I-Aphid - Abalimi kanye nabalimi bavame ukuhlangana nayo - kulimaza izitshalo, kubangele ukwehla kwesivuno, ngakho-ke bavame ukwenza umzabalazo ongaxazululeki ngaso. Kodwa-ke, kufanele usibhekisise lesi sinambuzane, futhi uthole ukuthi ngabe inezici ezithile ezithokozisayo, ukuthi siphila kanjani ngokujwayelekile - ikakhulukazi ngoba lokhu kuzosiza nasemzabalazweni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Aphid
Ama-aphid angumndeni omkhulu wesigaba sezinambuzane. Akukaziwa kahle ukuthi izinambuzane zavela nini futhi zivela kubani - azikho izinsalela eziningi ezanele zalezo zikhathi ezokwembula lokhu. Kukhona kuphela imicabango ethembekile futhi esabalele kakhulu, kepha ekugcineni ingaphikiswa. Ngakho-ke, phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi badabuka kuma-millipedes, kepha manje iphuzu lokubuka livame kakhulu ukuthi basondelene kakhulu nama-crustaceans futhi bavuka kokhokho abavamile noma ngqo kuma-crustaceans.
Ama-crustaceans amadala kakhulu atholakala kuma-Early Cambrian abeke ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-510 ubudala, izinambuzane - kuphela ezingqimbeni ezakhiwe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyikhulu kamuva. Lokhu kwenza umsuka wezinambuzane ezivela kuma-crustaceans ube lula kakhulu kunokhokho ovamile, yize kungeke kukhishwe ngaphandle ukuthi izinsalela zabo ezindala zazingatholakali noma zingagcinwanga nhlobo.
Ividiyo: I-Aphid
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-phylogenetic nakho kuyahambisana nale nguqulo. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izinambuzane zivele esikhathini esedlule saseSilurian. Kepha ukuthi i-aphid yenzeke nini ngqo akwaziwa. Iqiniso ngukuthi izinsalela zayo zezinsalela zivame kakhulu ukulondolozwa, cishe okuwukuphela kwento ongayenza uma ngabe zaziyizinhlaka. Kepha le ndlela inokulinganiselwa, ngoba inhlaka endala kuneminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-120 ubudala. Ekugcineni, ukutholwa okunjalo kuncane kakhulu ukuthola iziphetho, kepha okungenani kusivumela ukuthi sibeke isikhathi lapho izintwala zazivele zihlale ngokunembile emhlabeni wethu - ukuqala kwesikhathi sePaleogene.
Kungenzeka ukuthi babe olunye lwezinhlobo ezavela ngemuva kokuqothulwa kweCretaceous-Paleogene, nokuthi zavela phambilini. Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha etholakalayo kanye ne-morphology ye-aphid uqobo akusivumeli ukuthi sincike kokunye kwalokhu okukhethwa kukho: izinambuzane zihlala ziqhubeka nokuveza izinhlobo ezintsha, zombili ezithuthukisiwe futhi ezibonakala zingezokuqala.
Isibonelo, ojekamanzi namaphela bavela esikhathini seCarboniferous, i-hymenoptera - e-Triassic, izimvemvane eziseCretaceous, izidumbu eziphakeme kuphela eNeogene, nezintwala ePleistocene, okungukuthi, muva nje ngamazinga we-paleoanthology. Ama-aphid akwazi ukushintsha ngokushesha futhi avumelane nezimo lapho kuvela izitshalo ezintsha - lokhu kuthandwa uhlelo lwazo lokukhiqiza ngokuhlukahluka okuhambisana ngokushesha kwezizukulwane. Ngenxa yalokhu, bakhe umkhaya omkhulu kakhulu wemindeni eyishumi nezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Incazelo yayo yesayensi yahlanganiswa nguP. Latrei ngo-1802, igama lesiLatini lithi Aphidoidea. Kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kunezinye izinketho zokuhlelwa: kwesinye isikhathi, ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, i-superfamily eyodwa ephezulu kakhulu i-Phylloxeroidea ihlukaniswa, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ezimbili - eyokugcina yi-Adelgoidea. Kukhona nokuhlukahluka lapho i-Aphidoidea iba ngumndeni we-mega ofaka phakathi imindeni eminingi. Abaphenyi abafikanga nakumbono owodwa.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Zibukeka kanjani izintwala
Isesimweni, umzimba we-aphid usondele nxazonke; ezinhlotsheni eziningi, ubude abudluli ku-3 mm, yize kukhona nezinkulu ikakhulukazi, ezifinyelela osayizi obufinyelela ku-8 mm. Isimo sekhanda siyi-trapezoidal; amehlo anezinhlaka nezimpondo, ezisebenza njengezitho zokuthinta, zime phambili. Amehlo ahle kakhulu, kepha umbala we-aphid awuhlukaniswanga kahle, imvamisa imibala embalwa kuphela. Nayo uqobo inombala ohlukile - imvamisa iluhlaza okotshani, ukuze ingabonakali esitshalweni esidla kuso, kepha ingahluka: nsundu noma mpunga omnyama, umbala wamagatsha, omhlophe, obomvu. I-aphid ine-proboscis ezacile, ngosizo lwayo edonsa ubisi ezitshalweni: ibukhali futhi inamandla okubhoboza iqabunga noma isiqu ukuze ufike kuso.
