Amathafa angapheli e-Afrika, okuyikhaya lezilwane eziningi ezidla izilwane ezidliwayo, nawo ayikhaya Scarab ibhungane... Mhlawumbe i-Afrika, futhi iplanethi yonke ayikakafakwa ezinqwabeni ezinkulu zobulongwe ngenxa yamabhungane obulongwe, phakathi kwawo amabhungane e-scarab anendawo ehlonipheke kakhulu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Scarab beetle
Ama-entomologists ahlukanisa i-scarab beetle njenge-scarab beetle, isigaba sezinambuzane, i-coleoptera oda, nomndeni we-lamellar. Lo mndeni ubonakala ngesimo esikhethekile samadevu, angavela ngezikhathi ezithile ngesimo sefeni, equkethe amapuleti amancane ahambayo.
Ividiyo: Scarab beetle
Njengamanje, isayensi yazi abamele abangaphezu kwekhulu balolu hlobo, oluvame ukuhlala emaqeleni amile, izingwadule, izingwadule, ama-savanna. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-scarab zitholakala kuphela endaweni eshisayo yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Isifunda esibizwa ngePalaearctic, esihlanganisa inyakatho ye-Afrika, iYurophu kanye nenyakatho ye-Asia, siyikhaya lezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-20.
Ubude bomzimba bamabhungane be-scarab bungaba kusuka ku-9 kuye ku-40 mm. Iningi lazo linombala omnyama we-matte woqweqwe lwe-chitinous, ocwebezela ngokwengeziwe njengoba zikhula.Ngezinye izikhathi ungathola izinambuzane ezine-chitin enombala osansimbi, kepha lokhu akuvamile kakhulu. Abesilisa abahlukile kwabesifazane hhayi ngombala nangosayizi, kodwa emilenzeni yangemuva, embozwe umphetho wegolide ngaphakathi.
Kuwo wonke amabhungane e-scarab, uhlaza emilenzeni nasesiswini luphawu olukhulu kakhulu, kanye nokuba khona kwamazinyo amane emilenzeni yangaphambili, ebandakanyeka ekumbeni nasekwenzeni amabhola emqubeni.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Indlela ibhungane le-scarab elibukeka ngayo
Umzimba we-scarab beetle unesimo se-oval ebanzi, encane, ehlanganiswe ngokuphelele ne-exoskeleton. I-exoskeleton iyisembozo se-chitinous esiqinile futhi esiqinile, imvamisa isebenza njengesikhali esibizwa ngokuthi yisivikelo esivikela umzimba webhungane ekulimaleni okuhambisana nohlobo lomsebenzi wayo. Ikhanda le-scarab beetle lifushane futhi libanzi ngamazinyo ayisithupha angaphambili.
Isimemezelo sesinambuzane futhi sibanzi futhi sifushane, siyisicaba, sinesimo esilula, sinesakhiwo esiyimbudumbudu nenani elikhulu lamazinyo amancane asemaceleni. I-elytra elukhuni yalesi sinambuzane ingaphezulu kokuphindwe kabili kune-pronotum, inezindawo eziyisithupha ezingajulile ezinde, nesakhiwo esifanayo sembumbulu.
Isisu esingemuva sizungezwe ngamazinyo amancane, embozwe uhlaza oluncane ngesimo sezinwele ezimnyama. Izinwele ezifanayo zitholakala kuwo womabili ama-pair we-tarsi. Imilenze yangaphambili isetshenziswa amabhungane ukumba inhlabathi nomquba. Uma kuqhathaniswa nenye i-tarsi esele, zibukeka ziqinile, zinamandla amakhulu, zinkulu futhi zinamazinyo amane angaphandle, amanye awo anamazinyo amaningi amancane kakhulu esisekelweni sawo. Imilenze emaphakathi neyangemuva ivela mide, mincane, igobile futhi isiza izinambuzane ukwakha amabhola omquba bese ziyayisa lapho ziya khona.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amabhola obulongwe akhiwa ama-scarab beetle angaba ngamashumi amashumi amakhulu kunezinambuzane.
