Igrunka - uhlobo oluncane lwezinkawu zeNew World, ongowokuzalwa ehlathini lemvula lase-Amazon. Le monkey yaziwa ngokuba ngesinye sezinkawu ezincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni, enesisindo esingaphezu nje kuka-100 amagremu. Igama elithi "marmoset" lingumdlalo omuhle kunayo yonke yalolu sana oluhle, olufana ncamashi nethoyizi elincane elihamba kancane. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe, bheka izinto ezikule ncwadi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Igrunka
Ama-pymmy marmosets kukholakala ukuthi ahlukile kwezinye izinkawu, iningi lazo ahlukaniswe nohlobo lweCallithrix + Mico, futhi ngaleyo ndlela angabazohlobo lwabo, uCebuella, emndenini weCallitrichidae. Kukhona impikiswano phakathi kwabafundi be-primatologists mayelana nokunemba kokwahlukaniswa kohlobo lohlobo lapho i-marmoset kufanele ibekwe khona. Ucwaningo lwe-interinstal retinol protein-binding gene nuclear in 3 species of mammosets kukhombisile ukuthi izikhathi zokwehlukaniswa kwemifino, isiliva kanye nama-marmosets avamile komunye nomunye zenzeka eminyakeni engaphansi kwezigidi ezinhlanu edlule, obekungaba okunengqondo impela ngezinhlobo zohlobo olufanayo.
Ividiyo: Igrunka
Noma kunjalo, ukuhlukaniswa okwalandela kwe-silver marmoset (C. argentata) kanye ne-marmoset ejwayelekile (C. jacchus) emaqenjini ezinhlobo kwawavumela ukuba abekwe kwisigaba esithile (iqembu le-argentata ladluliselwa kuhlobo lweMicu), okuvuma ukugcinwa kohlobo olwehlukile lwama-marmosets e-pygmy, ngakho-ke ukuthi uCallithrix akaseyona kanjani iqembu eliyi-paraphyletic. Ucwaningo lwe-morphological kanye ne-molecular lubangele ukuqhubeka kwenkulumompikiswano yokuthi izinkawu zeCallithrix noma zeCebuella pygmy zikuphi.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezingaphansi kukaC. Pygmaea:
- ICebuella pygmaea pygmaea - enyakatho / entshonalanga ye-marmoset;
- I-Cebuella pygmaea niveiventris - iMarmoset yaseMpumalanga.
Kunokwehluka okumbalwa kokuziphatha phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezincane, ngoba zingahluka ngombala omncane nje futhi zehlukaniswe kuphela yimigoqo yendawo, kubandakanya nemifula emikhulu eMaphakathi naseNingizimu Melika. Ukuvela kwalezi zinhlobo kwehlukile ngesisindo somzimba kusuka kubamele boqobo bezinkawu, ngoba isilwane sasinezinga eliphakeme lokwehla kwesisindo somzimba. Lokhu kufaka ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwamazinga okukhula kwe-intrauterine nangemva kokubeletha, okufaka isandla ekutheni i-progenesis ibinendima ebalulekile ekuveleni kwalesi silwane.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Monkey marmoset
Igrunka ingenye yezinkawu ezincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni, enobude bomzimba obungu-117 kuya ku-152 mm nomsila ongu-172 kuye ku-229 mm. Isisindo sabantu abadala singaphezu nje kuka-100 amagremu. Umbala woboya uyingxube yombala onsundu, oluhlaza okotshani, osagolide, ompunga nomnyama ngemuva nasekhanda nophuzi, owolintshi nonsundu ngezansi. Kunamasongo amnyama emsileni wenkawu, amabala amhlophe ezihlathini, nolayini omile mpo phakathi kwamehlo.
Amantshontsho ekuqaleni anamakhanda ampunga nesihlunu esiphuzi, nezinwele ezinde zimbozwe imivimbo emnyama. Iphethini yabo yabantu abadala ivela ngenyanga yokuqala yokuphila. Yize abadlali be-pygmy bengathathwa njenge-dimorphic yezocansi, abesifazane bangasinda kancane kunabesilisa. Izinwele ezinde ezizungeze ubuso nentamo zibenza babukeke njengamadoda afana namabhubesi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-marmoset inokuzivumelanisa okuningi nokuphila kwesihlahla, kufaka phakathi amandla okuguqula ikhanda layo libe ngu-180 °, kanye nezinzipho ezibukhali ezisetshenziselwa ukunamathela emagatsheni.