Umzimba we-aphid umbozwa kuphela ngegobolondo elithambile nelicishe libonakale - ngokungafani nezinambuzane ezivikelwe isembozo se-chitinous, alikwazi ukuzivikela lapho lihlaselwa ngumzingeli. Izimbobo zokuphefumula zitholakala ezingxenyeni zangaphambili. Yize imilenze yezintwala yinde, ivame ukuhamba ngobunzima kunalokho kancane. Ezinye izinhlobo zikhasa phezu kwezitshalo, ezinye zingagxuma, ziqhume ngemilenze yazo yangaphambili, kepha kulula kulabo abanamaphiko. Abantu abanjalo bangandiza amabanga amade, ukuze izingane zabo zihlakazeke ngokushesha zizungeze indawo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abesifazane kuphela abangaba namaphiko. Ama-aphid angenazimpiko agcwele indawo encane, futhi kulapho abalimi nabalimi kufanele balwe naye.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinhlobo ze-aphid iStomaphis zingumnikazi werekhodi lobude be-proboscis. Idlula ubukhulu besinambuzane uqobo: i-aphid yabantu abadala yalolu hlobo ifinyelela ku-5-6 mm, kanti i-proboscis ingadlula u-10 mm.
Ihlala kuphi i-aphid?
Isithombe: Izintwala eRussia
Uyakwazi ukuhlala cishe noma kuphi lapho kunezitshalo khona. Izimo zezulu ezithandwa kakhulu ekubuseni kwakhe endaweni efudumele - isinambuzane asikuthandi ukubanda okukhulu, kepha futhi akubekezeleli neze ukushisa. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo sezijwayele kahle impilo ezindaweni ezishisayo. Endaweni yesimo sezulu esishisayo, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu zezinhlobo ziyabonakala. Ama-aphid akhetha izindawo ezinomswakama ophakathi, ngokufanayo azithandi zombili izindawo ezinomswakama kakhulu nezomile - kodwa futhi zenzeka kuzo, kaningi kakhulu.
Lezi zinambuzane ziyakwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene - emaqeleni, emadlelweni, ezinkambeni, emahlathini, emapaki, futhi ekugcineni, ezingadini. Uma ihlobo libanda futhi lina, zincane kakhulu izintwala, kepha uma nje kufika isimo esihle, sanda ngokushesha. Amaqanda ayo afela emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-25-30 degrees, kodwa ngisho nasenyakatho, nobusika bawo obubandayo, izintwala ziyakwazi ukuphila ngaphansi kombhede weqhwa, ezintuthwaneni noma kwezinye izindawo zokukhosela, lapho kufudumele kakhulu kunangaphandle.
Kaningi kungabonwa eduze nezintuthwane - inobudlelwano bokufanelana nezakhamuzi zabo. I-niche yemvelo yama-aphid ibanzi kakhulu, ungahlangana nayo ngenhla komhlaba - ikhuphukela ezitshalweni bese imunca ijusi kuzo, nasemoyeni nasenhlabathini - ezinye izinhlobo zimunca ijusi ezimpandeni.