Uhlala kuphi ibhungane?
Isithombe: Ibhungane le-Scarab eGibhithe
Ngokwesiko, kukholakala ukuthi ama-scarab beetle ahlala eGibhithe, lapho kade ahlonishwa khona futhi acishe aphakanyiselwa enkolweni, kepha indawo yezinambuzane ibanzi kakhulu. I-scarab itholakala cishe kuyo yonke i-Afrika, eYurophu (ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga naseningizimu yezwekazi, eningizimu yeRussia, eDagestan, eGeorgia, eFrance, eGrisi, eTurkey), e-Asia ngisho nasenhlonhlweni yaseCrimea.
Ngokuvamile, kuvela ukuthi ama-scarab beetle akhetha isimo sezulu esifudumele noma esishisayo ebusika obufushane nobumnene, obujwayelekile ezifundeni ezingenhla, kanye nolwandle olumnyama nolweMedithera. Amabhungane akhetha ukuhlala enhlabathini enesihlabathi ezindaweni ezingama-savanna, ama-steppes omile, izingwadule kanye nezingwadule, kuyilapho bezama ukugwema izindawo ezinosawoti.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amabhungane ahlala enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea, kepha mhlawumbe, ngenxa yokuthi usawoti wezindawo ezinkulu zesifunda, mancane ngosayizi kunezihlobo zawo zaseGibhithe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20 eyedlule ososayensi bezinambuzane bazama ukuthola imikhondo ye-scarab e-Australia, kodwa le mizamo ayiphumelelanga. Ngokusobala kuleli zwekazi uMama Wendalo akakaze abe nesidingo sokuhleleka. Futhi akumangalisi ukuthi i-Australia ibilokhu idume hhayi ngobuningi bezilwane zomhlaba, kodwa ngokungavamile kwayo, ikakhulukazi ngoba ingxenye yayo yonke emaphakathi iwugwadule olomile olungenazo izilwane.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona ibhungane le-scarab. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edliwa ibhungane?
Isithombe: Scarab beetle ngokwemvelo
Ama-Scarab mabhungane adla umquba omusha wama-mammalian, yingakho-ke bezuze ngokugcwele isimo semvelo yokuhleleka noma okokusebenzisa. Njengomphumela wokubukwa, kwaqashelwa ukuthi amabhungane ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3-4 angandizela enqwelweni encane yomquba. Umquba kufanele ube musha, ngoba kulula ukwakha amabhola kuwo. Amabhungane enza amabhola omswani ngendlela ethokozisayo: ngosizo lwamazinyo ekhanda nasemilenzeni engaphambili, elenga njengefosholo. Lapho kwakhiwa ibhola, ucezu oluncane lomquba oyindilinga luthathwa njengesisekelo. Isizinzile ngaphezulu kwalesi siqeshana, ibhungane livame ukuphendukela ezinhlangothini ezahlukahlukene, lihlukanise umquba olizungeza ngomphetho onamakhanda ekhanda, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, izidladla zangaphambili zicoshe lo manyolo, lulethe ebholeni bese ulucindezela kuwo luvela ezinhlangothini ezahlukene luze luthole isimo nosayizi olifunayo ...
Izinambuzane zifihla amabhola akhiwe emakhoneni afihlekile futhi, lapho zifuna indawo efanelekile, ziyakwazi ukuzigingqa amashumi ngamamitha ambalwa, futhi lapho ibhungane lihamba lisuka enqwabeni, lapho lidinga ukusonga khona isisulu salo ngokushesha okukhulu. Uma i-scarab iphazanyiswa ngokungazelelwe okungenani isikhashana, khona-ke ibhola lingasuswa ngesibindi izihlobo eziningi ezinengqondo. Imvamisa kwenzeka ukuthi impi enolaka ihlelelwe amabhola omquba, futhi zihlala zikhona izicelo eziningi kunabanikazi.
