngokulingana.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Indlela i-osprey ebukeka ngayo
I-dimorphism yezocansi ayihlukile kakhulu. Izinsikazi zikhudlwana futhi zinzima ukwedlula ezeduna, isisindo sazo singafinyelela ku-2 kg, kuyilapho abesilisa benesisindo esingu-1.2 - 1.6 kg. Inyoni endala ifinyelela ku-55 - 58 cm ubude. Amaphiko ayamangalisa ngokuphelele - ekuphakameni komuntu (kufika ku-170 cm)! Izimpaphe zezindiza ze-oda lokuqala ezindizeni ezishelelayo zibukeka njengeminwe esakazekile.
Ikhanda linomlomo ojwayelekile wesilwane esidliwayo - ingwegwe kanye nesigaxa esifushane ngemuva kwekhanda, okungaphakanyiswa u-osprey. Ama-paws e-Osprey angamagiya okudoba. Zinde ngokumangazayo futhi zihlome ngozipho olufana nesikela, iminwe imbozwe ngameva ngaphakathi, kanti nengaphandle kucace bha emuva. Ama-valve avikela ukuvuleka kwamakhala ekungeneni kwamanzi.
Umbala uyaphikisana, ugcinwe ngemibala emhlophe nansundu. Umqhele, lonke uhlangothi olungaphansi lomzimba, "ibhulukwe" lophaphe lezidladla ezinamandla nezimpaphe zokumboza ohlangothini olungezansi lwamaphiko kudwetshwe okumhlophe. Ingemuva lentamo, emuva nangaphezulu kwamaphiko kunsundu. Umugqa onsundu, njengesigelekeqe, unqamula iso lesilwane usuka emlonyeni ufike entanyeni. Amachashaza ombala ofanayo atholakala emaphethweni esihlakaleni, esifubeni akha "umgexo" we-motley, nasemsileni nangaphansi kwezimpaphe zokundiza zohlelo lwesibili nolwesithathu - imivimbo. Isikhumba semilenze simpunga, uqhwaku lumnyama neso eliphuzi livutha.
Abesifazane bagqoka imigexo ekhanyayo, echazwe kahle futhi ngokuvamile iba mnyama. Ama-ospreys amancane aze afike ezinyangeni eziyi-18 ahlukaniswa “ngemigexo” efiphele, amaphethini anezikhala emuva nangaphezulu kwamaphiko, namehlo abomvu ngokusawolintshi. Amachwane - amajazi agqotshwe phansi ngemuva kokuzalwa amhlophe anamabala ansundu ansundu, kamuva anombala onsundu onemishwe.
Uhlala kuphi u-osprey?
Isithombe: Osprey endizeni
Ububanzi be-osprey nazo zonke izinhlobo ezingaphansi komhlaba buhlanganisa izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esipholile, esishisayo nesishisayo se-Eurasia, i-Afrika, womabili amazwe aseMelika, kanye ne-Australia ne-Oceania. Izinyoni zisatshalaliswa ngokungalingani phezu kwendawo yobubanzi, azivamile futhi zihlakazekile. Gwema izindawo eziwugwadule nezisezintabeni.
Kungenzeka ukukhomba izindawo zebanga lapho:
- izinyoni ezifudukayo isidleke;
- ukuhlala osprey bukhoma;
- izinyoni ezifudukayo zitholakala ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwesizini;
- abokufika abavela enyakatho ngaphezulu kwebusika.
Endaweni yaseRussia, umngcele osenyakatho webanga ucishe uqondane no-67 ° N. engxenyeni yaseYurophu, bese idlula ebangeni elingu-66 ° emgodini we-Ob, empumalanga ihamba ngisho nangaseningizimu: emlonyeni womfula. I-Lower Tunguska, i-Vilyui ephansi, izindawo eziphansi ze-Aldan. Ngasogwini lwase-Okhotsk ligijima ngasenyakatho yeMagadan liye eKamchatka. Umngcele oseningizimu engxenyeni yaseYurophu ugijima ezindaweni eziphansi zeDon kanye ne-Volga delta. ESiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude, i-osprey ingatholakala kuze kufike emngceleni oseningizimu yezwe.
ERussia, umhlaseli uvame ukukhetha ogwini lwemizimba yamanzi ezungezwe izihlahla ezindala (amaphayini) ezineziqongo ezomisiwe njengendawo yokuhlala. Uthanda amahlathi amancanyana kanye namachibi amakhulu anamanzi ahlanzekile ajulile, imifula enezikhala nemigwaqo. Ayinamahloni ngasogwini lolwandle naseziqhingini. Izindawo zokwakha izidleke zilinganiselwe kakhulu endaweni yamahlathi, yize izinyoni zingahlala ngaphandle kwayo - emahlathini asezikhukhuleni asemaqeleni. Lapho zifuduka zitholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile zamahewu. Ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu, ezingenamithi, ama-ospreys ahlala phansi akha izidleke emaweni asogwini lolwandle, eziqhingini ezisogwini, nasemadolobheni amancane asogwini lolwandle.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-osprey angler itholakalaphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlani i-osprey?