Idlani i-aphid?
Isithombe: Inambuzane ye-Aphid
Udla amajusi ezitshalo, futhi ahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ezinye izinhlobo zinezintandokazi ezikhethekile, kepha ama-aphid amaningi angaphuza ama-juice avela ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo, futhi lokhu kusebenza kuzo zombili utshani nezihlahla nezihlahla. Cishe noma yisiphi isitshalo noma ingadi yemifino ingahlaselwa ama-aphid, ngakho-ke kunengqondo ukuthi ungazibali zonke, kepha kunalokho, kusuka kuhlu lwezinhlobo angazithandiyo - ngisho nendawo yangakubo ingamsabisa. Ezitshalweni ezifinyeleleka kakhulu kubalimi, kufaka phakathi ugarlic, u-anyanisi kanye ne-Dalmatian chamomile. Kukhona enye indlela yokulwa nezintwala - ukwaba indawo esizeni ikakhulukazi kubo bese utshala lezo zitshalo lapho eziheha kakhulu kunezinye.
Phakathi kwazo:
- poppy;
- cosmeya;
- i-nasturtium;
- i-begonia enesifo;
- ULinden;
- i-viburnum.
Ngenxa yalokhu, lezi zitshalo zinikezwa ama-aphid ukuthi ahlukaniswe, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi izinambuzane ngeke ziphazanyiswe abanye. Kepha ngalokhu zidinga ukuthi zitshalwe kude, ngakho-ke isikhala esiningi siyadingeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani le-aphid kufanele libhekwe futhi lingavunyelwe ukuba likhule ngokweqile - kungadingeka ukusebenzisa amakhemikhali anobuthi. Ngakho-ke, kwesinye isikhathi kusetshenziswa indlela efanayo, kepha ehluke kancane - izitshalo eziheha ama-aphid zitshalwa endandeni ezungeze lezo okumele zizivikele, futhi lapho ama-aphid ehlukanisile kuzo, zigunda lezi zitshalo bese zibhubhisa lonke ikoloni lazo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-aphid ephuzi
Ama-aphid adla kakhulu ezimpilweni zawo. Kusukela ekuseni kuze kuhlwe, angancela amajusi esitshalweni, ngezikhathi ezithile ekhasa eqabungeni elilandelayo, ngoba kwelangaphambilini asomile. Kuyadabukisa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi ikhiqiza njalo, futhi lokhu kudinga izakhamzimba eziningi. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-aphid angena ebudlelwaneni obuthandanayo nezintuthwane, asebenzise ngokunenzuzo ukuthanda kwawo amaswidi. Ama-aphid akhiqiza uketshezi olumnandi, futhi izintuthwane ziyawanakekela: ziwadlulisela kwezinye izitshalo lapho zidingeka, zigade, zinakekele amaqanda azo futhi zakhe izindawo zokukhosela ezivela kusimo sezulu.
Lapho izilwane ezidla ezinye zihlasela ama-aphid, izintuthwane ziyazivikela ekugcineni futhi zivame nokufa kulokhu, ngethemba lokulinda ukusondela kwezihlobo. Ukwenza lokhu kwenzeke kaningi, ama-aphid angaxazululwa ngisho nasendlini yezintuthwane, lapho kulula kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwayo, kepha kufanele ubondle. Yona kanye le nqubo yokuthola uketshezi olumnandi ibizwa ngokuthi ukusenga, ngoba ngaphandle kuyefana nokusenga inkomo - izintuthwane zihlikihla isisu sezintwala, bese zikhipha ingxenye yezimfihlo ezinomsoco, ngemuva kwalokho izintuthwane zizidle ngokushesha.