Lapho isithole indawo efanelekile, ibhungane limba umgodi ongajule kakhulu ngaphansi kwebhola, liyigoqe lapho, liyingcwabe futhi lihlale eduze kwesisulu salo size silidle ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuvame ukuthatha amasonto ambalwa noma ngaphezulu. Lapho ukudla sekuphelile, ibhungane libuye liye kufuna ukudla futhi yonke into iqala phansi futhi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kufakazelwe ngokwesayensi ukuthi ayikho indlwabu edla imvelo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ibhungane elikhulu le-scarab
I-scarab beetle ibhekwa njengesinambuzane esiqine kakhulu nesisebenza kanzima, esikwazi ukuhambisa isisindo sayo ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-90. Unekhono eliyingqayizivele lemvelo - udala emqubeni isibalo esivamile sejometri - indawo. Ungabona i-scarab endaweni yayo kusukela maphakathi noMashi kuya ku-Okthoba. Amabhungane ayasebenza emini, nasebusuku, uma kungafudumele kakhulu, angena emhlabathini. Uma kushisa kakhulu emini, izinambuzane ziqala ukuba sebusuku.
Amabhungane andiza kahle kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ehlangana njengemihlambi emikhulu, azulazula ezungeze imihlambi yezimila ezinkulu ezidla izilwane. Ama-Scarabs angabamba iphunga lomquba omusha kusuka kumakhilomitha amaningana ukusuka lapho. I-scarab yaqanjwa ngegama lokuhleleka kwenhlabathi yesihlabathi ngesizathu, ngoba cishe impilo yakhe yonke ihlotshaniswa nomquba. Izinkulungwane eziningana zamabhungane ziyakwazi ukucubungula inqwaba yemfucumfucu yezilwane esikhathini esingaphansi kwehora ngaphambi kokuba ithole isikhathi sokoma.
Amabhola obulongwe agoqwa ngamabhungane ebangeni lamashumi athile wamamitha ukusuka enqwabeni kuya endaweni enomthunzi, lapho afihlwa khona emhlabathini bese edliwa phakathi kwamasonto ambalwa. Imvamisa kuba nezimpi ezinamandla phakathi kwamabhungane ngamabhola obulongwe aselungisiwe. Lapho amabhola egingqika, kwakheka imibhangqwana "eshadile". Ezimweni ezifudumele, lapho ubusika bubanda khona, amabhungane e-scarab awahlali ebusika, kepha alinda amaqhwa, azenzele izinqolobane kusengaphambili, acashe emigodini ejulile futhi ahlale esebenza.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ibhungane laseGibhithe
Njengoba kunje, isikhathi sokumatanisa asikho kuma-scarab. La mabhungane ayahlangana futhi abekela amaqanda ngaso sonke isikhathi uma esebenza. Futhi bazithola sebengabashadikazi ngenkathi besebenza. Ama-Scarab mabhungane aphila cishe iminyaka emibili. Izinambuzane ezisencane zilungiselela amabhola omswani ukudla kwazo. Cishe ezinyangeni ezi-3-4 zokuphila, abesilisa bahlangana nabesifazane "emindenini" bese beqala ukusebenza ndawonye, bezilungiselela ukudla hhayi bona kuphela, kepha nenzalo yesikhathi esizayo.
