I-eksisi

I-eksisi - ummeleli omuhle kakhulu wezinhlobo zezinyamazane (Cervidae). Amaphethini ahlukile wamabala amhlophe ahlukile avela koboya obubomvu-obugolide besilwane. Iyilungu elikhulu kunawo wonke lohlobo lwe-Axis. I-eksisi yizinhlobo zezinyamazane ezethuliwe ezisuka eNdiya ziya emazweni amaningi. Inyama yayo yaziswa kakhulu. Lapho imihlambi ikhula kakhulu, ithinta izimila zendawo futhi iqinisa ukuguguleka komhlaba. Lezi zinyamazane futhi ziphethe izifo ezithwalwa ngamaveta.

Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo

Isithombe: I-eksisi

Igama lesayensi elithi Cervidae linezimpande eziningana ezingaba khona: i-axon yamaGrikhi, umlotha waseLithuania, noma iSanskrit akshan. Igama elidumile livela olimini lwesiHindi, okusho ukuthi izinwele zezinyamazane ezinamabala. Enye imvelaphi engaba khona yaleli gama isho ukuthi “bright” noma “spotted”. I-axis ukuphela kwelungu lohlobo lwe-Axis futhi ingeyomndeni wakwaCervidae (inyamazane). Lesi silwane saqala ukuchazwa yisazi semvelo saseJalimane uJohann Erksleben ngo-1777.

Ividiyo: I-eksisi

Ngokombiko “Izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba” (2005), izinhlobo ezi-2 zabonwa kuhlobo lo:

• i-eksisi;
• i-eksisi ye-eksisi - i-eksisi yaseNdiya noma "funda";
• impisi;
• i-axis calamianensis - i-eksisi kalamian noma "kalamian";
• i-eksisi kuhlii - i-eksisi baveansky;
• i-eksisi porcinus - I-eksisi ye-Bengal, noma "ingulube" (ama-subspecies: i-porcinus, i-annamiticus).

Ucwaningo lwe-Mitochondrial DNA lukhombisile ukuthi i-Axis porcinus ihlobene kakhulu nabamele uhlobo lohlobo lweCervus kune-eksisi ejwayelekile ye-Axis, engaholela ekususweni kwalezi zinhlobo kuhlobo lwe-Axis. Izinyamazane ze-eksisi zasuka ohlwini lozalo lukaRucervus ekuqaleni kwePliocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezinhlanu edlule). Ucwaningo lwango-2002 lukhombisa ukuthi i-Axis Shansius ingukhokho wokuqala kaHyelaphus. Ngakho-ke, ayisabhekwa njengengaphansi kweCervus ngabososayensi abathile.

Ukubukeka nezici

Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-Axis

I-eksisi inyamazane esesilinganisweni. Abesilisa bafinyelela cishe ku-90 cm nabesifazane ama-70 cm ehlombe. Ubude bekhanda nomzimba bungaba ngu-1.7 m. Ngenkathi abesilisa abangavuthiwe benesisindo esingama-30-75 kg, abesifazane abakhanyayo banesisindo esingu-25-45 kg. Abesilisa abadala bangaze babe nesisindo esingu-98-110 kg. Umsila ungama-20 cm ubude futhi umakwe ngomugqa omnyama ohamba ngobude bawo. Uhlobo luyi-dimorphic ngokocansi; abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane, futhi izimpondo zikhona kuphela kwabesilisa. Uboya bunombala obomvu okwegolide, ohlanganiswe ngokuphelele ngamabala amhlophe. I-Belly, i-sacrum, umphimbo, ingaphakathi lemilenze, izindlebe nomsila kumhlophe. Umugqa omnyama obonakalayo ugijima emgogodleni. I-eksisi inezindlala ezakhiwe kahle zangaphambi kokubeletha (eduze kwamehlo), ezinezinwele eziqinile. Futhi banezindlala ze-metatarsal ezithuthukile kanye nezindlala ze-pedal ezisemilenzeni yabo yangemuva. Izindlala zangaphambi kokubeletha, ezinkulu emadodeni kunabesifazane, zivulekile ngokuphendula izinto ezithile.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimpondo ezinemicu emithathu zicishe zibe yimitha ubude. Zichithwa njalo ngonyaka. Izimpondo zibonakala njengezicubu ezithambile futhi ziqina kancane kancane, zakha izakhiwo zamathambo, ngemuva kokuvaleka nokwakhiwa kwemithambo yegazi ezicutshini.

