Ruff - izinhlanzi ezenziwe ngemisebe, zohlobo olujwayelekile. Ihlala futhi izalane emifuleni nasemachibini ase-Eurasia. Ngasentshonalanga, umngcele wobubanzi wasungulwa eBrithani, enyakatho uhlangana ne-Arctic Circle, empumalanga ifinyelela eMfuleni iKolyma, eningizimu ifinyelela emazweni ase-Asia Ephakathi.
Okucacile kwe-ruff ukuthi bambalwa abantu abanesithakazelo kuyo. Abadobi bavame ukubamba izinhlanzi ezinhle kakhulu. Akekho ofuna ukukhulisa i-ruff ezimweni zokufakelwa. Akuyona inzuzo yezentengiselwano. Noma kunjalo, inhlanzi iyathandeka kakhulu.
Incazelo nezici
Ruff — inhlanzi okuncane, ukuhlangana, ukuhlala phansi. Isifanekiso somuntu omdala ngokuvamile asidluli amasentimitha ayi-10. Isigaxa esilingana nesundu sithathwa njengesikhulu. KwiDanube, abadobi bahlangana nama-ruffs afinyelele kumasentimitha angama-30. Kepha lokhu kuyivelakancane.
Inhloko enephrofayili eyehla isuka emuva iye emlonyeni ominyene. Umlomo we-ruff uphelele, okungukuthi, yomibili imihlathi icishe ilingane. Ukuvulwa komlomo kubambeke kancane phansi noma kulayini womzimba. Ngomlomo onjalo, kulula kakhulu ukuthi umqubuli abambe inyamazane ephambi kwakhe.
Imihlathi engenhla nengezansi inamazinyo amaningi amancane, abukhali. Amazinyo awanakho ukusebenza okukhethekile, okukhuluma ngokuhlukahluka kwe-ruff njengesilwane esidla ezinye. Umhlathi ongaphezulu uxhunywe ngokuthuthela kugebhezi - iruff linomlomo ohlehliswayo.
Amehlo e-ruff makhulu, akhishwe. Ikuvumela ukuthi uzulazule futhi uzingele emanzini anenkinga. Iris ngamathoni aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-nsomi. Ukuma kwamehlo ezinhlangothini zekhanda kusikisela umbono obumbene. Lokho wukuthi, i-ruff ibona isithombe sezwe ngeso ngalinye ngokwehlukana.
Amakhala atholakala phambi kwamehlo ekugcineni kwempumulo. Lesi yisici sangaphandle sezitho zokuqina. Ikhala ngalinye lixhuma kufossa egcwele amaseli azwela iphunga. Imvelo ebhangqiwe yamakhala kanye nemigodi yokudonsa yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa hhayi iphunga kuphela, kepha futhi nokuqondiswa lapho livela khona.
Uhlaka lokuzwa alunazo izesekeli zangaphandle - izindlebe. Azidingeki. Lokhu kungenxa yendawo okuhlala kuyo izinhlanzi. Umsindo usakazeka ngokuzethemba emanzini bese ungena emzimbeni wenhlanzi ngaphandle kokuhlanekezela. Indlebe yangaphakathi iyakubona. Ukuzwa kwama-ruffs akukhona okomculo, kodwa kuhle kakhulu.
Indlebe yangaphakathi, ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yokuzwa, idlala indima yesitho sokunquma indawo yokulingana. Indlebe yangaphakathi icacisa izingqinamba zokulinganisela kanye nolayini ohlangothini. Lesi isitho esiyingqayizivele esitholakala kuphela ezinhlanzini nakwezinye izilwane eziphila ezweni, ngokwesibonelo, onoshobishobi, izinhlobo ezithile zentsha.
Ulayini we-lateral uzwa imingcele enamandla yesilinganiso esizungezile: isivinini nokuqondisa kokugeleza, amagagasi wamaza aphansi nawomsindo angena kukholamu lamanzi. Ngokwemininingwane etholwe kulayini ohlangothini, isithombe somhlaba wamanzi oseduze sakhiwa ebuchosheni bezinhlanzi.