Okokuqala, izinambuzane zimba izimbobo ezifika ku-30 cm ukujula ngekamelo lokudlela ekugcineni, lapho kugingqwa khona amabhola omswani nalapho isenzo sokukhwelana senzeka khona. Owesilisa, eseqedile umsebenzi wakhe, uyashiya esidlekeni, bese insikazi izalela amaqanda (ama-1-3 pcs.) Emabhola omswani, ibanikeze umumo omise okwepheya. Ngemuva kwalokho, insikazi nayo iyashiya esidlekeni, igcwalise umnyango ongenhla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Owesifazane oyedwa ovundisiwe ngesikhathi esisebenzayo angakha izidleke ezifika kwezilishumi, ngakho-ke, zibekela amaqanda angama-30.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10-12, izibungu zichanyuselwa emaqandeni, eziqala ngokushesha ukudla ukudla okulungiselelwe ngabazali bazo. Cishe emva kwenyanga yokuphila okunempilo, isibungu ngasinye siphenduka isiphungumangathi, okuthi ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa siphenduke ibhungane elenziwe ngokuphelele. Ama-Scarabs, ngemuva kokuguqulwa kusuka kuziphungumangathi, ahlala ngaphakathi kwamabhola omswani, kuze kube sekwindla, noma kuze kube sentwasahlobo, kuze kube yilapho izimvula ekugcineni zibathambisa.
Izigaba zomjikelezo wempilo wama-scarab:
- iqanda;
- isibungu;
- unodoli;
- ibhungane elidala.
Izitha zemvelo zamabhungane e-scarab
Isithombe: Indlela ibhungane le-scarab elibukeka ngayo
Ama-Scarab mabhungane makhulu kakhulu, abonakala kahle kusuka ekuphakameni nasezinambuzaneni ezivilaphayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayazifela ngemisebenzi yabo kangangoba ababoni lutho ngaphandle komquba nabalingani babo. Ngalesi sizathu, izinambuzane kulula ukuzibona, ukuzibamba nokuzidlela izinyoni ezidla ezinye, kanye nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Amagwababa, onogwaja, izimpungushe, izimvukuzane, izimpungushe, onogwaja bazingela ibhungane kuyo yonke indawo, nomaphi lapho ehlala khona.
Kodwa-ke, umkhaza uthathwa njengesitha esiyingozi ukwedlula izilwane ezizingelayo. Isici somkhaza onjalo yikhono lokugqobhoza ungqimba lwe-bhungane ngamazinyo alo abukhali, ukukhuphukela ngaphakathi bese ukulidla liphila. Umkhaza owodwa wesikhumba awuyona ingozi enkulu, kepha uma ziningi zazo, ezenzeka kaningi, ibhungane liyafa kancane kancane.
Ngandlela-thile, ngenxa yokumbiwa eGibhithe, amagobolondo e-chitinous of scarabs anezimbobo zesici atholakele, okufakazela ukuthi imikhaza bekuyisikhathi eside iyizitha ezimbi kakhulu zamakhwela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwatholakala amagobolondo amaningi kangangokuthi umcabango wezifo zemikhaza ezikhathini ezithile owake wabhubhisa lonke ibhungane uyazicacisa.
Kungani lokhu kwenzeka? Ososayensi abakabi nayo impendulo eqondile kulokhu, kodwa kungacatshangwa ukuthi ngale ndlela imvelo izama ukulawula inani lohlobo oluthile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Scarab beetle
Ngokusho kososayensi bezinambuzane, i-Sacred scarab iyona kuphela inhlobo yebhungane, kodwa hhayi kudala, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwekhulu zezinambuzane ezifanayo zahlukaniswa futhi zakhonjwa emndenini ohlukile weScarab.
Okuvame kakhulu yilezi:
- armeniacus Menetries;
- i-cicatricosus;
- i-variolosus Fabricius;
- winkleri Stolfa.
Izinhlobo ezingenhla zebhungane azifundiswanga kahle, kepha ngokuyisisekelo ziyehluka ngosayizi kuphela, imibala yegobolondo le-chitinous, kanti ukwahlukana kwenzeka ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Abantu baqonda ukuthi ama-scarab beetle alusizo kanjani eGibhithe lasendulo, lapho bebona ukuthi izinambuzane ezimnyama ze-nondescript zishabalalisa ngenkuthalo umquba nokudla okonakele. Ngenxa yekhono lokuhlanza umhlaba kusuka kwimfucumfucu yezilwane nabantu, okubalulekile esimweni sezulu esishisayo kakhulu, amabhungane amnyama aqala ukukhulekelwa futhi akhuliswa abe yisiko.
