UHamadryad - uhlobo lomndeni wezimfene. Iyimfene esenyakatho kakhulu ekhona, eyazalelwa oPhondweni lwe-Afrika nasethimbeni eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNhlonhlo yase-Arabia. Inikeza indawo elula yalezi zilwane ezinabazingeli abambalwa uma kuqhathaniswa nasenkabeni noma eningizimu ye-Afrika, lapho kuhlala khona ezinye izinhlobo zezimfene. Imfene uHamadryl yayingcwele kwabaseGibhithe lasendulo futhi yavela ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene enkolweni yasendulo yaseGibhithe, yingakho igama layo elinye elithi "imfene engcwele".
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Hamadryl
Izimfene zingesinye sezigaba ezingama-23 zezinkawu ze-Old World. Ngo-2015, abacwaningi bathola imvubukulo endala kunazo zonke yemfene, eyabhalwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili edlule, yaqoshwa endaweni yaseMalapa eNingizimu Afrika, lapho kutholakala khona izinsalela ze-Australopithecus. Ngokwezifundo zofuzo, izimfene zihlukane nezihlobo zazo eziseduze eminyakeni engu-1.9 kuya ku-2.3 million edlule.
Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu kuhlobo lwePapio:
- hamadryas (P. hamadryas);
- Imfene yaseGuinea (P. papio);
- imfene yomnqumo (P. anubis);
- imfene ephuzi (P. cynocephalus);
- thwala imfene (P. ursinus).
Ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo ezinhlanu ivela esifundeni esisodwa kwezihlanu zase-Afrika, kanti imfene ebizwa ngokuthi i-hamadryas nayo iyingxenye yeNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia. Angenye yamapayipi amakhulu kunawo wonke angenawo ama-hominoid. Izimfene sekuneminyaka okungenani eyizigidi ezimbili zikhona.
Ividiyo: Hamadryl
Ukuhlukaniswa okusungulwe kwamafomu amahlanu mhlawumbe akubonisi ngokwanele umehluko ngaphakathi kohlobo lwePapio. Abanye ochwepheshe bagcizelela ukuthi okungenani amafomu amabili ngaphezulu kufanele aqashelwe, kufaka phakathi imfene encane yohlobo (P. cynocephalus kindae) waseZambia, eCongo nase-Angola, kanye nemfene enezinwele ezimpunga (P. ursinus griseipes) ezitholakala eZambia, Botswana, Zimbabwe kanye neMozambique.
Kodwa-ke, ulwazi lwamanje lokuhlukahluka kokuziphatha, morphological kanye nofuzo kwezimfene lincane kakhulu ukuvumela isinqumo esifanele. AbaseGibhithe lasendulo babebheka ama-hamadryas njengokuphindukuzalwa kukankulunkulu uBabi futhi babahlonipha njengezilwane ezingcwele, ngaphezu kwalokho, unkulunkulu uHapi wayevame ukuvezwa ngekhanda lale mfene. Yize manje eGibhithe awekho ama-hamadryas asendle noma kuphi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ngabe i-hamadryl ibukeka kanjani
Ngaphezu kokushaywa kwe-dimorphism yezocansi (abesilisa bacishe baphindwe kabili kunabesifazane, okujwayelekile kuzo zonke izimfene), lolu hlobo lubonisa nokwehluka kombala kubantu abadala. Ezinduna ezindala zine-cape (umane nesembatho) esivelile sombala omhlophe osiliva, oqala ukukhula cishe eneminyaka eyishumi ubudala, kanti abesifazane abanawo ama-capes futhi banombala onsundu emzimbeni wabo wonke. Ubuso babo busukela kokubomvu kuye kobunsundu kuze kube nsundu ngokusobala.