Isithombe: Inyoni ka-Osprey
Ukudla kuka-Osprey kuqukethe izinhlanzi ezingama-99%. Njengoba lesi silwanyana sibamba inyamazane yale mpukane, noma iziphi izinhlobo ezinomkhuba wokukhuphukela phezulu emanzini ziba yizisulu zayo.
Ngokuhlukile, babamba ezinye izilwane ezinesisindo esifanele, kokubhukuda nokungabhukudi:
- izinyoka zamanzi;
- izimfudu;
- Usayizi ofanele wezilwane eziphila ezweni,
- izingwenya ezincane;
- izinyoni;
- onogwaja;
- i-muskrat;
- voles;
- amaprotheni.
Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, i-osprey indiza kancane phezu kwamanzi endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-10 kuya kwangama-40. Isitholile isisulu, inyoni izulazula isikhashana, bese igijimela phambili, ibambe uzipho phambi komlomo wayo. Ingacwila ekujuleni kwe-1 m (ngokusho kweminye imithombo, ifike ku-2), kepha kaningi imane ilime ebusweni bamanzi ngezinzipho zayo. Ngemuva kokuthatha inyamazane, i-osprey iyahamba nayo, iyibambe ngezidladla zombili ukuze idle endaweni ezolile noma yokondla umlingani esidlekeni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Osprey angler
Ezifundeni eziseningizimu ezinobusika obufudumele nemizimba yamanzi engabandi, i-osprey ihlala phansi, futhi lapho ukudoba ebusika kungenakwenzeka, ziba yizinyoni ezifudukayo. Zindiza zisuka eNyakatho Melika ziye eNingizimu Melika, zisuka eYurophu - ziye e-Afrika, zisuka enyakatho ye-Asia - ziye eningizimu naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Suka eningizimu kusuka ngoSepthemba kuya ku-Okthoba, ubuye kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya kuMeyi.
Izinyoni ezihlala lapho, ngaphandle kokukhathazeka komndeni, nazo zingazula, zenze izindiza zokudla amahora amaningana. Imvamisa azindizeli kude nendawo ezihlala kuyo ibanga elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-10-14. "Ulimi" luka-Osprey lubi kakhulu. Ngokuyisisekelo, lezi ziluhlu lwezikhalazo ezimnene, ezinomsindo, ezahlukahlukene ngethoni nobude.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lezi zilwane ezidla ezinye zithanda izinhlanzi u-150-300 g, isisindo sokuqoshwa kwesilwane ngu-1200 g.Ubude bezinhlanzi bungamasentimitha ayi-7 - 57. Ukuze igcwale, inyoni idinga u-300 - 400 g wokudla ngosuku, ngokusho kweminye imithombo, idinga kuze kufike ku-800 g.
Izinga lokufa kwezinyoni ezincane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emibili ubudala liphezulu - ngokwesilinganiso sama-40%. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokufa kwezilwane ezincane ukungabi nokudla. Kepha i-osprey ingaphila isikhathi eside - iminyaka engama-20 - 25. Ngo-2011, irekhodi lokuphila isikhathi eside laqoshwa - iminyaka engama-30, ngo-2014 - iminyaka engama-32 ... Mhlawumbe lona akuwona umkhawulo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Pair ka-Osprey
Ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zendawo enkulu, inkathi yokukhwelana iqala ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene. Izinyoni ezihlala lapho ziqala ukwakha izidleke ngoDisemba-Mashi, izinyoni ezifudukayo - ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. I-Osprey indizela ezindaweni zayo zokuzalela yodwa, yize ingabodwana futhi igcina ngababili iminyaka eminingi. Abesilisa bafika kuqala, abesifazane bafika ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva.
Endaweni yehlathi, i-osprey yenza izidleke eziqongweni ezomile zezihlahla ezinkulu, ezisekelweni zamandla kagesi ezinamandla amakhulu, imibhoshongo yezinhloso ezahlukahlukene, namapulatifomu okufakelwa abanikezwa wona ngabalondolozi bemvelo. Lapho kukhethwa indawo, banikela ngokusondela kwedamu elihle, ukuze lingabi ngaphezu kwe-3-5 km. Kwesinye isikhathi izidleke zakhiwa ngaphezu kwamanzi.
