Imboni yezemfashini emhlabeni wonke, nanoma imuphi umuntu othanda izingubo ezenziwe ngezindwangu zemvelo, ngokungangabazeki yizingcweti nabathengi abakhuthele bomkhiqizo oyingqayizivele wemvelo - usilika wemvelo. Uma kungenjalo umbungu, besingeke sazi ukuthi uyini usilika. Akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ngento ebushelelezi futhi emnandi ngokwengeziwe ekuthinteni futhi ngokunethezeka ngokumangazayo ukugqoka ngendlela yekhabethe elenziwe ngomumo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Silkworm
Kukholakala ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kukasilika kusetshenziswa imibungu kasilika kubuyela emuva enkathini yaseYangshao (cishe ngo-5000 BC). Ngaphandle kokuthi isikhathi esiningi sidlulile kusukela lapho, izakhi eziyisisekelo zenqubo yokukhiqiza azikashintshi kuze kube yilolu suku. Ekuhlukanisweni kwamazwe omhlaba, umbungu we-silk unegama elithi Bombyx mori (Latin), okusho ukuthi "ukufa kukasilika" ngokwezwi nezwi.
Ividiyo: Isibungu
Leli gama aliqondananga. Kuvele ngoba umsebenzi omkhulu ekukhiqizeni usilika ukuvikela izimvemvane zingandizeli ngaphandle kukakhukhunathi, ukuvimbela ukonakala kwentambo kasilika ekuyibambezelayo. Ngale njongo, iziphungumangathi zibulawa ngaphakathi kwamakhukhunathi ngokuzifudumeza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Iziphungumangathi ezifile ezisele ngemuva kokuqaqa intambo kasilika ziyimikhiqizo yokudla, ebaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zazo zokudla okunempilo.
Umbungu kasilika uvemvane oluvela emndenini we-True silkworm. Naphezu kokuba khona kwamaphiko ngobude obungama-40-60 mm, isikhathi eside ekwakhiweni kokukhiqizwa kukasilika, wakhohlwa cishe indlela yokundiza. Izinsikazi azindizi nakancane, kanti ezeduna zenza izindiza ezimfishane ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.
Igama likhombisa kahle indawo yokuhlala yalezi zinambuzane - izihlahla zikamalibhele, noma ibhele, njengoba zibizwa kanjalo ezweni lakithi. Ama-mulberries amnyama amnandi namanzi, afana namajikijolo amnyama, ayathandwa ngabaningi, kepha amaqabunga alezi zihlahla angukudla kwesibungu. Izibungu ziwadla ngobuningi obukhulu, futhi zikwenza ubusuku nemini, ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka nasebusuku. Njengoba useduze, ungezwa umsindo ophakeme kakhulu wale nqubo.
Izimpuphu, izibungu zesilika ziqala ukweluka umfece onentambo eqhubekayo yomzimba kasilika. Kungaba mhlophe, noma kungaba nemibala ehlukene - obomvana, ophuzi ngisho nohlaza okotshani. Kepha ekukhiqizeni usilika wanamuhla, kungamakhokho amhlophe abhekwa njengabalulekile, ngakho-ke, izinhlobo kuphela ezikhiqiza intambo kasilika omhlophe ezisetshenziselwa ukuzalanisa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Njengoba intambo kasilika yemvelo ingumkhiqizo wamaprotheni, ingahlakazeka ngaphansi kwethonya lama-detergents anolaka amakhemikhali. Leli qiniso kufanele linakwe lapho kunakekelwa imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngosilika wemvelo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: uvemvane lwe-Silkworm
Ngaphandle, umbungu kasilika ungabonakali, umuntu omdala ubukeka njengenundu elijwayelekile noma inundu elikhulu. Inamaphiko amakhulu ombala ompunga noma omhlophe onemithambo emnyama “ecace” ngokusobala. Umzimba wombungu kasilika ukhulu kakhulu, umbozwe ngokuphelele ungqimba oluminyene lwe-villi ekhanyayo futhi ubukeke uhlukaniswe waba izingxenye eziguqukayo. Ekhanda kukhona izigaxa zempondo ezinde, ezifana namakhekheba amabili.
Uma sikhuluma ngomjikelezo wokuphila wesibungu, khona-ke kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinambuzane zasendle kanye nezinhlobo ezifuywayo. Ekuthunjweni, umbungu kasilika awufiki esigabeni sokwakheka kovemvane futhi uyafa kumfece.
Abafowabo basendle bayakwazi ukuhlala kuzo zonke izigaba ezine isici sezinambuzane zanoma yiluphi uhlobo:
- iqanda;
- isibungu (isibungu sikasilika);
- unodoli;
- uvemvane.