Ngesikhathi sofaro futhi kamuva, eGibhithe lasendulo, kwakukhona inkolo kankulunkulu we-scarab uKheper, ongunkulunkulu wokuphila isikhathi eside nempilo. Ngesikhathi kumbiwa amathuna ofaro, kwatholakala inqwaba yezithombe zamatshe nezensimbi zikaKheper, kanye nezindondo zegolide ezime njengebhungane le-scarab.
Ama-Scarab beetle asetshenziswa ngempumelelo njengamanje “njengomuthi” wemvelo womquba.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngemuva kwekoloni laseNingizimu Melika nase-Australia, lapho imfuyo ehlukahlukene yaqala ukukhuliswa khona ngobuningi, izinambuzane zendawo zayeka ukubhekana nomquba omningi kakhulu. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, kwanqunywa ukuthi kulethwe amanani amakhulu ala mabhungane lapho. Izinambuzane e-Australia azizange zigxile isikhathi eside, kodwa zabhekana nomsebenzi.
Ukuvikelwa kwebhungane
Isithombe: Ibhungane le-Scarab elivela eRed Book
Inani lamabhungane e-scarab namuhla lithathwa njengelikhulu impela emhlabeni, ngakho-ke, emazweni amaningi lapho ahlala khona, akukho zinyathelo zokuvikela ezithathwayo. Kodwa-ke, akuyona yonke into enhle kangako. Ngenxa yalokho abakubonile eminyakeni embalwa edlule, izazi zezinambuzane ziveze iqiniso elilodwa elingathandeki. Ingqikithi yayo ilele ekutheni ezindaweni lapho kudliswa khona imihlambi yezilwane ezifuywayo, ikakhulukazi amahhashi nemfuyo enezimpondo enkulu, inani lama-scarab lishintsha njalo.
Baqala ukufuna isizathu kwavela ukuthi ukushintshashintsha kwenani lamabhungane kuhlobene ngqo nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane esetshenziswa abalimi ukulwa nezimuncagazi: amazenze, izimpukane, njll. Ama-insecticide akhishwa emzimbeni wezilwane ngendle futhi ngenxa yalokho, amabhungane, adla umquba onobuthi, afe. Ngenhlanhla, ukwelashwa kwezinambuzane ezilwaneni kungenkathi ethile yonyaka, ngakho-ke amabhungane ayalulama ngokushesha.
I-scarab beetle, ehlala enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea, ibhalwe kuRed Book yase-Ukraine ngaphansi kohlobo lohlobo olusengozini. Uma sicabangela iqiniso lokuthi ukusebenza kweNorth Crimea Canal kwaqedwa, ngenxa yalokho inhlabathi yaqala ukufakwa usawoti kuyo yonke inhlonhlo, khona-ke kufanele silindele ukuthi izimo zebhungane eCrimea zizoba zimbi kakhulu.
Scarab ibhungane akuyona ingozi kubantu nakancane: ayinqwabeli, ayilimazi izitshalo nemikhiqizo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukudla umquba, amabhungane acebisa inhlabathi ngamaminerali nomoya-mpilo. Phakathi kwabaseGibhithe lasendulo, ibhungane le-scarab lalibhekwa njengophawu olugcina ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu ne-Sun God (Ra). Babekholelwa ukuthi isinambuzane kufanele sihambisane nomuntu empilweni yasemhlabeni nangemva kokufa, okufanekisela ukukhanya kwelanga enhliziyweni. Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nemithi, abaseGibhithe banamuhla bafunda ukuphatha ukufa njengokungenakugwenywa, kepha uphawu lwe-scarab lwahlala ezimpilweni zabo ingunaphakade.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/03/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/28/2019 ngo-11: 58