Ulayini ohlangothini ugijima wonke umzimba wezinhlanzi. Ku-ruff, ulayini we-lateral ubonakala kahle naphezu kwephethini elinamachashaza emzimbeni. Umugqa ohlangothini uhlanganiswe nezikali, ngaphansi kwazo kunezimbobo. Baxhuma umzila osebenza ngaphansi kwesikhumba senhlanzi nemvelo.
Amagatsha asuka emseleni aya kumaseli abucayi - ama-neuromasts. Lawa maseli aphendula ukushaywa kwamanzi, ukudlidliza nolunye ushintsho ekugelezeni kwamanzi. Kusuka ezinhlungwini zemizwa, isignali emayelana nesimo samanzi ngentambo yezinzwa exhumanayo ingena ebuchosheni be-ruff.
Iqoqo lomsele we-saphenous, i-neuromasts, neminye imininingwane ulayini ohlangothini. Lesi sitho sibucayi kangangokuba emanzini anodaka nasebusuku sithatha indawo yesikhala samehlo. Ngaphezu kwezitho zomqondo, ama-ruff, njengazo zonke izinhlanzi, anezitho zokuhamba - lawa amaphiko.
I-dorsal (dorsal) fin ithatha cishe lonke iqolo elingaphezulu. Ihlukaniswe kabili. Ingxenye eyinhloko, yokuqala yempuphu e-dorsal imise okwenkomo futhi ifaka phakathi ama-13-14 spines. Ubucayi babo buboniswa ruff esithombeni. Ingxenye yesibili ye-fin isuselwa kwimisebe ethambile engu-9-11.
I-Caudal fin enama-lobes ahlukaniswe kahle. Isiphetho sokugcina esingabhangisiwe yisiba semsila. Amaphiko ezinqeni nasesipthilini ahambelana ngomzimba. Usayizi wazo ukhombisa ukuthambekela kwama-ruffs wokuhambisa ngenkathi ushayela.
Ukubhukuda okusheshayo nokushesha kuma-ruffs kubalulekile ukuze kudliwe. Isilwane esibanjiwe singena emlonyeni, lapho siphethwe khona ngamazinyo amancane ayindilinga. Bese lingena emphinjeni. Ukusuka kuso ungene esiswini esinwebekayo. Ukuyigcwalisa kuyinjongo eyinhloko ye-ruff.
Inqubo yokugaya isishesha ngama-ruffs kunezinye izinhlanzi. Amathumbu asebenza ngokuzikhandla. I-ruff idla ukudla okunesilinganiso esisodwa nengxenye kuya kwesibili ngeyunithi ngayinye kunabalingani bayo bamanzi ahlanzekile: ama-perches. Lokho ruff omkhulu odlayo, wonke umuntu uyazi.
Ngaphezu kokudla, umoya-mpilo uyisici esibalulekile sokunquma. URuff uyisusa emanzini esebenzisa izigaxa. Amanzi angena ezigangeni ngomlomo. Ihluzwa ngemiqengqelezi yama-gill, okuthiwa ama-stamens, bese igeza imihlwenga enesikhumba, ebizwa ngokuthi amacembe. Lapho uthintana nawo, amanzi akhipha umoya-mpilo, ongena emithanjeni yegazi yama-capillary.
Ama-capillaries ngokusebenzisa amacembe adedela imfucumfucu isikhutha emanzini. Igazi elicebile lingena emithanjeni yegill. Ukusuka kubo kudlulela ezimpandeni ze-aorta, kusuka lapho kulandelwa khona ku-aorta ye-dorsal. Lo mkhumbi oyisisekelo unikeza igazi ekhanda, ezithweni zangaphakathi nayo yonke imisipha.
I-ruff ivula izembozo ze-gill. Esikhaleni se-pharyngeal-branchial, ingcindezi iyancipha. Amanzi adonswa endaweni ye-gill. Inqubo yokushintshaniswa kwegesi iyenzeka. Lapho ama-operculums evalwa ingcindezi eyeqile, amanzi aphonswa ngaphandle.