Isibungu esiphuma eqandeni sincane kakhulu, singamamilimitha amathathu kuphela ubude. Kepha lapho nje iqala ukudla amaqabunga esihlahla sikamalibhele, ikwenza ngokuqhubekayo imini nobusuku, ikhula ngosayizi kancane kancane. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuphila kwayo, lesi sibungu sinesikhathi sokuphila izingcwecwe ezine futhi ekugcineni siphenduka isibungu esihle kakhulu esinombala wamaparele. Ubude bomzimba wayo bucishe bube ngu-8 cm, ubukhulu bayo bube ngu-1 cm, bese kuthi umuntu omdala abe nesisindo esingaba ngu-3-5 g. Inhloko yesibungu inkulu, inezimbambo ezimbili zemihlathi ekhule kahle. Kodwa isici sayo esiyinhloko ubukhona bezindlala ezikhethekile, ezigcina ngembobo yomlomo womlomo, lapho ikhipha khona uketshezi olukhethekile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngenxa yamandla ahlukile entambo kasilika yemvelo, isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwezembatho zomzimba.
Lapho uthintana nomoya, lolu ketshezi luyaqina luphenduke intambo kasilika edume kakhulu nengafani nalutho, ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni usilika. Ezimbungwini zikasilika, le ntambo isebenza njengezinto zokwakha imifece. Ama-cocoons eza ngobukhulu obuhluke ngokuphelele - kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-6 cm, nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene - eziyindilinga, ezikaqanda, ezinamabhuloho. Umbala wamakhokho uvame ukuba mhlophe, kepha ungaba nemibala egqamile - kusuka kuphuzi ngokusagolide kuya konsomi.
Manje uyazi ukuthi lubukeka kanjani uvemvane nesibungu. Ake sibheke lapho kuhlala khona lesi silwana.
Uhlala kuphi umbungu kasilika?
Isithombe: Silkworm eRussia
Kukholakala ukuthi iChina yindawo yokuzalwa yomswenya wesimanjemanje. Kakade esikhathini 3000 BC. izihlahla zalo zikamalibhele zazihlalwa uhlobo lwasendle lwesinambuzane. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuqhutshwa kwayo kwasakazwa nokusatshalaliswa kwaqala emhlabeni wonke. Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho neChina naseningizimu yePrimorsky Territory yaseRussia, izinhlobo zasendle zomswenya zisaphila, lapho, mhlawumbe, lolu hlobo lwaqala ukusabalala emhlabeni wonke.
Indawo yokuhlala umbungu kasilika namuhla kungenxa yokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo kasilika. Ngenhloso yokusatshalaliswa kwawo, izinambuzane zilethwe ezindaweni eziningi ezinesimo sezulu esifanele. Ngakho-ke, ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-3 A.D. amakoloni ezikelemu kasilika ayehlala eNdiya, futhi kamuva wathuthela eYurophu naseMedithera.
Ukuze uphile ngokunethezeka nokukhiqizwa kwentambo kasilika, umbungu kasilika udinga izimo ezithile zezulu, ngaphandle kwalesi sinambuzane esingawenzi umsebenzi oyinhloko osetshenziswa yizibungu zikasilika - awenzi mifece futhi awufaki i-pupate. Ngakho-ke, izindawo ezihlala kuzo ziyizindawo ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele nesimaphakathi ngokwanele, ngaphandle kokushintshwa okungazelelwe kokushisa, okunenqwaba yohlaza, ikakhulukazi izihlahla zikamalibhele, amaqabunga awo angukudla okuyinhloko kombungu.
I-China ne-India kubhekwa njengezindawo eziyinhloko zokuhlala kwesibungu. Bakhiqiza u-60% kasilika emhlabeni. Kepha ngenxa yalokhu, ukufuywa kwesikelemu sekube ngenye yezimboni ezibalulekile emnothweni wamanye amazwe amaningi, namuhla amakoloni wesikelemu ahlala ezifundeni zaseKorea, eJapan, eBrazil, nasezingxenyeni zaseYurophu zisabalele ezindaweni ezithile zaseRussia, eFrance nase-Italy.
Udlani umbungu?
Isithombe: Imifece yesilika
Leli gama likhuluma ngokudla okuyinhloko kombungu kasilika. Ludla kuphela emaqabungeni esihlahla sikamalibhele, esibizwa nangokuthi umalibhele noma umalibhele. Izinhlobo eziyishumi nesikhombisa zalesi sitshalo ziyaziwa, ezisatshalaliswa kuphela ezindaweni ezifudumele - izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba zase-Eurasia, e-Afrika naseNyakatho Melika.