Izinselo ziphakathi kuka-4.1 no-6.1 cm ubude. Zinde emilenzeni yangaphambili kunasemilenzeni yangemuva. Izimpondo namashiya amade kunalawo ezinyamazane i-Axis porcinus. Ama-pedicels (i-nuclei yamathambo lapho kuvela khona izimpondo) amafushane kanti izigubhu zokuzwa zincane. I-eksisi ingadideka nenyamazane engatshalwa khona. Kuphela kumnyama futhi kunamabala amhlophe ambalwa, kuyilapho inyamazane enefusi inamabala amhlophe amaningi. I-eksisi inebala elimhlophe elibonakalayo emphinjeni, kuyilapho umphimbo wenyamazane emhlophe ngokuphelele. Izinwele ziyashelela futhi ziyaguquguquka. Abesilisa bavame ukuba mnyama futhi banamabala amnyama ebusweni babo. Amachashaza amhlophe atholakala kuzo zombili izicansi zobulili futhi ayindilinga emigqeni kukho konke ukuphila kwesilwane.

Ihlala kuphi i-eksisi?

Isithombe: I-eksisi yowesifazane

I-eksisi itholakala ngokomlando eNdiya naseCeylon. Indawo ehlala kuyo isukela ku-8 kuye ku-30 ​​° latitude ebangeni elisenyakatho eNdiya, bese idlula eNepal, eBhutan, eBangladesh naseSri Lanka. Entshonalanga, umkhawulo wobubanzi bawo ufinyelela empumalanga yeRajasthan naseGujarat. Umngcele osenyakatho ugudla ibhande le-Bhabar Terai emagqumeni e-Himalaya, ukusuka e-Uttar Pradesh nase-Uttaranchal kuya eNepal, enyakatho ye-West Bengal naseSikkim, bese uya entshonalanga ye-Assam kanye nezigodi ezinezihlahla zaseBhutan, ezingaphansi kwe-1100 m yolwandle.

Umngcele osempumalanga wobubanzi bawo usuka entshonalanga ye-Assam uye eNtshonalanga Bengal (India) naseBangladesh. ISri Lanka ngumkhawulo oseningizimu. I-eksisi itholakala ihlakazeke ezindaweni ezinamahlathi kuyo yonke iNhlonhlo YaseNdiya. Ngaphakathi kweBangladesh, okwamanje itholakala kuphela eSundarbana nakwezinye izindawo zokupaka ezungeze iBay of Bengal. Yashabalala enkabeni nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe.

I-eksisi yethulwa ku:

• I-Argentina;
• I-Armenia;
• Australia,
• IBrazil;
• ECroatia;
• Ukraine;
• IMoldova;
• IPapua New Guinea;
• Pakistan;
• I-Uruguay;
• EU.SA.

Ezweni lakubo, lezi zinyamazane zihlala emadlelweni futhi kuyaqabukela zihambe ezindaweni zehlathi eliminyene ezingatholakala eduze kwazo. Amadlelo amafushane ayindawo ebalulekile kubo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwendawo yokukhosela ezilwaneni ezifana nezingwe. Amahlathi emifula eBardia National Park ezindaweni eziphansi zaseNepal asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-Axis yokwenza umthunzi nendawo yokukhosela phakathi nenkathi eyomile. Ihlathi linikeza ukudla okunomsoco kwezithelo eziwile namaqabunga anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezakhamzimba ezidingekayo esilwaneni. Ngakho-ke, ukuthola indawo yokuhlala efanelekile, ama-reindeer adinga izindawo ezivulekile, kanye namahlathi ngaphakathi kwendawo yawo.

Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona inyamazane ye-eksisi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.

Idlani i-eksisi?

Isithombe: Deer Axis

Imikhiqizo yokudla esemqoka esetshenziswa yilezi zinyamazane unyaka wonke ngotshani, kanye nezimbali nezithelo eziwa ezihlahleni zasehlathini. Ngesikhathi sezimvula, utshani nesidge ehlathini kungumthombo obalulekile wokudla. Omunye umthombo wokudla kungaba ngamakhowe, anothe ngamaprotheni nezakhamzimba futhi atholakala nasemahlathini. Zikhetha amahlumela amancane, lapho kungekho khona isilwane sikhetha ukudla iziqongo ezincane zotshani obude nobubi.

Izimo zezulu zakha inqwaba yokudla kwezinyamazane. Ebusika - ngo-Okthoba kuya kuJanuwari, lapho amakhambi amade ngokweqile noma omile futhi engasenambitheki kahle, ukudla kufaka izihlahlana namaqabunga ezihlahla ezincane. Izinhlobo zeFlemingia zivame ukuncanyelwa ukudla kwasebusika. Izithelo ezidliwe yi-Axis eKanha National Park (India) zifaka i-ficus kusuka ngoJanuwari kuya kuMeyi, i-mucous cordia kusuka ngoMeyi kuya kuJuni, kanye neJambolan noma iYambolan kusuka ngoJuni kuya kuJulayi. Izinyamazane zivame ukuhlangana futhi ziklabe kancane.