Usuku kusuka ku-aphid eyodwa, ungathola inani elikhulu kakhulu lomswakama, kwesinye isikhathi lifaniswa nesisindo salo. Izinhlobo ezincane kakhulu eziphilayo zama-aphid ziyafa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa, ezinye zingaphila amasonto ambalwa. Ezimweni ezipholile, isikhathi sokuphila sikhuphukela ezinyangeni ezimbili.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukwelashwa kwezitshalo ezinobuthi noma izixazululo zebhaktheriya ezilwa nama-aphid kufanele kubhekwane nakho elangeni elikhanyayo. Uma isimo sezulu sinamafu, khona-ke amaqabunga asonga, futhi ngaphakathi kwawo ezinye izinambuzane zingasinda, futhi ngisho nenani elincane lizokwanela ukuthi bagcwalise ngokushesha indawo yonke futhi. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukucubungula zonke izindawo lapho kuhlala khona ama-aphid, futhi kungcono ukuvumelana kusengaphambili nomakhelwane, uma nabo benayo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ama-aphid emaqabungeni
Ama-aphid ahlala emakoloni amakhulu, kanti angavela kumuntu oyedwa futhi ande ngokumangazayo. Kwenzeka kanjena: owesilisa ovundisiwe ubeka amaqanda, imvamisa ekhetha izindawo ezingabonakali nezifihlwe kahle zalokhu. Ukwakhiwa kwamatshe kungaba seduze kwezimpande zezitshalo noma kumagxolo ezihlahla, ezintuthwaneni. Lapho, amaqanda achitha ubusika, kuthi lapho kufika ukushisa, kuvele abantu abasha kubo. Laba ngabesifazane abangenazimpiko abakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha nge-parthenogenesis, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwabesilisa. Sebesendaweni evumayo, bakwenza ngokushesha okukhulu. Ezizukulwaneni ezilandelayo zezinhlobo ezithile zama-aphid, abesifazane sebevele bazalwa benemibungu ngaphakathi, futhi kungekudala bona ngokwabo bakhiqiza inzalo.
Lokhu kuqhubekisela phambili inqubo futhi ama-aphid aqala ukwanda ngokwandayo. Insikazi ingazala izibungu eziningana njalo ngesonto, futhi zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu bese ziqala ukuzala ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3 ngemuva kokuzalwa kwezinhlobo ezihlala isikhathi esifushane, noma amasonto amabili kuya kwezimbili ezinde. Sonke lesi sikhathi kuvela abesifazane abangenamaphiko kuphela. Kepha uma ikoloni lezintwala likhula ngokweqile, futhi liqala ukuswela ukudla endaweni, izinsikazi ezinamaphiko ziqala ukuzalwa. Zindiza kude nekoloni futhi zisungula ezintsha, zisanda nge-parthenogenesis. Owesifazane onjalo uyakwazi ukuhamba amakhilomitha angama-20-30.
Ezinye izinhlobo ziyi-dioecious: ngaphambi kokuvela kwezinsikazi ezinamaphiko, zihlala kwezinye izitshalo, ngemuva kwalokho ziyeke ukuzala kuzo, bese ziya kwezinye. Ekugcineni, ekwindla, babuyela endaweni yabo yasekuqaleni. Ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo nehlobo, izizukulwane eziyi-10-20 zezintwala zinesikhathi sokushintsha, futhi uma ungalwi nayo, ngaso sonke isikhathi iba i-oda lokuphakama okukhulu. Ekugcineni, lapho isimo sezulu siba sibi ngokuqala kwekwindla, kuvela abesilisa nabesifazane abakwazi ukuzala ngokocansi. Kulokhu, ukukhulelwa kwenzeka, futhi izibungu ngeke zizalwe, njengakuqala, kepha kuzokwakhiwa i-clutch ezosinda emakhazeni. Kuncane kakhulu kubo - konke okudingekayo ukukhiqiza abesifazane abasungulayo ngaleyo ndlela, okuzoqala ukuzala nge-parthenogenesis entwasahlobo, futhi yonke inqubo izoqala kabusha.
Izitha zemvelo zama-aphid
Isithombe: Zibukeka kanjani izintwala
Izinambuzane nezinyoni zidla ama-aphid. Ezinambuzane, lezi yizi:
- ama-ladybugs;
- abanye abagibeli;
- ama-mantises okuthandaza;
- izindlebe;
- amabhungane omhlabathi;
- i-lacewing;
- ukundiza izimpukane;
- iminyovu.