Lesi sitshalo asinamqondo, sikhula kuphela ezimweni ezikahle. Zonke izinhlobo zayo zithela izithelo, zinezithelo ezimnandi ezinamanzi ezibukeka njengamajikijolo noma amajikijolo asendle. Izithelo ziyahlukahluka ngombala - omhlophe, obomvu nomnyama. Izithelo ezimnyama nezibomvu zinephunga elimnandi kakhulu; zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuphekeni kokwenza uphudingi nezinto ezibhakiwe, futhi zenza newayini, ivodka-mulberry neziphuzo ezibandayo ngokususelwa kuzo.
Ama-mulberry amhlophe namnyama atshalwa kabanzi ukukhiqizwa kukasilika. Kodwa izithelo zalezi zihlahla azinasithakazelo kumbungu kasilika; zondla kuphela amaqabunga kamalibhele amasha. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ama-mulberry groves agcwele kakhulu ngalesi sinambuzane. Abalimi bakasilika abafuna ukuthola imifece eminingi kasilika banakekela ukutshalwa kwalesi sitshalo, banakekele, bakha izimo ezikahle zokukhula - inani elanele lomswakama nokuvikelwa elangeni elishisayo.
Emapulazini kasilika, izibungu ze-silkworm zihlinzekwa ngokuqhubekayo ngamaqabunga kamalibhele amasha achotshoziwe. Badla njalo, imini nobusuku. Egumbini lapho kutholakala khona ama-pallets anamakholoni ezibungu, kukhona ukuduma okuvela emhlathini osebenzayo nokuhlikihla amaqabunga kamalibhele. Kulawa makhasi, imisundu ifumana zonke izinto ezidingekayo zokukhiqiza intambo kasilika ebalulekile.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isibungu se-Silkworm
Ukukhula kweminyaka eminingi kukhiqizwa kukasilika kushiye uphawu endleleni yokuphila yombungu kasilika. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ekuqaleni kokuvela kwabo, abantu basendle babekwazi ukundiza ngokuphelele, njengoba kufakazelwa ukuba khona kwamaphiko amakhulu kakhulu kulezi zinhlobo zezinambuzane, ezikwaziyo ukuphakamisa umzimba womsilika emoyeni ziwudlulisele kude.
Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo zokufuya, izinambuzane sezikhohliwe ukuthi zingandiza kanjani. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iningi labantu alikaze lisinde esigabeni sevemvane. Abalimi bakasilika babulala izibungu ngokushesha ngemuva kokwakheka kukakhukhunathi ukuze uvemvane oluwushiyayo lungalimazi intambo kasilika eyigugu. Ngokwemvelo, izimvemvane zohlobo lwe-silkworm ziyasebenza, kepha ushintsho lokuziphendukela kwemvelo lubathintile nabo. Abesilisa basebenza kancane, futhi benza izindiza ezimfishane ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abesifazane besilika abaphila impilo yabo yonke emfushane - cishe izinsuku eziyi-12 - ngaphandle kokwenza ichopho elilodwa lamaphiko abo.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi imisundu evuthiwe, evuthiwe ayidli nhlobo. Ngokungafani nohlobo lwangaphambilini lomjikelezo wempilo yalo - isibungu, esinemihlathi enamandla futhi esidla ukudla ngokuqhubekayo - izimvemvane zinomshini womlomo ongathuthuki kahle futhi azikwazi ukugaya ngisho nokudla okulula kakhulu.
Isikhathi eside sokufuya, izinambuzane seziye zaba "ngamavila" ngokuphelele, sekube nzima kubo ukuthi baphile ngaphandle kokunakekelwa nokubhekwa ngabantu. Izikelemu azizami nokuzitholela ukudla zodwa, zilindele ukondliwa okulungele ukudliwa, amaqabunga kamalibhele aqotshiwe. Ngokwemvelo, amacimbi asebenza ngokwengeziwe, kuyaziwa nokuthi ngokuntuleka kokudla okuvamile, kwesinye isikhathi adla amahlamvu ezinye izitshalo. Kodwa-ke, intambo kasilika ekhiqizwe kusuka ekudleni okuxubile okunjalo iyajiya futhi iqine, futhi ayinanani elanele ekukhiqizeni usilika.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Silkworm
Umbungu kasilika yisinambuzane esibhangqiwe esizalayo futhi esinomjikelezo wokuphila ofanayo nowezimvemvane eziningi. Njengamanje, izinhlobo zayo eziningi sezakhiwe. Abanye bazala inzalo kanye kuphela ngonyaka, abanye - kabili, kepha kukhona labo abakwazi ukwenza izindunduma kaningana ngonyaka.