Umbala jikelele wenhlanzi ungwevu namanothi ansundu ophuzi. Umbala wengemuva eliphezulu uhambelana nombala ojwayelekile, kepha ubonakala ngokumnyama kakhulu. Isisu se-ruff simhlophe qwa. Amabala amnyama amancane asakazeke umzimba wonke, kufaka phakathi amaphiko. Ngaphezu kwamabala namachashazi, ikhava ihlotshiswe ngamachashaza amnyama.
Umbala we-ruff ubukhulu becala uncike endaweni yokuhlala. Amanzi omfula angabonakali anendawo engezansi enesihlabathi anika isheen yensimbi ngokuphuzi. Amachibi ajulile anamanzi amile apenda umqubuko ngamathoni amnyama, anjengexhaphozi.
I-mucus, embozwe i-ruff, inikezwe imisebenzi yokuvikela. Amafinyila aqukethe ubuthi obenza noma ikuphi ukubhoboza iva elibuhlungu kube buhlungu kakhulu. Kepha i-ruff, i-mucus iyisibusiso. Kuyasiza ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningana:
- ukuphuma emlonyeni wesilwane ngezikhathi ezithile,
- okuphelele ngameva kwenza i-ruff ingabi isisulu esihle kakhulu sezinhlanzi ezidlayo,
- ivikela umzimba emiphumeleni yemishini neyokushisa.
I-Spines yikhadi lokubiza le-ruff. Imisipha esesiphethweni somgogodla icijile impela futhi yinde. Kunoma iyiphi ingozi, i-ruff ishaya ngalesi sikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izembozo zezihlathi nezama-gill ezinhlanzi zivikelwe imiqolo.
Izinhlobo
Kokwahlukaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo, ama-ruffs afakiwe ngaphansi kwegama iGymnocephalus. Uhlobo lwe-ruffs luqukethe izinhlobo ezi-5 kuphela. Konke izinhlobo ze-ruff ziyefana.
- IGymnocephalus cernua - i-Eurasia noma i-ruff ejwayelekile. Kuhlalwa emifuleni nasemachibini amaningi aseYurophu naseSiberia. Singahlosile sangeniswa e-United States eMfuleni iSt. Emachibini amaGreat Lakes, wasungula inani elinamandla labantu.
- IGymnocephalus acerina - UDon ruff. Ukuphila nezinhlobo emifuleni nasemachibini oLwandle Olumnyama nase-Azov basins. Ezindaweni lapho kutholakala khona le nhlanzi, ibizwa ngokuhlukile: i-nasar, i-beaver, i-privet, ingulube.
- I-Gymnocephalus ambriaelacus iyinhlobo efakiwe kuhlukaniso lwezinto eziphilayo ngo-2010. Kwande echibini elilodwa, eliseJalimane, esigodini esingenhla seDanube. Ichibi libizwa ngokuthi yi-Ammersee.
- IGymnocephalus baloni - iDanube noma iCzech ruff. Le nhlanzi yayibhekwa njengeyindlala eDanube. Kepha izazi ze-ichthyologists ziphawula ukuvela kwalezi zinhlobo kweminye imifula nezindawo zokugcina amanzi zaseMpumalanga Yurophu.
- IGymnocephalus schraetser - umfula, owazi kahle amadamu echibi laseDanube. Igama elijwayelekile liyi-ruff enemigqa.
Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-ruff luhlobo olumele izinhlobo ezi-5, kukhona nokwehluka kombala nokwakheka kwezinhlobo ngaphakathi kohlobo. Lokho wukuthi, uhlobo olufanayo lweruff oluhlala echibini elingajulile futhi elinamanzi ajulile lungazitholela izici zalo zokuziphatha.