Ijazi labesilisa linsundu ngokumpunga ngesisu esinombala ofana nomhlane noma mnyama. Izinwele ezihlathini ziba lula, zakha "amadevu". Izinwele ezinde ngemuva zi-wavy. Kwezinye izilwane, isikhumba singaba mbala kakhulu. Kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane, isikhumba esizungeze ama-ischial calluses sibomvana noma sibomvu ngokugqamile. Abesilisa banombala wesikhumba ofanayo esifubeni, kuyilapho abesifazane benobuso obumpunga obuthuntu.
Abesilisa bangalinganisa kufika ku-80 cm ngosayizi womzimba futhi babe nesisindo esingama-20-30 kg. Izinsikazi zinesisindo esingu-10-15 kg futhi zinobude bomzimba obungu-40-45 cm.Umsila ugobile, mude, unezela ubude obungu-40-60 cm bese uphela ngesigaxa esincane kodwa esinomusa esisekelweni. Izingane zimnyama ngombala futhi ziyakhanya ngemuva konyaka. UHamadryas ufinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi cishe ezinyangeni ezingama-51 kwabesifazane nezinyanga ezingama-57 kuya kwezingu-81 kwabesilisa.
Uhlala kuphi uHamadryl?
Isithombe: Hamadryl ngokwemvelo
IHamadryl itholakala ezwenikazi i-Afrika eningizimu yoLwandle Olubomvu e-Eritrea, e-Ethiopia, eSudan, e-Djibouti nase-Somalia, e-South Nubia. Lolu hlobo ludabuka naseSarawat eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Arabia. Ububanzi bezimfene buthatha iYemen neSaudi Arabia.
Laba bantu bokugcina bavame ukutholakala besondelene nabantu, futhi yize babhekwa njengabaningi esifundeni, kungenzeka ukuthi bangeniswa lapho ngengozi ngesikhathi esithile ngesikhathi sokuphakama kombuso wasendulo waseGibhithe. Lolu hlobo luyingxenye yenkimbinkimbi yezinhlobo zezimfene zase-Afrika ezisondelene.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimfene zeHamadril zitholakala ogwadule, amathafa, izimfunda eziphakeme zezintaba, amathafa kanye namasavana. Ukusatshalaliswa kwabo kunqunyelwe ukuba khona kwezimbobo zokuchelela nezindawo ezinamadwala noma amadwala ahambisanayo.
Kwezinye izingxenye ze-Ethiopia, zitholakala ezindaweni zezolimo futhi zithathwa njengezilokazane eziyizilimo. Ama-Hamadrils avame ukutholakala ezintabeni, akhuphukela ezindaweni eziphakeme. Iqembu ngalinye liqukethe amaduna amakhulu ayi-10-15 amadala. Imihlambi ihamba njalo. Zonke izilwane ikakhulukazi zisemhlabathini, kodwa futhi ngobuciko kakhulu zikhuphuka amadwala namawa.
I-Hamadryas ikhuphuka ezihlahleni kakhulu. Ubukhulu bendlu ye-hamadryas buyahluka ngokuya ngekhwalithi yendawo yokuhlala nendawo yamatshe. Umkhawulo webanga lasekhaya cishe ungama-40 km². Ububanzi bezinsuku zonke bezimfene busuka ku-6.5 kuye ku-19.6 kuye ku-m².
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona u-hamadryl. Ake sibone ukuthi idlani le nyani.
Yini i-hamadryl edlayo?
Isithombe: Hamadrils
IPapio hamadryas iyi-omnivore edla izimpande zezitshalo nezilwane ezincane (iminenke, izikelemu nezinambuzane), ebheka ukuthi iphendukela phezu kwamatshe. Kwesinye isikhathi ahlasela amasimu. Ngenxa yokushuba kwendawo ezihlala kuyo, lezi zimfene kumele zidle noma yikuphi ukudla okudliwayo ezingakuthola.
Okunye kokulungiswa kokudla okukholelwa ukuthi zonke izimfene zinakho amandla okudla ukudla okusezingeni eliphansi. I-Hamadryas inganeliswa ngamakhambi isikhathi eside. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukusebenzisa izindawo zokuhlala ezomile zomhlaba njengamahlane, ama-semi -hlane, ama-steppes nezindawo ezinotshani.