Amazinyo enkawu anezinsimbi ezikhethekile ezijwayezelwa ukubhoboza izimbobo ezihlahleni futhi zikhuthaze ukugeleza kobisi. Inkawu ye-pygmy ihamba ngazo zombili izitho ezine futhi ingagxuma ize ifike kumamitha amahlanu phakathi kwamagatsha. Ama-subspecies afanayo asempumalanga nasentshonalanga kunzima ukuhlukanisa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi anombala ohlukile wezinwele zangaphakathi.
Uhlala kuphi umammoset?
Isithombe: Igrunka emvelweni
I-Igrunka, eyaziwa njenge-pygmy monkey, iyinhlobo ye-New World monkey. Ububanzi benkawu bunqamula emagqumeni e-Andes eningizimu yeColombia naseningizimu-mpumalanga yePeru, bese ngasempumalanga unqamula enyakatho yeBolivia uye echibini lase-Amazon eBrazil.
Igrunok itholakala engxenyeni enkulu yasentshonalanga ye-Amazon, kufaka phakathi:
- IPeru;
- IBrazil;
- I-Ecuador;
- EColombia;
- IBolivia.
I-marmoset yasentshonalanga (C. p. Pygmaea) itholakala esifundazweni sase-Amazonas, eBrazil, ePeru, eningizimu yeColombia nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Ecuador. Inkawu yase-pygmy esempumalanga (C. niveiventris) iyatholakala nase-Amazonas, kanye nase-Acre, eBrazil, empumalanga yePeru naseBolivia. Ukusatshalaliswa kwama-subspecies womabili kuvame ukukhawulwa yimifula. Njengomthetho, i-marmoset ihlala emahlathini avuthiwe ahlala eluhlaza, eduze nemifula nasemahlathini agcwele izikhukhula. AmaIgrunas achitha ingxenye enkulu yosuku ezihlahleni, futhi kaningi awa phansi.
Ubuningi babantu buhambisana nokuphakelwa kokudla. Inkawu itholakala phakathi kwezinga lomhlabathi futhi ingabi ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-20 ezihlahleni. Imvamisa azikhuphuki ziye phezulu esiqongweni sophahla. Ama-Igrunks avame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinamanzi amile. Zikhula kahle emahlathini asogwini anemigqa eminingi ezindaweni eziphakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkawu zabonwa zihlala emahlathini asezingeni eliphakeme.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-marmoset monkey dwarf ihlala kuphi. Ake sithole ukuthi udlani.
Idlani imammoset?
Isithombe: I-marmoset encane
Inkawu izondla kakhulu ngokhula oluhlafunwayo, ubisi, inhlaka nokunye uketshezi oluvela ezihlahleni. Ama-incisors aphansi akhethekile avumela i-maruña ukuba ibhoboze imbobo ecishe ibe yisiyingi esiqwini somuthi noma esivinini. Lapho ujusi uqala ukuphuma emgodini, inkawu iwucosha ngolimi lwawo.
Iningi lamaqembu likhombisa izindlela ezijwayelekile zokudla. Njengoba izimbobo ezindala ezidalwe izinkawu esihlahleni zingaphansi kakhulu, kungacatshangwa ukuthi zinyusa isiqu somuthi, zakha izimbobo ezintsha kuze kube yilapho isihlahla singasakhiqizi uketshezi olwanele. Iqembu libe selidlulela emthonjeni omusha wokudla.
Ukudla okuvame kakhulu kwama-marmosets kufaka:
- ushingamu;
- ijusi;
- inhlaka;
- i-latex;
- izicabucabu;
- izintethe;
- izimvemvane;
- izithelo,
- izimbali;
- izibankwa ezincane.
Ukubona inani lama-marmosethi asendle kukhombisile ukuthi izitshalo azikhethwe ngokungahleliwe yibo. Izilwane zivame ukukhetha izinhlobo ezine-exudate kakhulu ebangeni lazo lasekhaya. I-exudate yinoma iyiphi into ekhishwe esitshalweni. Izinambuzane, ikakhulukazi izintethe, zingumthombo wokudla owemukelekile ngemuva kokuphuma.
Igrunka ibuye ibambe izinambuzane, ikakhulukazi izimvemvane, ezikhangwa ujusi ovela emigodini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkawu yengeza ekudleni ngompe nezithelo. Ububanzi bekhaya leqembu bungu-0.1 kuya ku-0.4 hectares, futhi ukondla kuvame ukugxila esihlahleni esisodwa noma ezimbili ngasikhathi. AmaTamarin avamise ukuhlasela izimbobo ezenziwe ngama-mammosethi ukuzitika ngamajusi ezitshalo.
