Char

Char - kungokwomndeni we-salmon futhi kwakha amafomu amaningi ahlukahlukene, adida abacwaningi-ichthyologists, ngoba cishe cishe akunakwenzeka ukuqonda ukuthi isiphi isampula esethulwayo sihambisana nazo. UChar yizinhlanzi ezisolwandle ezisenyakatho kakhulu. Amalungu amaningi alo mhlobo ayizinhlanzi ezithandwayo zemidlalo, kanti amanye abe yisisulu sokudotshwa ngenhloso yokuhweba.

Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo

Isithombe: Ama-Lolets

Leli char labe liqale ukunikezwa uhlobo lwezinhlonzi nguKarl Linnaeus kwathiwa nguSlps Alpinus ngo-1758. Ngasikhathi sinye, wachaza iHubo salvelinus neHubo umbla, kamuva okwathiwa ziyafana. UJohn Richardson (1836) wahlukanisa i-subgenus Salmo (Salvelinus), manje esethathwa njengohlobo oluphelele.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Igama lohlobo uSalvelinus livela egameni lesiJalimane elithi "Saibling" - isalmon encane. Igama lesiNgisi kukholakala ukuthi lisuselwa ku-Old Irish ceara / cera, okusho ukuthi "okubomvu kwegazi," okukhomba ngaphansi okubomvu okubomvu. Ihlobene futhi negama layo laseWales elithi torgokh, "isisu esibomvu". Umzimba wezinhlanzi awumboziwe ngezikali; mhlawumbe lesi yisizathu segama lesiRussia lenhlanzi - char.

I-Arctic char ihlukaniswa ngokuhlukahluka okuningi kwe-morphological noma "morphs" kulo lonke uhla lwezinhlobo. Ngakho-ke, i-Arctic char ibizwa ngokuthi "isilwane esinomgogodla oguquguquka kakhulu eMhlabeni." Ama-Morphs ahluka ngosayizi, ukuma, nombala futhi akhombisa umehluko ekuziphatheni okufudukayo, indawo yokuhlala noma izakhiwo ze-anadromous, nokuziphatha kokudla. Ama-morphs avame ukuhlangana, kepha futhi angahlukaniswa ngokuzala futhi akhombise abantu abahlukaniswe ngokwezakhi zofuzo abakhonjwe njengezibonelo zezincomo zokutholwa.

E-Iceland, iLake Tingvadlavatn laziwa ngokwakhiwa kwama-morphs amane: i-benthic encane, i-benthic enkulu, i-limnetic encane ne-limnetic enkulu. ESvalbard, eNorway, iLake Linne-Vatn inezinhlanzi ezincane, "ezijwayelekile" nezinhlanzi ezinobungozi obujwayelekile, kuyilapho e-Bear Island kunama-morphs amancane, amancane futhi amancane.

Ukubukeka nezici

Isithombe: Loach fish

I-char luhlobo lwama-salmonids, amanye awo abizwa nge- "trout". Kuyilungu lomndeni wakwaSalmoninae emndenini wakwaSalmonidae. Uhlobo lunesabelo esisenyakatho se-circumpolar, futhi iningi labamele bayo, njengomthetho, izinhlanzi zamanzi abandayo ezihlala ikakhulu emanzini ahlanzekile. Izinhlobo eziningi nazo zifudukela olwandle.

Ividiyo: Loach

I-Arctic char isondelene kakhulu ne-salmon kanye ne-lake trout, futhi inezici eziningi zombili. Izinhlanzi zihluka kakhulu ngombala, kuya ngesikhathi sonyaka nezimo zemvelo lapho zihlala khona. Inhlanzi ngayinye ingaba nesisindo esingu-9.1 kg noma ngaphezulu. Imvamisa, zonke izinhlanzi zosayizi wemakethe ziba phakathi kuka-0.91 no-2.27 kg. Umbala wenyama ungasuka kokubomvu ngokukhanyayo kuye kobomvana obuphaphathekile. Kwabhalwa itshe elikhulu elifinyelela ku-60.6 cm ubude kanye no-charar dwarf ongafika ku-9.2 cm.Imuva lenhlanzi limnyama ngombala, kanti ingxenye yangaphakathi iyahlukahluka kusuka kobomvu, ophuzi nokumhlophe kuye ngendawo.