Baziwa ngokudla izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokudla, kepha kungagcini lapho:
- izithelo,
- izinambuzane,
- amaqanda;
- imbewu yom-acacia;
- izimbali zomtholo;
- imbewu yotshani;
- amakhambi;
- ama-rhizomes;
- izimpande;
- ezihuquzelayo;
- izilimo eziyizigaxa;
- ama-vertebrate amancane, njll.
UHamadrila uhlala ezindaweni eziwugwadule, ama-savanna nezindawo ezinamadwala. Badinga amatshe ukuze balale futhi bathole amanzi. Ngesikhathi semvula, badla ukudla okuhlukahlukene. Ngesikhathi esomile, ama-hamadryas adla amaqabunga e-Dobera glabra namaqabunga e-sisal. Indlela yokuthola amanzi nayo incike esikhathini.
Ngesikhathi semvula, inkawu ayidingi ukuhamba ibanga elide ukuthola iziziba zamanzi. Ngenkathi eyomile, bavame ukuhambela izindawo ezintathu zokunisela unomphela. UHamadrilas uvame ukuphumula emgodini wokunisela ntambama. Bamba futhi imigodi yokuphuza buqamama namanzi emvelo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Monkey hamadryl
I-Hamadryas yizilwane zenhlalo ephezulu ezinesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi samazinga amaningi. Iyunithi eliyisisekelo lenhlangano yezenhlalo yindoda evelele, umholi olawula ngonya owesifazane oyedwa kuya kwabayisishiyagalolunye kanye nenzalo yabo. Amalungu omphakathi aqoqa ukudla ndawonye, ahamba ndawonye, futhi alala ndawonye. Abesilisa bacindezela ubudlova phakathi kwabesifazane futhi bagcina ukufinyelela okukhethekile kokuzala kwabesifazane abavuthiwe. Iqembu elilodwa lingafaka phakathi izilwane ezi-2 kuye kwezingu-23, yize isilinganiso singu-7.3. Ngaphezu komholi wesilisa, kungaba khona ongaphansi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amaqembu amabili kuya kwamathathu (ama-harem) ayahlangana ukwakha imindeni. Abesilisa bomndeni bayizihlobo eziseduze zofuzo. Imindeni yakha amaqembu asondelene ekukhipheni ukudla. Abaholi besilisa bacindezela noma yimiphi imizamo yezingane yokuxhumana nezilwane ezineminyaka efanayo ngamaqembu ahlukene.
Abesilisa bakhawulela ukuhamba kwezinsikazi ngokubasongela ngokubukeka nokubamba noma ukuluma noma ngubani ohamba kakhulu. Abesifazane babonisa okuncamelayo okuthile maqondana nabesilisa nabesilisa ukucabangela lokhu okuncamelayo. Lapho abesifazane bengavumi kakhulu amadoda ezinsikazi zakhe, maningi amathuba okuthi abanjwe imbangi yakhe.
Abesilisa abasebasha bangaqala ama-harem abo ngokunxenxa abesifazane abangavuthiwe ukuba babalandele, kepha futhi bangathumba intokazi ngenkani. Abesilisa asebekhulile ngokuvamile balahlekelwa abesifazane babo, banciphe emzimbeni wabasifazane, futhi umbala wezinwele zabo ushintsha ube nsundu.