Ama-marmosets abesilisa nabesifazane akhombisa ukwehluka kokudla nokuziphatha kokudla, yize ukubusa kwabesilisa nabesifazane nokuziphatha okunolaka kuyehluka ngezinhlobo. Abesilisa banesikhathi esincane sokufuna imithombo yokudla nokondla ngenxa yemithwalo yemfanelo yokunakekela usana nokuqapha izilwane ezidla ezinye.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-marmoset ejwayelekile
Cishe ama-83% wabantu be-marmoset bahlala ngokuhleleka okuzinzile kwabantu ababili kuya kwabayisishiyagalolunye, kufaka phakathi owesilisa ovelele, owesifazane ozala isidleke, kanye nezingane ezine. Yize amaqembu iningi lawo lingamalungu omndeni kuphela, ezinye izakhiwo zingafaka nelungu elilodwa noma amabili angeziwe abantu abadala. I-marmoset iyashintsha. Abantu bayakhandana, bakhombisa uhlobo olukhethekile lokuxhuma.
Kepha kanye nokuhlangana okunjalo kobungani, lezi zinkawu nazo ziyizilwane ezihlala ezindaweni ezisebenzisa izindlala zephunga ukukhombisa izindawo ezifika ku-40 km2. Bakhetha izindawo zokulala eduze komthombo wokudla, futhi wonke amalungu eqembu ayavuka aphume ayofuna ukudla ngemuva nje kokuphuma kwelanga. Umsebenzi wezenhlalo uyabonakala phakathi kwezintaba ezimbili zokuphakela - eyodwa ngemuva kokuvuka, bese kuthi eyesibili ntambama.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amalungu eqembu ayaxhumana esebenzisa uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezimpawu zamazwi, zamakhemikhali nezokubukwayo. Amathoni amathathu wokukhala ayisisekelo ancike ebangeni umsindo okufanele uwuhambe. Lezi zinkawu zingakha futhi izibonisi ezibonakalayo lapho zisongelwa noma zikhombisa ukubusa.
Ukusayinelwa ngamakhemikhali kusetshenziswa uketshezi oluvela kwizindlala ezisemabeleni nasesibeleni nasesitho sangasese kwenza owesifazane akwazi ukukhombisa owesilisa lapho ekwazi khona ukuzala. Izilwane zingabambelela ezindaweni eziqondile ngezinzipho zazo ezibukhali ngenkathi zidla.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Baby marmoset
Ama-Igrunks abhekwa njengabalingani abangabodwana. Abesilisa abaqavile bagcina ukufinyelela okukhethekile kwabesifazane abazalanayo. Kodwa-ke, i-polyandry yabonwa ngamaqembu namadoda amaningi. Abesifazane abakhombisi zimpawu ezibonakalayo zangaphandle ze-ovulation, kepha ucwaningo ezilwaneni zasendle lukhombisile ukuthi abesifazane bangakwazi ukuxhumana nempilo yabo yokuzala kwabesilisa ngokusebenzisa imikhondo noma indlela yokuziphatha. Kuma-marmosets, akukho ukuxhumana okutholakele phakathi kwenani labesilisa abadala nenani lenzalo.
Izinsikazi zezinkawu ezincanyana zingazala amawundlu ayi-1 kuye kwayi-3, kepha imvamisa zizala amawele. Cishe emavikini amathathu ngemuva kokubeletha, abesifazane bangena ngemuva kokubeletha i-estrus, lapho kwenzeka khona ukukhwelana. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sicishe sibe yizinyanga eziyi-4,5, isb. Njalo ezinyangeni ezi-5-6 kuzalwa ama-marmosets amasha. Izinkawu zemifino zinohlelo lokunakekela izingane olusebenzisana kakhulu, kepha munye kuphela owesifazane ovelele eqenjini okhiqiza inzalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa zinesisindo cishe esingu-16 g. Ngemuva kokudla cishe izinyanga ezintathu nokufinyelela ebusheni kungakapheli unyaka kuya onyakeni owodwa nohhafu, zifinyelela isisindo somuntu omdala cishe ngeminyaka emibili. Abancane bavame ukuhlala eqenjini labo kuze kudlule imijikelezo emibili yokuzalwa elandelayo. Izelamani nazo ziyabandakanyeka ekunakekeleni izingane.