Izici eziyinhloko ze-char fish:

• umzimba omise i-torpedo;
• i-adipose fin ejwayelekile;
• umlomo omkhulu;
• imibala ehlukene kuye ngendawo yokuhlala;
• isisu esibomvu kancane (ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yokuzala);
• emaceleni aluhlaza-mpunga noma onsundu ngokuluhlaza okotshani nasemhlane;
• ubukhulu ikakhulukazi: kusuka ku-35 kuya ku-90 cm (ngokwemvelo);
• isisindo esisuka ku-500 kuye ku-15 kg.

Ngesikhathi sokuzala, umbala obomvu uba namandla kakhulu, kuthi abesilisa bakhombise umbala ogqamile. I-Tribal char inezimpiko ezibomvu zepectoral nezindunu kanye nemingcele ephuzi noma yegolide ekugcineni kwe-caudal. Umbala ophelele wentsha ubusheleleka kunowabantu abadala.

Uhlala kuphi u-char?

Isithombe: Loach eRussia

I-char ehlala amachibi asezintabeni namanzi asogwini lwe-arctic namanzi angaphansi komhlaba inokusatshalaliswa okuyindilinga. Kungaba ukufuduka, ukuhlala, noma ukuvinjelwa ezweni kuye ngendawo. Izinhlanzi zohlobo lwe-char fish zivela ogwini lwe-arctic nolungasentshonalanga nasemachibini asezintabeni. Kuye kwabonwa ezindaweni ze-Arctic zaseCanada naseRussia naseMpumalanga Ekude.

Izinhlanzi zikhona emigodini yemifula iBarents Sea kusuka eVolonga kuya eKara, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Kolguev, Bear naseNovaya Zemlya eziqhingini, eNyakatho yeSiberia, e-Alaska, eCanada naseGreenland. Enyakatho neRussia, i-char ayikho emifuleni egelezela olwandle lwaseBaltic naseWhite Sea. Imvamisa izala futhi ilale ubusika bonke emanzini amasha. Ukufudukela olwandle kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwehlobo kusuka maphakathi noJuni kuya kuJulayi. Lapho, bachitha izinsuku ezingaba ngu-50 bese bebuyela emfuleni.

Azikho ezinye izinhlanzi zasemanzini angenasawoti ezitholakala kule ndawo esenyakatho. Iwukuphela kohlobo lwezinhlanzi olutholakala eLake Heisen eCanada Arctic nezinhlobo eziyivelakancane eBrithani nase-Ireland, ezitholakala ikakhulu emachibini ajulile, anenguzunga yeqhwa. Kwezinye izingxenye zobubanzi bayo, njengasemazweni aseNordic, kuvame kakhulu futhi kumbiwe kakhulu. ESiberia, izinhlanzi zangeniswa emachibini, lapho zaba yingozi ezinhlotsheni ezingapheli kakhulu.

Manje uyazi lapho inhlanzi char itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.

Udla ini u-char?

Isithombe: Loach ovela eRed Book

Izinhlanzi ze-char zishintsha imikhuba yazo yokudla kuya ngendawo. Ososayensi bathole izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-30 zokudla esiswini sakhe. I-char iyinhlanzi edlayo ekwazi ukuzingela imini nobusuku. Izinhlanzi ezivela emndenini we-salmon zibhekwa njengezidliwayo ezibonakalayo. Yize kwaqashelwa uhlobo lweshadi, imvelo yokudla eyayincike ekunambithekeni nasezintweni ezithintekayo, hhayi kumbono.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi i- char feeds on:

• izinambuzane;
• i-caviar;
• inhlanzi;
• izimbaza;
• zooplankton;
• ama-amphipods namanye ama-crustaceans asemanzini.