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesilisa baba matasa ngokwengeziwe futhi bathathe nezindiza ezincane, nokuyinto engajwayelekile kubo ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile. Ngokwemvelo, owesilisa oyedwa angavundisa abesifazane abaningana. Emapulazini okufakelwa, lapho kuqala isikhathi sokukhwelana, abalimi bezikelemu bafaka izinambuzane ezibhangqene ezikhwameni ezihlukene bese belinda izinsuku ezingama-3-4 ngemuva kokukhwelana kuze kube yilapho owesifazane ezalela amaqanda. Eqoqweni lezikelemu zikasilika, ngokwesilinganiso, lisuka kumaqanda angama-300 kuye kwangama-800. Inani nobukhulu bazo buxhomeke ohlotsheni lwalesi sinambuzane, kanye nesikhathi sokuchamuselwa kwesibungu. Kunezinhlobo ezikhiqizayo kakhudlwana zesibungu sikasilika, esidingeka kakhulu phakathi kwabafuyi bezikelemu.
Ukuze isibungu siphume eqandeni, kudingeka izinga lokushisa elizungeze cishe ama-23-25 degrees nomswakamo walo olinganiselayo. Ekukhiqizweni kukasilika, lezi zimo zenziwa ngokuqanjwa ngabasebenzi bama-incubators, ngenkathi ngokwemvelo, amaqanda abekiwe aphoqeleka ukuthi alinde izimo ezihle izinsuku ezimbalwa. Amaqanda kasilika achamisela izibungu ezincane (noma izikelemu) ngosayizi ongaba ngu-3 mm, ngombala onsundu noma ophuzi. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwabo, izibungu ziqala ukudla, futhi isifiso sabo sikhula nsuku zonke. Kakade ngemuva kosuku, sebekwazi ukudla ukudla okuphindwe kabili kunokwangezolo. Akumangalisi ukuthi ngokudla okuningi, izibungu zikhula ngokushesha zibe yizibungu.
Ngosuku lwesihlanu lokuphila, lesi sibungu ekugcineni siyeke ukudla bese siqandisa singanyakazi, ukuze ngakusasa ekuseni, siqonde ngokunyakaza okubukhali, sikhiphe isikhumba saso sokuqala. Ngemuva kwalokho uphinde athathe ukudla, akumunze ngesifiso esikhulu sezinsuku ezine ezilandelayo, kuze kube umjikelezo olandelayo wokuncinza. Le nqubo iphindwa izikhathi ezine. Ngenxa yalokho, lesi sibungu sikasilika siphenduka isibungu esihle kakhulu nesinesikhumba esinombala wamaparele. Ekupheleni kwenqubo ye-molting, usevele usungule izinsimbi zokukhiqiza intambo kasilika. Isibungu silungele isinyathelo esilandelayo - ngokufaka itshe emgodini kasilika.
Ngalesi sikhathi uselahlekelwe wukudla futhi kancane kancane uyenqaba ukudla ngokuphelele. Izindlala zayo ezifihla usilika zichichima uketshezi, olukhishwa ngaphandle futhi yonke indawo yelula intambo ezacile ngemuva kwesibungu. Isibungu siqala inqubo yokufunda. Uthola ihlumela elincane, asonte uhlaka lwesikhukhu oluzayo kulo, angene phakathi nendawo bese eqala ukusonteka ngentambo, azikhandle esebenza ngekhanda lakhe.
Inqubo yokufundela ihlala isilinganiso sezinsuku ezine. Ngalesi sikhathi, isibungu siyakwazi ukusebenzisa kusuka ku-800 m kuya ku-1.5 km wentambo kasilika. Lapho isiqedile ukwakha umfece, isibungu siyalala ngaphakathi bese siphenduka isiphungumangathi. Ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu, isiphungumangathi siba uvemvane futhi sikulungele ukuqhamuka kulo mphongolo. Kodwa uvemvane lwe-silkworm lunemihlathi ebuthakathaka kakhulu ukuthi ingadla imbobo ku-cocoon ukuze iphume. Ngakho-ke, kufakwa uketshezi olukhethekile emgodini wakhe womlomo, okuthi, lapho kumanzisa izindonga zikakhokho, kuzidle, kuvule indlela yokuba uvemvane luphume.