I-eksisi ithula lapho kudla ndawonye. Abesilisa bavame ukuma ngemilenze yabo yangemuva ukuze bafinyelele emagatsheni amade. Amadamu avakashelwa cishe kabili ngosuku, ngokukhulu ukucophelela. EKhanha National Park, isilwane sakhipha usawoti wamaminerali ogcwele i-calcium pentoxide ne-phosphorus ngamazinyo. Izinyamazane eSunderbany zithanda ukudla kakhulu, ngoba izinsalela zenkalankala ezibomvu zitholakale esiswini sazo.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: I-eksisi

I-eksisi isebenza usuku lonke. Ehlobo bachitha isikhathi emthunzini futhi imisebe yelanga iyagwenywa uma izinga lokushisa lifinyelela ku-27 ° C. Ukuphakama komsebenzi kwenzeka lapho kuqala ukuhwalala. Njengoba izinsuku ziba zipholile, ukudla okudingayo kuqala ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga futhi kuphakama ekuseni kakhulu. Umsebenzi wehlisa ijubane emini, lapho izilwane ziphumule noma zizulazule. Ukondla kuqhubeka kuze kube sekupheleni kosuku futhi kuqhubeke kuze kube phakathi kwamabili. Balala emahoreni ambalwa ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga, ngokuvamile ehlathini elipholile. Lezi zinyamazane zihamba endaweni efanayo ezindleleni ezithile.

I-eksisi itholakala ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zemihlambi, kuya ngeminyaka nobulili bayo. Imihlambi yematriarchal iqukethe abesifazane abadala nezingane zabo kusukela onyakeni okhona nangonyaka owedlule. Abesilisa abenza ucansi balandela la maqembu ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kuyilapho abesilisa abangasebenzi kakhulu bakha imihlambi yama-bachelors. Olunye uhlobo lomhlambi olujwayelekile lubizwa ngokuthi yi-nursery herds, okubandakanya izinsikazi ezinamathole amancane kuze kube amasonto ayi-8 ubudala.

Abesilisa babamba iqhaza ohlelweni olususelwa ekubuseni lapho abesilisa abadala nabakhulu bephatha abesilisa abancane nabancane. Kunezimpawu ezine ezahlukahlukene ezinolaka phakathi kwabesilisa. Abesifazane nabo bahlanganyela ekuziphatheni okunolaka, kepha lokhu ikakhulukazi kungenxa yokugcwala ezindaweni zokudla.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: I-Axis Cub

Abesilisa bathanda ukubhonga ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, okungaba yisibonakaliso esihle sokuqala kokuzala. I-eksisi ifaka isisu ngo-Ephreli noma ngoMeyi futhi iba nesikhathi sokukhulelwa cishe izinyanga eziyi-7.5. Imvamisa zinamazinyane amabili, kepha akuvamile ukuthi ingane eyodwa noma ezintathu. Ukukhulelwa kokuqala kwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka eyi-14 neyi-17. Insikazi iyaqhubeka nokuncelisa kuze kube yilapho imazi lizulazula ngokuphepha emhlambini.

Inqubo yokuzalanisa yenzeka unyaka wonke ngeziqongo ezihluka ngokwendawo. Isidoda senziwa unyaka wonke, yize amazinga e-testosterone ehla ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kophondo. Abesifazane banemijikelezo ejwayelekile ye-estrus, ngayinye ihlala amasonto amathathu. Angaphinda akhulelwe futhi emasontweni amabili kuya ezinyangeni ezine ngemuva kokuzalwa.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Eziduna ezinezimpondo ezilukhuni zibusa ngaphezulu kwe-velvet noma i-hornless, kungakhathalekile ubukhulu bazo.

Usana olusanda kuzalwa lufihlwe isonto lonke ngemuva kokuzalwa, lufushane kakhulu kunezinye izinyamazane eziningi. Isibopho phakathi kukamama nenkuku asinamandla kangako njengoba zivame ukwehlukaniswa, yize zingahlangana kalula njengoba imihlambi isondelene. Uma imfuyo ifa, umama angaphinda azale futhi ukuze abelethe kabili ngonyaka. Abesilisa baqhubeka nokukhula kwabo kuze kube yiminyaka eyisikhombisa kuya kweyisishiyagalombili. Isikhathi sokuphila esilinganiselwe ekuthunjweni cishe iminyaka engama-22. Kodwa-ke, endle, iminyaka yokuphila iyiminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyishumi kuphela.