Ibanga eliphakathi kwezidleke lisuka kumamitha ayi-100 kuye kumakhilomitha amaningana. Imvamisa umndeni ngamunye uhlala kude nabanye, kepha amakoloni akhiwa eduze nezinqolobane zezinhlanzi ikakhulukazi. Isidleke senziwe ngamahlumela, ulwelwe noma utshani, ubulembu - noma yini etholakalayo yokuhlobisa. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nolayini wokudoba noma izikhwama zepulasitiki. Izidleke zisebenzela umbhangqwana owodwa unomphela iminyaka eminingi, isizini ngayinye ziyavuselelwa ziphothulwe.
Ngaphambi komshado, owesilisa uyagxuma, endiza eyindilinga phezu kwesidleke lapho kuhlala khona owesifazane. Ishicilela uchungechunge lokukhala, indiza, ishaya amaphiko ayo futhi iphethe inhlanzi yesipho esidladleni sayo. Ngemuva kwemizuzu eyi-10, ethathe isinqumo sokuthi uzame ngokwanele, undizela esidlekeni kunkosikazi wakhe. Lapho oshade naye eqala ukufukamela amaqanda, owesilisa uphatha ukudla kwakhe futhi angabamba iqhaza ekufukameleni. Ukukopela kwenzeka lapho owesilisa engalethi ukudla okwanele futhi owesifazane olambile ephoqeleka ukuba aphendukele kwabanye. Noma owesilisa uqala ukusebenzela imindeni emibili uma izidleke zitholakala eduze komunye nomunye.
Kukhona amaqanda amabili kuya kwamane, umbala omhlophe onamachashazi ansundu. Amachwane azalwa ngezinsuku ezingama-38 - 41. Ngokushoda kokudla, akuzona zonke izinkukhu ezisindayo, kepha kuphela lezo ezichamisela kuqala. Kwaphela amasonto amabili insikazi iyazishisa njalo, bese kungavamisile, zinike isikhathi sokuthola ukudla. Abantu abasha bazibophezela ezinyangeni eziyi-1.5 - 2.5 futhi bayakwazi ukuzingela bodwa, yize kade bezama ukucela ukudla kubazali babo. Ebusika, wonke umuntu undiza yedwa. U-Osprey uvuthwa ngokocansi ngeminyaka emi-3 - 5 bese echitha iminyaka yakhe yobusha "phesheya" - ezindaweni zobusika.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayoI-Australia ibhalise izidleke ezisetshenziswe iminyaka engama-70. Zitholakala emadwaleni asogwini futhi ziyizinqwaba ezinkulu ze-snags kanye namagatsha, eziboshwe nge-algae, zifinyelela ku-2 m ukuphakama, 2 m ububanzi nesisindo 135 kg.
Izitha zika-Osprey zemvelo
Isithombe: Inyoni ka-Osprey
Ngisho nomzingeli omkhulu kangaka unezitha. Lezi zidlakela zinkulu kakhulu - izinkozi, ezigcwala i-osprey, zincintisane nayo ukuthola ukudla nezindawo zokwakha izidleke. Futhi lezo ezisebenza ebumnyameni yizikhova nezikhova, ezikhetha ukuthwala amachwane azo.
Ezilwaneni zomhlaba ezibhubhisa izidleke, ungaqamba:
- inyoka;
- i-raccoon;
- izinyamazane ezincane ezikhuphukayo;
- ingwenya. Ubamba i-osprey emanzini lapho icwila.
Ngokwemvelo, lo muntu naye wawela enanini lezitha, yize kungengenhloso. Kwavela ukuthi i-osprey iyazwela kakhulu emithini yokubulala izinambuzane, ikakhulukazi i-DDT nemikhiqizo yayo, eyayikade ihlonishwa kakhulu. Lawa makhemikhali angene emzimbeni wabo ngenhlanzi futhi abangela ukuncipha koqweqwe nokufa kwemibungu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukwehla kokuzala. Izinyoni ezindala nazo zashabalala. Phakathi kweminyaka yama-50s nengama-70s yekhulu elidlule, inani lamabhangqa azalanayo ogwini lwe-Atlantic e-United States lehle ngama-90%; eChesapeake Bay, inani labo lehla ngohhafu. EYurophu, emazweni amaningi (amaPyrenees, iNgilandi, i-Ireland, neFrance) anyamalale ngokuphelele.