Amanye amashadi amakhulu abhalwe njengamazimuzimu adla zombili izinhlobo zezinhlobo zawo kanye ne-arctic char encane. Ukudla kuyashintsha nezinkathi zonyaka. Ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo nakulo lonke ihlobo, badla izinambuzane ezitholakala ebusweni bamanzi, i-salmon caviar, iminenke namanye ama-crustaceans amancane atholakala ezansi kwechibi, nezinhlanzi ezincane. Phakathi nezinyanga zasekwindla nasebusika, i-char idla ama-zooplankton nezimfanzi zasemanzini angenasawoti, kanye nezinhlanzi ezincane.

I-marine char diet iqukethe: ama-copepods ne-krill (Thysanoessa). IChibi char londla kakhulu ngezinambuzane kanye ne-zoobenthos (ama-molluscs nezibungu). Futhi inhlanzi: i-capelin (Mallotus villosus) ne-goby enamabala (i-Triglops murrayi). Endle, isikhathi sokuphila se-char iminyaka engama-20. Isilinganiso sobudala bezinhlanzi esirekhodiwe sasiyiminyaka engama-40.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: I-red fish char

Amalokishi ayizinhlanzi ezifudukayo nezinenhlalo enkulu ezitholakala ngamaqembu ngesikhathi sokufuduka. Ziyazala futhi zilala emanzini amasha. Izinhlanzi ziyaxhumana zodwa ngesikhathi zizala ngephunga. Abesilisa bakhipha i-pheromone eheha abesifazane abavuthiwe. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, abesilisa bahlala endaweni yabo. Ukubusa kugcinwa ngabesilisa abakhulu. I-char inomugqa ohlangothini obasiza ukuthi babone ukunyakaza nokudlidliza emvelweni.

Njengama-salmonid amaningi, kunomehluko omkhulu kumbala womzimba nokuma kwawo phakathi kwabantu abavuthiwe ngokobulili bobulili obuhlukile. Eziduna zakha imihlathi exhumekile ethatha umbala obomvu ogqamile. Abesifazane bahlala be-silvery. Iningi labesilisa lisungula futhi ligade izindawo futhi livame ukuvela nabesifazane abaningi. I-char ayifi ngemuva kokuzala, njenge-salmon yasePacific, futhi ivame ukuhlangana izikhathi eziningana phakathi nokuphila kwayo (njalo ngonyaka wesibili noma wesithathu).

Amafry amancane avela emgodini entwasahlobo futhi ahlala emfuleni izinyanga ezi-5 kuya kweziyi-7 noma ubude bawo bufike kumasentimitha ayi-15 kuya ku-20. Izinhlanzi ze-char ayinikezeli ukunakekelwa kwabazali ngefry ngemuva kokuzala. Zonke izibopho zincishiselwa ekwakhiweni kwesidleke ngabesifazane kanye nokuvikelwa kwendawo ngabesilisa phakathi nesikhathi sonke sokuzala. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-char zichitha isikhathi sazo ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-10, kanti ezinye zikhuphukela ekujuleni kwamamitha ama-3 ukusuka ebusweni bamanzi. Ukujula okuphezulu kokuntywila kwaqoshwa kumamitha ayi-16 ukusuka ebusweni bamanzi.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: Loach fish

Inhlanzi i-char ibuya olwandle iye emifuleni yakhona namanzi amasha ukuze izale. Abesilisa beshadi banesithembu, kuyilapho abesifazane benomfazi oyedwa. Ukulungiselela ukuzala, abesilisa basungula indawo abayivikelayo. Abesifazane bazokhetha indawo endaweni yabesilisa bese bemba isidleke sabo esidala. Abesilisa baqala ukushela abesifazane, bazungeze, bese uhamba eduze kwabesifazane futhi bathuthumele. Ngokubambisana, abesilisa nabesifazane baphonsa amaqanda nobisi endaweni yomgodi, ngakho-ke ukuvundiswa kungaphandle. Amaqanda avundisiwe afakwa kugravel.