Usana olusanda kuzalwa ludinga ukunakwa okuningi, ngakho-ke amalungu omndeni amaningi abandakanyeka ekunakekelweni anciphisa inani lamahora asetshenzisiwe ukukhulisa inzalo futhi afaka namakhono obuzali. Amalungu eqembu, imvamisa abesifazane, angabambezela nokuzala kwawo ngokumisa amaqanda ukuze anakekele inzalo yabanye eqenjini. Inani elifanele labanakekeli bama-marmosets wezinsana cishe ngabantu abahlanu. Abaqaphi banesibopho sokuthola ukudla kwezingane futhi nokusiza ubaba ukuthi aqaphele abantu abangaba yizisulu.
Izitha zemvelo zama-marmosets
Isithombe: Igrunki
Izingulube eziphuzi, eziluhlaza nezinsundu zama-mammosethi zinikeza ukufihla ezindaweni ezihlala ehlathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinkawu zenze amathuluzi okuxhumana ukuze zixwayisane ngezinsongo ezizayo. Kodwa-ke, ubuncane bomzimba wabo ubenza babe isisulu sezinyoni ezidla inyama, ama-fining amancane kanye nezinyoka eziqhumayo.
Izilwane ezaziwayo ezihlasela ama-marmosets zifaka:
- izinyoni ezidla inyama (ukhozi);
- ama-fining amancane (Felidae);
- izinyoka ezikhuphuka ezihlahleni (Izinyoka).
Kubukeka sengathi indima enkulu edlalwa yilezi zilwane ezincane emvelweni yazo isekuphakelweni kwazo okuyisisekelo, ngakho-ke zingathinta impilo yezihlahla ezidla kuzo. Izinyani ezinkulu ezincintisanayo futhi ezondla kuma-exudate zingaphoqa amaqembu ama-marmosets amancane esihlahleni ukuthi asizakale ngezimbobo ezake zembiwa phambilini. Ngaphandle kokuxhumana okunjalo, ukuxhumana phakathi kukaC. Pygmaea namanye ama-primates ngokuvamile akunakulinganiswa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kusukela ngawo-1980, igciwane le-lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV) eliphethwe yigundane elijwayelekile belilokhu lithinta kakhulu ama-marmosets kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika. Lokhu kuholele ekuqubukeni okubulalayo kwesifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo (CH) phakathi kwezinkawu ezithunjiwe.
Izintuthwane zingangena emigodini ebunjiwe ezihlahleni, ngakho-ke ama-marmosets aphoqeleka ukuba afuduke. Izinkawu ezingama-Pygmy zithinteka ku-Toxoplasma gondii parasite, okuholela ku-toxoplasmosis ebulalayo. Imininingwane mayelana nesikhathi sokuphila kwezinkawu ze-marmoset zasendle zikhawulelwe, kepha izinyoni ezidla inyama, izinyoni ezincane kanye nezinyoka ezikhuphukayo yizilwane ezivamile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Izinkawu zemonkey
Kukholakala ukuthi izinkawu ezingama-pygmy azikho engcupheni yokwehla kwamanani ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwazo okukhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, zibhalwe kuRed Data Book njengezinhlobo Ezincane Zokukhathazeka. Lezi zinhlobo okwamanje azibhekene nezinsongo ezinkulu, yize abanye abantu bendawo bengabhekana nokulahleka kwendawo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Igrunka ekuqaleni yayikleliswe ku-CITES Isithasiselo I ngo-1977-1979 maqondana nokuhweba ngezilwane zasendle, kepha selokhu yehliselwa kwiSithasiselo II. Kusongelwa ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala kwezinye izindawo, kanye nokuhweba ngezilwane kwezinye (ngokwesibonelo, e-Ecuador).
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu nama-marmosets kuhlotshaniswa nezinguquko eziningi zokuziphatha, kufaka phakathi ukudlala komphakathi kanye nezimpawu zomsindo, ezibalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwezilwane phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokuvakasha okuphezulu, izinkawu ze-pygmy zivame ukuba nokuthula, zingabi nolaka futhi zingadlali kangako. Badudulelwa emazingeni aphezulu ehlathi lemvula kunalokho abakuthandayo.
Igrunka ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane kanye nemvelo elalelayo, zivame ukutholakala emisebenzini engaphandle yokubamba izilwane ezifuywayo. Ezokuvakasha endaweni zihambelana nokwanda kokubanjwa Lezi zimvuthu zivame ukutholakala kuma-zoo endawo, lapho zihlala khona ngamaqembu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 23.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-19: 30