I-eksisi itholakala ngobuningi emahlathini aminyene noma anamagundane amancane kanye namadlelo avulekile. Inani elikhulu kakhulu le-eksisi litholakala emahlathini aseNdiya, lapho zidla khona ngotshani obude nezihlahlana. I-axis nayo itholakale eFibsoo Nature Reserve eBhutan, okuyikhaya lehlathi lezwe kuphela (iShorea robusta). Azitholakali ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, lapho zivame ukubuyiselwa ezinye izinhlobo ezinjengezinyamazane iSambar.

Izitha zemvelo ze-Axis

Isithombe: Deer Axis

Lapho i-eksisi ibhekene nengozi engaba khona, uhlola ngokucophelela indawo ezungezile, afrize iqhwa linganyakazi futhi alalelisise. Lesi sikhundla singamukelwa ngumhlambi wonke. Njengesilinganiso esivikelayo, ama-eksisi abaleka ngamaqembu (ngokungafani nenyamazane yezingulube, ezihlakazeka ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene nge-alamu). Amahlumela avame ukuhambisana nokucasha emhlathini ominyene. Ku-Askis wokugijima, umsila uphakanyisiwe, kuveza umzimba ongezansi omhlophe. Le nyamazane ingagxumela phezu kocingo olufinyelela ku-1.5 m, kepha ikhetha ukucwila ngaphansi kwayo. Uhlala ngaphakathi kwamamitha angama-300 ekhava.

Izilo ezingaba khona zezinyamazane ze-eksisi zifaka:

• izimpisi (Canis lupus);
• Amabhubesi ase-Asiya (P. leo persica);
• izingwe (P. pardus);
• izingwe zamahlosi (P. molurus);
• izimpisi ezibomvu (Cuon alpinus);
• i-rajapalayam (i-polygar greyhound);
• izingwenya (Crocodilia).

Izimpungushe nezimpungushe zidla kakhulu inyamazane yezingane. Abesilisa abasengozini encane kunabesifazane nezinyamazane ezisencane. Uma kunengozi, i-axis ikhipha amasiginali we-alamu. I-arsenal yabo yomsindo ifana nemisindo eyenziwe yi-elk yaseNyakatho Melika. Kodwa-ke izingcingo zakhe azinamandla njengalezi zenyamazane noma izinyamazane ezibomvu. Lawa ama-beeps amabi noma ukugquma okukhulu. Abesilisa abaqavile abagada abesifazane e-estrus benza ukubhonga okukhulu kwe-sonic kubesilisa ababuthaka.

Abesilisa bangabubula ngesikhathi sokubonisa okunolaka noma ngenkathi bephumula. I-eksisi, ikakhulukazi abesifazane nentsha, ihlale yenza imisindo yokukhonkotha lapho yethukile noma lapho ibhekene nomzingeli. Izinja zivame ukukhala zifuna umama wazo. I-eksisi ingasabela emisindweni ephazamisayo yezilwane eziningana, njengemana ejwayelekile nenkawu enomzimba omncane.

Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo

Isithombe: I-eksisi

I-eksisi ibalwe njengobungozi obuncane kakhulu yi-IUCN "ngoba yenzeka ezindaweni eziningi kakhulu ezinabantu abaningi." Manje alukho usongo olucacile emihlambini emikhulu ehlala ezindaweni eziningi ezivikelekile. Kodwa-ke, ukuminyana kwabantu ezindaweni eziningi kungaphansi kwamandla okuphatha imvelo ngenxa yokuzingela nokuncintisana nemfuyo. Ukuzingela inyama yenyamazane kudale ukwehla okukhulu kwesibalo sabantu kanye nokuqothulwa ezingeni lendawo.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Le nyamazane ivikelwe ngaphansi kweSheduli III yoMthetho Wokulondolozwa Kwezilwane Zasendle waseNdiya (1972) kanye noMthetho Wokuvikelwa Kwezilwane Zasendle (Ukulondolozwa) (Ukuchibiyelwa) Act 1974 waseBangladesh. Izizathu ezimbili eziyinhloko zesimo sayo esihle sokongiwa kwemvelo ukuvikeleka kwayo okusemthethweni nezinhlobo zezindawo ezisebenza ngokuvikelwa.

I-eksisi yethulwa eziQhingini zaseAndaman, e-Australia, eMexico, eChile, e-Argentina, e-Uruguay, eBrazil, eParaguay, ePoint Reyes National Coast yaseCalifornia, eTexas, eFlorida, eMississippi, e-Alabama naseHawaii e-United States, naseGreat Brijun Islands eziqhingini zaseBrijuni eCroatia. Izinyamazane ze-eksisi zenza kahle ekuthunjweni futhi zingabonakala ema-zoo amaningi emhlabeni, kanti ezinye zethule abantu bazulazula ngokukhululeka ezindaweni ezingaphephile.

Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/01/2019

Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 01.08.2019 ngo-9: 12