Lokhu kukhombisa amandla aphezulu enhlanzi. Izimo zishintshile - izinhlanzi sezijwayele kuzo. Njengoba izinguquko endaweni ephilayo zilinganiselwe, ukulungiswa kwezici ze-morphological kuyabonakala, kepha hhayi ukhadinali.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Kunzima ukucabanga ngomzimba wamanzi enkabeni yeYurophu, lapho i-ruff yayingakwazi ukuzwana - le yinhlanzi engosomathuba. Imifula namachibi aseSiberia babenolwazi ngokuphelele ngaye kuze kube semgodini waseKolyma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ruff ayikhathazeki ngosawoti omncane wamanzi - kufika ku-12 ‰.
URuff uthanda kakhulu imifula edangele namachibi ajulile ane-substrate ethambile, enobumba ezansi. URuff uvumelana nezimila ezisogwini. Usekela izindawo ezinomthunzi wedamu. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, kulula ukuthi i-ruff isebenzise inzuzo yayo: ibona kahle ekukhanyeni okuphansi.
Ibhalansi yezinto eziphilayo ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona u-ruff kungaphulwa. Uma kungekho ukucindezela ku-ruff kusuka ezinhlanzini ezidlayo, iqala ukwanda ngokushesha. Ama-ruffs ayo yonke iminyaka ekudleni kwawo aqondiswa kakhulu ngamaqanda ezinhlanzi. Ngokuyishwabadela, inani lezinhlobo zezinhlanzi eziyigugu lingehliselwa ku-zero.
Ukudla okunomsoco
URuff unamandla kakhulu. Emncane, uqoqa kusuka phansi abambe izibungu zekholamu lamanzi, amaqanda, i-zooplankton. Njengoba zikhula, ama-ruffs aqhubekela ekudleni okukhudlwana. Ama-arthropods ahlala eyingxenye ebalulekile yokudla.
Umsebenzi wokudla yisimo semvelo se-ruffs. Ukwehla okuthile kwenzeka ekwindla nasebusika. UZhor uyama ngokuphelele ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ama-Ruffs akhethe ikakhulukazi i-fish caviar. Lesi simo sanikeza ama-ruffs isimo hhayi kuphela sezinhlanzi, kepha nezinhlanzi eziyingozi.
Zimbalwa izilwane ezidla ezinye ezifuna ukudla i-ruff uqobo. I-pike iyamngena ezimweni ezihlukile. I-burbot ehlala ezingqimbeni ezingezansi izingela i-ruff njalo. I-pike perch ayibheki ameva ane-ruff futhi idla le nhlanzi unyaka wonke. Iqiniso lokuthi i-ruff ithatha ngokuzithandela i-pike perch yenze inhlanzi ebabazekayo yaba enye yezinhlanzi zokudoba ezithandwa kakhulu. Kepha ngaphambi kwalokho udinga ukubamba i-ruff.
Ukubamba i-ruff
URuff ubanjwa kahle nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Ngaphandle kuka-Ephreli, lapho izala. Njengoba kunikezwe uthando lweruff lokuphola, kungcono ukuqala ukudoba kusihlwa, kusihlwa. Ukuzama ekuseni nakho kungasebenza kahle.
Ukubhekana nale nhlanzi engaconsi phansi, ungakhetha elula kunazo zonke - induku yokuntanta. Le divayisi evivinywe ilungele ukudoba ehlobo nasebusika. Ngukuthi, ebusika, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-jig.
I-ruff ithatha kahle isibungu, ikakhulukazi esenziwe ngamazinyo, abanye abadobi abasicindezela ngokukhethekile phansi kwesihloko sesibungu. URuff akaphelanga amandla, akakhathazekile ngobunzima bokubhekana nakho. Ngisho noma uhlabe ingwegwe, ngeke ishiye.
Ukuthatha i-ruff eyodwa endaweni ethulile ethule, singacabanga ukuthi impumelelo yokudoba iqinisekisiwe. I-prickly ruff - inhlanzi yokufunda. Ukulahlekelwa yilungu elilodwa leqembu akwethusi ama-ruff asele, akuphoqeleli umhlambi ukuthi uthuthele kwenye indawo.