Inani le-osprey libuye lithinteke kabi ngokuthuthukiswa okunamandla komhlaba: ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukudoba, ukungcoliswa kwemizimba yamanzi. Abazingeli, labo abathanda ukucekela phansi izidleke futhi bamane babonise ilukuluku elingenampilo, benza umnikelo wabo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abantu base-Osprey e-Ireland banyamalala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, eNgilandi banyamalala ngo-1840, eScotland ngo-1916. Isizathu salokhu kubhujiswa kwakuyintshisekelo enkulu yokuqoqa amaqanda nezilwane ezazigcwele. Ukuthatheka kobuwula kudlulile, futhi u-osprey ofudukayo waqala ukuphinda agcwale iziqhingi. Ngo-1954 baphinda badla eScotland.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Indlela i-osprey ebukeka ngayo
Ohlwini lokugcina olubomvu lwe-IUCN, i-osprey inesimo sezinhlobo ezinenala eyandayo. Ubungako besibalo sabantu emhlabeni bulinganiselwa kubantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-100 - 500. Ngempela, izindlela zokuvikela (ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane “edlala isikhathi eside” nokudutshulwa kwezinyoni ezidla inyama) kuholele ekwandeni okuphawulekayo kwenani lezinyoni kuwo wonke amazwekazi. EYurophu, lapho isimo sasinzima khona kakhulu, abantu abasele bakhula eScandinavia naseJalimane. Izinyoni zabuyela eNgilandi, eScotland, eBavaria, eFrance. Ngokuya ngemininingwane yangaphandle ye-2011 - 2014. EGreat Britain kwakukhona izidleke zokuhlala ezingama-250 - 300, eSweden 4100, eNorway - 500, eFinland - 1300, eJalimane - 627, eRussia - 2000 - 4000.
Uhlobo lunesimo sesi-3 (esingajwayelekile) eRed Book laseRussia. Ngokuya ngemininingwane ethunyelwe kuyo, izidleke eziningi (ezingaba ngu-60) ziseDarwin Reserve (esifundeni saseVologda). Kunezimbhangqwana eziningana eziyishumi nambili ngayinye ezifundeni zaseLeningrad naseTver, eKola Peninsula nasezindaweni eziphansi zeVolga. Amabhangqa angaphansi kweshumi ahlala esifundeni saseNizhny Novgorod nakwesinye isifunda somhlaba esingewona abamnyama. ESiberia, izidleke ezincane zaphawulwa enyakatho yesifunda saseTyumen naseningizimu yeKrasnoyarsk Territory; iningi lalezi zidliwayo (ezingaba ngamabhangqa angama-500) zihlala ezifundeni zaseMagadan nase-Amur, eKhabarovsk Territory, ePrimorye, eSakhalin, eKamchatka naseChukotka. Ngokuvamile, akukho ngaphezu kwamabhangqa ayi-1000 ezweni lonke.
Osprey unogada
Isithombe: Osprey ovela eRed Book
Ngokombono wochwepheshe bamazwe omhlaba emkhakheni wezemvelo, lolu hlobo lunamathemba amahle okusinda, ikusasa lalo aliyona imbangela yokukhathazeka. Kodwa ungavumeli ukuqapha kwakho. I-osprey ihlala ivikelekile eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika nase-Australia, lapho kuqoshwa khona futhi kubhekwa bonke abantu bayo. Izinhlelo zenziwe ukubuyisela izinyoni ezindaweni lapho zake zachithwa khona (ngokwesibonelo, eSpain).
Kubhalwe ohlwini lwe-CITES, oluvimbela ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba ngalolu hlobo, izithasiselo zemihlangano yeBonn neBerne. Kunezivumelwano zamazwe omhlaba mayelana nokuvikelwa kwezinyoni ezifudukayo, iRussia eziphothule ne-USA, Japan, India kanye neKorea. I-osprey iqoshwe kwiRed Data Book yaseRussia nasezincwadini zikazwelonke zezifunda zazo zonke izindawo lapho ihlala khona.
Izinyathelo zokuphepha eziphakanyisiwe zilula:
- ukulondolozwa kwezindawo zokuhlala;
- ukufakwa kwamapulatifomu ezidleke;
- ukudluliswa kwezidleke kusuka ezisekelweni zomugqa wokuhambisa amandla, lapho zihlela khona amasekethe;
- ukwakhiwa "kwezindawo zokuphumula" ezizungeze izidleke ngaphakathi kwe-200-300 m;
- ukuhlanzwa kwamadamu;
- ukwanda kwamasheya ezinhlanzi.
Namuhla osprey iphephile, akukho okuyisongelayo, futhi kwezinye izindawo amanani ayo akhula kancane. Lokhu kusinikeza ithemba lokuthi umhlaseli wasendulo nobabazekayo uzohlala nathi isikhathi eside. Ukubona ukuthi asisodwa emhlabeni kancane kodwa kufinyelela kuwo wonke umuntu. Futhi imiphumela yezenzo ezithathiwe iqinisekisa ukuthi kuhlale kunethuba lokuguqula isimo sibe ngcono ngokuqothulwa kohlobo. Cishe njalo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/05/2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/28/2019 ngo-21: 37