Ukuqala kokuvuthwa ngokocansi kwe-Arctic char kuyahluka kusuka eminyakeni emi-4 kuye kwengu-10. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho zifinyelela kubude obungu-500-600 mm. Iningi labantu lizala ekwindla kusukela ngoSepthemba kuya kuDisemba, noma kunjalo kunabantu abathile abavinjelwe abazala entwasahlobo, ehlobo noma ebusika. I-Arctic char ivame ukuzala kanye ngonyaka, futhi abanye abantu bangabi ngaphezu kwesisodwa njalo eminyakeni eyi-3-4. Abesilisa abaqavile basendaweni futhi bavikela abesifazane.

Abesilisa bavame ukuzala nabesifazane abangaphezu koyedwa ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Izinsikazi zingabekela amaqanda asukela ku-2 500 kuya ku-8 500, lawo abesilisa bawafaka ngokoqobo. Izikhathi zokufukamela ziyahlukahluka, kepha zivame ukwenzeka phakathi kwezinyanga ezi-2-3. Isisindo sokufukamela siyahlukahluka ngaphakathi kwabantu. Isisindo sesibungu se-char ekuchamuselweni sisuka ku-0.04 kuye ku-0.07 g. Amafry ngokushesha azimela kubazali bawo lapho echanyuselwa.

Ukukhula kwamaqanda kwenzeka ngezigaba ezintathu:

• isigaba sokuqhekeka siqala ngemuva kokukhulelwa bese siqhubeka kuze kube yilapho kwakhiwa umbungu wokuqala;
• isigaba se-epibolic. Ngalesi sikhathi, amangqamuzana akhiwe ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuhlanza aqala ukwakha izicubu ezikhethekile;
• isigaba se-organogenesis siqala lapho izitho zangaphakathi ziqala ukuvela.

Ukwahlukaniswa ngokocansi kwenzeka ngemuva nje kokuchanyuselwa futhi kulawulwa ukumiswa kwe-chromosomal ye-nucleus eqandeni elikhulelwe. I-AY ne-X chromosome ziholela kowesilisa, kuyilapho ama-chromosomes amabili e-X aholela kowesifazane. Izici zocansi lwe-Morphological zinqunywa ngamahomoni.

Izitha zemvelo zenhlanzi char

Isithombe: Loach emfuleni

I-char adaptation anti-predator of char yikhono layo lokushintsha umbala kuye ngemvelo. Zivame ukuba mnyama emachibini futhi zikhanyise umbala olwandle. Ucwaningo lwango-2003 lwathola ukuthi amanye amashadi asencane ase-arctic anokuqaphela okubucayi kakhulu kwephunga lezilwane. Ukuphawula kukhombisile ukuthi isimilo esingokwemvelo sezinhlanzi ezisencane ezilwa nezilwane ezithile ukuphendula ikakhulukazi izimpawu zamakhemikhali ezivela ezinhlanzini ezahlukahlukene ezidlayo, kanye nasekudleni kwezilwane ezidla ezinye.

Izidalwa ezivamile ze-char yilezi:

• ama-sea otters;
• Amabhere amhlophe;
• i-arctic char;
• ithrawuthi;
• izinhlanzi ezinkulu kune-char.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-char fish iba isisulu se-parasite enjenge-lamprey yolwandle. Le vampire, isuka e-Atlantic Ocean, ibambelela eshadini ngomlomo ofana nenkomishi yokudonsa, yenza imbobo esikhunjeni futhi imunce igazi. Ama-parasites aziwa futhi nge-char fish ama-protozoa, ama-trematode, ama-tapeworms, ama-nematode, ama-prickly worm, ama-leeches nama-crustaceans.