Ama-ruffs abanjiwe agcinwa ekhejini elihlukile. Ngakho-ke zivikela ezinye izinhlanzi ekufeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi, okungadalwa yimikhonto, enongwe ngomqubuko onobuthi.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, i-ruff iqala ukulungiselela ukuzala. Le nqubo ivame ukuthinta ama-ruffs eneminyaka engu-2-3. Kubantu abahlukile, ngenxa yezimo zangaphandle, impilo yabantu abaningi ingahle ibe yesikhashana. Kulokhu, ama-ruffs anonyaka owodwa azobamba iqhaza ekuzaleni.
Ama-Ruffs, njengezinye izinhlanzi, angaba ne-hermaphroditism. Lokho wukuthi, i-ruff efanayo inezitho zombili zokuzala nezabesilisa. Ukuphambuka okunjalo akubonwa kubo bonke abantu futhi kungabi ngaphezu kwama-25% ama-ruffs emhlambini. Ikhula njengendlela yokunxephezela ukwanda kokufa kwezinhlanzi zanoma yiluphi ucansi.
Akukho ukuncika okungaqondakali kwenqubo yokuzalela ekushiseni kwamanzi, ukukhanya noma ezinye izimo. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, umhlambi wama-ruffs uphuma ekujuleni lapho ebusika khona. Amabala asemizimbeni yama-ruffs wesilisa ayakhanya futhi aqhathanise kakhulu.
Umhlambi uthuthela ezindaweni lapho amanzi acebe khona ngokwanele oksijini. Inqubo yokuzala kungenzeka ingabi yesikhathi esisodwa. Insikazi ingabeka izikhathi ezi-2-3. Abesilisa abahamba nabesifazane banisela amaqanda ngobisi. Ukuzala kudonsa kusuka ezinsukwini ezi-3 kuye emavikini ama-2.
I-Ruff roe incane - kusuka ku-0.3 kuye ku-1 mm. Uma enenhlanhla yokuvundiswa, kuzovela isibungu emavikini e-1-2, azokhula ngokushesha abe yifry. Izinhlanzi ezindala azinaki i-caviar noma izingane ezivele kuyo.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, amasonto ama-1-2 e-ruff ayayeka ukondla. Lokhu mhlawumbe kuyindlela yokuzivikela yemvelo yamaqanda kubazali babo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlobo zivikelekile kuzo zonke izilwane ezidla ezinye ngokukhiqizwa kwenqwaba yenzalo.
Insikazi, kuya ngosayizi, ikhafula isuka emaqandeni ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi kuya kumakhulu amaningana. Izinga lokusinda kwamaqanda, izibungu, gazinga liphansi. Kepha ama-ruffs abalekele izilwane ezidla ezinye, abadobi kanye nezifo angaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10 - 12. Lokhu kungumkhawulo wabesifazane, abesilisa baphila iminyaka engaphansi kweyi-7 - 8.
Intengo
Akukho ukudoba okuthengiswayo kwama-ruffs ajwayelekile, ngakho-ke ngeke kwenzeke ukuthenga i-ruff esitolo. Kepha ama-ruffs anamagama amabili abanjwa athengiswe - ama-sea ruffs kanye nama-flounder ruffs. Lezi zinhlanzi azihlobene kakhulu nama-ruffs weqiniso. Kepha zikuvumela ukuthi wenze okungenakwenzeka - uthenge i-ruff esitolo.
Izinhlanzi ezinamafulentshi azishibhile. Kuvame ukuthengiswa ngesimo esomile ngenani lama-ruble angama-500-600. ngekhilogremu ngayinye. Ruff zasolwandle, okubizwa ngokufanele ngokuthi ufezela, kubhekisa ezibilibweni. Izindleko ze-ruff efriziwe yolwandle zingadlula i-RUB 1,500 nge-kg.
Kodwa ayikho kulezi zinhlanzi eyoke ithathe isikhundla sokwenqena kwangempela endishini enjengendlebe. Yinye kuphela into esele - ukuxhumana nabadobi. Yibo abanganikeza noma yimuphi umpheki, umama wekhaya ngenani elanele lezinhlanzi ukupheka isobho lenhlanzi kusuka ku-ruff.