Phambilini, bekukholelwa ukuthi ama-hamadryas abesifazane alahlekelwa ukuxhumana nabesifazane bezintokazi abazishiyayo. Kepha ucwaningo lwamuva nje lukhombisa ukuthi abesifazane bagcina isibopho esiseduze okungenani nabesifazane abathile. Bangachitha isikhathi esiningi nabanye besifazane njengabesilisa besifazane, kanti abanye besifazane baze bahlanganyele ngaphandle kwabesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane beqembu elifanayo lomdalo bavamise ukuba sezindlekeni ezifanayo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Baby hamadryas
Njengezinye izimfene, ama-hamadryas azala ngezikhathi ezithile. Owesilisa ovelele weqembu wenza iningi lokukhwelana, yize amanye amaduna nawo angahlangana ngezikhathi ezithile. Abesifazane banokukhetha okuthile kwabalingani. Imvamisa bayalishiya iqembu labo lokuzalwa beneminyaka eyi-1.5 kuye kwengu-3.5. Abesifazane babonakala ngomjikelezo we-estrous wezinsuku ezingama-31 kuye kwezingu-35. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kweqanda, isikhumba se-perineum yesifazane siyakhukhumala, sixwayise owesilisa ngesimo sakhe esingahle sibe nokuvunda. Amanani wokukhwela angaba kusuka ku-7 kuye ku-12.2 ngehora lapho owesifazane elalela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isikhathi sokumitha sithatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-172, ngemuva kwalokho insikazi izala izinyane elilodwa. Usana olusanda kuzalwa lunesisindo esiphakathi kuka-600 no-900 g futhi lunengubo emnyama, okwenza lubonakale kalula ezinganeni ezindala. Izingane zincike ngokuphelele kunina ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala zize ziqale ukudla ukudla okuqinile futhi zikwazi ukuzihambela.
Ukuthomba kwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka yobudala engu-4.8 kuya kwengu-6.8 kwabesilisa neminyaka engaba ngu-4.3 kwabesifazane. Usayizi ogcwele ufinyelelwa kwabesilisa abaneminyaka engaba ngu-10.3 ubudala. Abesifazane, abancane kakhulu kunabesilisa, bafinyelela usayizi wabantu abadala cishe eminyakeni eyi-6.1. Isikhathi esivamile sokuzalwa kwabesifazane izinyanga ezingama-24, yize izingane zaziwa ukuthi zizalwe ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-12. Futhi abanye abazalanga kwaze kwaphela izinyanga ezingama-36 ngemuva kokuzalwa kwenganyana yabo edlule.
Isikhathi esimaphakathi sokuncelisa yizinsuku ezingama-239, kepha isikhathi sokulunyulwa singahluka ngokuya ngesimo sikamama, ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo nezimo zenhlalo. Lactation ingahlala izinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kwezingu-15. Isikhathi sokulutha kwezingane kunzima ukusihlola. Ngenxa yokuthi lolu hlobo luhlangene nomphakathi, izingane zingaqhubeka nokuxhumana nomama wazo kuze kube yilapho zihlukana lapho sezikhulile noma seziseduze.
Owesifazane wenza imisebenzi eminingi yokuba ngumzali. Abesifazane bayancelisa futhi banakekele inzalo yabo. Kwenzeka ukuthi insikazi eyodwa esidlekeni ivame ukubheka inzalo yenye insikazi. Njengazo zonke izimfene, izingane ziyakhanga kakhulu kwamanye amalungu eqembu lomphakathi kanye nokugxila kubo. Abesilisa banikela ngokuvikelwa ezinganeni ngenkathi kugcinwa ukulawulwa kwezintokazi.
Abesilisa abashiyi abanye besilisa ekuxhumaneni nezingane zabo, okungavimbela ukubulawa kwezinsana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaduna amadala ahlala eqaphile kulo lonke iqembu ngakho-ke angakwazi ukubona izidlo ezingaba namandla ngenkathi evikela izingane zawo kulolu songo oluthile. Ngokuvamile abesilisa babekezelela izingane nezinsana ezise-WMD futhi bavame ukudlala nabo noma babathwale emhlane.