Abantu bahlomula kwi-arctic char njengomthombo wokudla kanye nokudoba kwezemidlalo. Njengokudla, i-charfish ithathwa njengesibiliboco esibizayo. Intengo yemakethe iyahluka ngokuya ngevolumu. Amanani aphezulu ahambisana nevolumu ephansi. Izintengo ze-Charr ngo-2019 zilinganiselwa ku- $ 9.90 nge-kg yezinhlanzi ezibanjiwe.

Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo

Isithombe: Loach

I-Arctic char ibhalwe ku-IUCN Red Data Book njengezinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini encane. Usongo olukhulu kuye ngabantu. Okunye ukusongela ngosawoti wamanzi. Eningizimu yeScotland, inqwaba yezinhlanzi zohlobo lwe-char seziqothulwe ngenxa yokwenza usawoti emifuleni. Iningi labantu base-Arctic char e-Ireland sebashabalala ngenxa yokusawulwa ngamachibi nokonakala kwekhwalithi yamanzi kusuka ekungcolisweni kwasekhaya nokwezolimo.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Usongo olubonakalayo olubhekene nabanye abantu base-Arctic char ukungabi nokwehluka kofuzo. Isibalo sabantu baseLake Siamaa eningizimu-mpumalanga yeFinland sincike emanzini okuphila emanzini, ngoba ukungabi bikho kokwehluka kofuzo kubantu bomdabu kubangela ukufa kweqanda nokuthambekela kwezifo.

Kwamanye amachibi okunzima ukufinyelela kuwo, inani labashayeli lifinyelela osayizi abakhulu. Emachibini atholakala ngaphakathi kwendawo ye-BAM, ukumbiwa kwegolide nokubhekwa komhlaba, inani labantu liye lacekelwa phansi kakhulu, futhi kweminye imizimba yamanzi, i-char isuswe ngokuphelele. Izici eziyinhloko ezithinta ukwakheka nosayizi wabantu be-char ukungcoliswa kwemizimba yamanzi nokudoba okungekho emthethweni.

Ukuvikelwa kweLoach

Isithombe: Loach fish from the Red Book

Ukudalwa kwezimo ezinhle emifudlaneni yaseningizimu yeScotland kungumzamo wokulondolozwa kwe-char. Izindlela zokongiwa kwemvelo ziphakanyisiwe e-Ireland njengemizamo yokuvikela imiphakathi ye-char arctic esele. Ezinye zezindlela eziphakanyisiwe zifaka phakathi ukuqinisekisa intuthuko esimeme, ukukhipha gazinga, ukulawula ukungena kwezakhi zomzimba nokuvimbela izinhlanzi ezidla ezinye ukungena emachibini aqukethe i-char. Ukubuyisela le nhlanzi emachibini kungenye imizamo yokulondolozwa okwenziwa kwezinye izindawo, njengeLake Siamaa eningizimu-mpumalanga yeFinland.

Ngo-2006, izinhlelo zokukhulisa ama-arctic zasungulwa njengenketho engcono kakhulu yezemvelo kubathengi, njengoba lezi zinhlanzi zisebenzisa inani elilinganiselwe kuphela lezinsiza zasolwandle njengokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-arctic char ingatshalwa ezinhlelweni ezivalekile ezinciphisa amandla okubalekela endle.

Char njengamanje ibhalwe njengezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa ngaphansi kwe-Federal Species at Risk Act kanye ne-Ontario Endangered Species Act, enikeza ukuvikelwa okusemthethweni kwezinhlanzi nezindawo zazo zokuhlala. Ukuvikelwa okungeziwe kunikezwa yi-Federal Fisheries Act, enikela ngezinyathelo zokuvikela indawo yazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi.

Usuku lokushicilelwa: 22.07.2019

Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-19: 06