Kukho konke okungenhla, okungenabungozi kakhulu engadini, futhi ngasikhathi sinye okuphumelela kakhulu ekulweni nezintwala, kukhona i-lacewing kanye ne-ladybugs. Kulabo nakwabanye, kungaba ngumthombo oyinhloko wokudla, futhi amaqanda alezi zinambuzane angathengwa ezitolo ezikhethekile. Ngemuva kokuthi umphakathi ususwe kubo, kuzokwazi ukukhohlwa ngama-aphid. Izitshalo eziheha lezi zinambuzane nazo ziyasiza: isambulela, imidumba nezinongo. Isibonelo, idile ejwayelekile, i-clover, noma i-mint izobangenisa engadini. Futhi lapho uthenga amaqanda okuzalanisa, ungakhohlwa ngalezi zitshalo, ngaphandle kwalokho ama-brood angavele ahambe, bese i-aphid isala. Amabhungane angaphansi angakhangwa ama-nightshades, ama-hoverflies athutheleka kuma-daisy, futhi ngezindlebe zezindlebe, ungafaka izimbiza zezimbali engadini bese ufaka ukushefa kuzo. Izinyoni ezincane nazo zilwa nama-aphid, kepha azisebenzi kangako futhi zingalimaza izingadi ngokwazo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Iminyovu yesinambuzane ithanda ukubeka amaqanda ayo ezinambuzaneni eziluhlaza, kanti ama-ladybugs avame ukuzingela abomvu. Ama-aphid azijwayeza wona - uma kukhona iminyovu eyizinambuzane eduzane, kuzalwa okubomvu, futhi uma kukhona ama-ladybugs - aluhlaza.
Manje usuyazi ukuthi ungasusa kanjani ama-aphid endaweni. Ake sibone ukuthi lesi sinambuzane sikhiqiza kanjani.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Aphid
Ama-aphid ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene makhulu, inani lawo eliphelele alinakubalwa. Bahlala cishe yonke indawo lapho abantu bangahlala khona, futhi bakhubaze izitshalo, kufaka phakathi lezo ezitshaliwe. Ngakho-ke, isimo sabo siyisinambuzane, esingaqothulwa kalula kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zalokhu, uma kungenzeka, kungasongeli ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Futhi yize ama-aphid ezibuthakathaka kakhulu futhi ezisengozini yezinambuzane, ngakho-ke kulula ukuziqeda, kepha inkinga uma ulwa nokuzala kwayo ngokushesha. Inkinga yesibili izintuthwane. Noma kubonakala sengathi zonke izingcungcu ezikule ndawo sezicekiwe, kungatholakala ukuthi abanye abantu sebembozwe izintuthwane, bese bezophinda bande ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.
Kunezindlela eziningana zokulwa nalesi silokazane:
- ubuthi - benza ngokushesha nangempumelelo, abanye futhi benza ngokulwa nezintuthwane. Okubi ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kubulala izinyosi; kuneminye imikhawulo eminingi, kuya ngokuthi yimuphi umuthi osetshenziswayo - kufanele ibhekwe ukuze ubuthi bungangeni ezitshalweni ezisetshenziselwa ukudla;
- amabhaktheriya athelela ama-aphid. I-plus enkulu ukuphepha okuphelele, ngoba amabhaktheriya anjalo ahloselwe ikakhulukazi ama-aphid futhi awalimaze kuphela. Kepha isenzo sabo asihlali isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke ukwelashwa kuzodingeka kwenziwe kaningi;
- ezinye izindlela, njengokusondela kwezitshalo ze-aphid-aphid, ukwelapha ukutshala ngensipho, umhlonyane, amakhoba anyanisi, izinaliti - kungasebenza ngezinga elikhulu noma elincanyana, kuya ngohlobo lwe-aphid oluhlasele ukutshala.
I-Aphid - isinambuzane esisengozini enenani elikhulu lezitha, kepha konke lokhu kunxeshezelwa ngokuzala okusheshayo, yingakho kufika amadazini amasha endaweni yomuntu ngamunye ofile. Kepha ungakhohlwa ukuthi ama-aphid akuyona nje inkathazo, futhi anendima ebalulekile: amunca ushukela okweqile ezitshalweni, onomphumela omuhle ku-photosynthesis, futhi uketshezi lwayo olumnandi lwenza inhlabathi ivunde kakhulu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 28.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/30/2019 ngo-21: 08