Izitha zemvelo zamahamadryas
Isithombe: Ama-hamadryas abesifazane
Izilwane ezidla imvelo zicishe zaqedwa ebangeni eliningi le- P. hamadryas. Kodwa-ke, amazinga aphezulu enhlangano yomphakathi abonwa kuma-hamadryas kucatshangwa ukuthi akhombisa ubukhona balabo esikhathini esedlule. Ukuhlala ngamaqembu ngokungangabazeki kusiza izilwane ukuthi zivikele ezilwaneni ezizingelayo ngokwandisa inani labantu abadala ukuvikela ukuhlaselwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ithuswe ukubonakala kwezilwane ezingaba yizisulu, ama-hamadryas aphakamisa ukuhewula kokuvala izindlebe futhi, ngemuva kokuqwala amadwala, aqala ukugingqa amatshe ukuze avikeleke.
Njengoba amaqembu nemindeni ijwayele ukuhlangana ngaphambi nje kokufika emgodini wokunisela, indawo yezilwane ezizingelayo zokucasha, umsebenzi onjalo ubonakala ngathi kungenzeka. Kuyisifiso salezi zilwane futhi ukulala emaweni aphakeme. Incazelo yale divayisi yokulala ukuthi ivimbela izilwane ezidla ezinye ukungena kuma-hamadryas. Ukutholakala kwezindawo zokulala ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo kubonakala kungumkhawulo omkhulu wohlu lwalezi zilwane.
Izilwane ezidume kakhulu zifaka:
- izingwe (Panthera pardus);
- impisi emthende (H. hyaena);
- impisi enamabala (C. crocuta);
- ukhozi lwe-kaffir (i-Aquila verreauxii).
AmaHamadryas ajwayelekile ezindaweni zezolimo eziniselwa ngenkasa futhi angaba yizinambuzane ezimbi kakhulu zezitshalo. Ziyizilwane ezinkulu ezihlala ziziphatha ngodlame lapho zibhekene nabantu. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zinkawu ziyizisulu, zakha isixhumanisi esibalulekile kuma-webs okudla endawo, okwenza izakhi zomzimba ezizithola ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni ezincane zitholakale ezilwaneni ezinkulu. Bamba izilimo eziyizigaxa, izimpande, nama-rhizomes, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zilwane zisize ekupholiseni inhlabathi lapho zondla khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baneqhaza ekusatshalalisweni kwembewu, izithelo abazidlayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ngabe i-hamadryl ibukeka kanjani
Ukuguqulwa kwamasimu namadlelo kuyisongo esikhulu kwimfene i-hamadryas. izidalwa eziyizilwane eziyimvelo kuphela impisi emthende, impisi enamabala kanye nengwe yase-Afrika, esahlala endaweni yayo yokusatshalaliswa. I-IUCN yabala lolu hlobo njenge- “Least Concern” ngo-2008. IHamadryas njengamanje ayisongelwa izinsongo ezinkulu ezisabalele, yize zikhona endaweni, zingasongelwa ukulahleka kwendawo ngenxa yokwanda okukhulu kwezolimo namaphrojekthi okunisela. ...
Iqiniso elithakazelisayoNgokusho kochwepheshe, inani labantu baseDjibouti cishe lingezilwane ezingama-2000, futhi lizinzile. Uhlobo lolo lubalwe ku-Appendix II we-CITES. Ukwanda kwabantu “okumsulwa” kwalolu hlobo kwenzeka eSimien Mountains National Park. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo lutholakala eHarar National Wildlife Refuge ehlongozwayo, kanye nasenyakatho ye-Eritrea.
UHamadryad etholakala eYangudi Rassa National Park, eHarar Wildlife Sanctuary, nakwezinye izindawo eziningi ezisezansi e-Avash Valley (yize kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi zonke izindawo ezigcinwa e-Avash zithonywe ezolimo). Lolu hlobo luhlala e-Ethiopia ngamanani amakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi isibalo sabo sande ngisho ngenxa yokwehla kwezilwane ezidla imvelo kanye nezolimo ezincane.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/04/2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 28.09.2019 ngo-21: 35