Kulokhu, ukuqhubeka kwentambo kasilika kuyaphazamiseka futhi ukuqaqa kwemigoqo ngemuva kokuphuma kovemvane kuphenduka inqubo ekhandlayo nengasebenzi. Ngakho-ke, emapulazini kasilika, kuphazamiseka umjikelezo wokuphila wombungu kasilika esigabeni sokufundela. Iningi lamakhokho livezwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (cishe ama-degree ayi-100), lapho kufa khona isibungu ngaphakathi. Kodwa umfece, oqukethe intambo kasilika enhle kunazo zonke, uhlala unganyakazi.
Abazalisi besilika bashiya inani elithile labantu liphila ngenhloso yokuzala kwabo okuqhubekayo. Futhi izibungu ezifile ezisele ngemuva kokuphumula kwemifeyane zidliwa kalula yizakhamizi zaseChina naseKorea. Umjikelezo wokuphila wemvelo wesibungu kasilika uphela ngokuvela kovemvane, okuthi, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokushiya ukhokho, kulungele ukuzala.
Izitha zemvelo zombungu kasilika
Isithombe: Izimvemvane ze-Silkworm
Endle, izitha zombungu kasilika ziyefana nezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane:
- izinyoni;
- izilwane ezinambuzane;
- izinambuzane ezinambuzane;
- amagciwane.
Ngokuqondene nezinyoni nezinambuzane, isithombe sicacile kuzo - zidla zombili izibungu nezimvemvane ezindala zesilika. Ubukhulu obukhulu bazo zombili inyamazane ekhangayo.
Kepha kunezinhlobo ezithile zezitha zemvelo zembungu kasilika, ezisebenza ngokuyinkimbinkimbi futhi ezilimaza kakhulu abantu bayo. Phakathi kwezinambuzane eziyimifino, okuyingozi kakhulu kumbungu kasilika yi-hedgehog noma i-tahina (umndeni iTachinidae). I-hedgehog yesifazane ibeka amaqanda emzimbeni noma ngaphakathi kwesibungu, futhi izibungu ze-parasite ziyakhula emzimbeni wayo, ekugcineni ziholele ekufeni kwesinambuzane. Uma umbungu osulelekile ukwazi ukusinda, uzala inzalo enalesi sifo.
Olunye usongo olubulalayo kumbungu kasilika yisifo sepebrin, esibangelwa igciwane elaziwa ngokwesayensi njengeNosema bombycis. Lesi sifo sidluliselwa sisuka kumuntu omdala onegciwane siye ezibungu zaso bese siholela ekufeni kwabo. I-Perbina iyingozi yangempela ekukhiqizeni usilika. Kepha abalimi besimuncu banamuhla bafunde ukuthi bangabhekana kanjani ngempumelelo ne-pathogen yayo, kanye nezinambuzane eziyimifino eziyingozi kubantu abanamasiko.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Emvelweni wayo wemvelo, umbungu uphoqeleka ukuba ubhekane nezitha uwedwa. Izibungu ezigcwele izimuncagazi ziyaziwa ngokuqala ukudla izitshalo ezinama-alkaloid anobuthi. Lezi zinto zinomphumela owonakalisayo ezibungu ze-parasites, zinika isibungu esinegciwane ithuba lokusinda.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Imifece yesilika
Ukusatshalaliswa kombungu kasilika endaweni yemvelo, kanye nokunethezeka kwendawo okuhlala kuyo, kungenxa yokuba khona kwesitshalo sefolishi - isihlahla sikamalibhele. Ezindaweni eziyinhloko zokukhula kwayo - eChina naseJapan, eYurophu naseNdiya - izinambuzane ziziningi impela.
Ngomzamo wokuthola umkhiqizo oyinhloko wokukhiqizwa kwesibungu kasilika - usilika wemvelo - abantu bazama ukugcina izimo ezithandekayo empilweni yesinambuzane. Izindawo ezivikelekile nezindawo ezingcwele ziyakhiwa, inani lamahlathi ezihlahla zemalibhele lihlala ligcwaliswa, futhi kunakekelwa kahle izitshalo.
Amapulazi kasilika agcina ukushisa okunethezekile nomswakama, okudingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ngokugcwele imibungu kasilika kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezinto zohlobo oluphambili zikasilika. Umuntu uhlinzeka izinambuzane ngokudla okuqhubekayo ngesimo samahlamvu kamalibhele, okuzivikela ezifweni nasezilwaneni eziphilayo, ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele ukwehla okukhulu kwamanani.
Ososayensi basebenza njalo ekwakhiweni kohlobo olusha lwe-silkworm, olusebenza kakhulu futhi olukhiqizayo. Ngokunaka lokhu kukhathazeka komuntu, akumele kusimangaze ukuthi inani lalesi sinambuzane esifuywayo selilikhulu kakhulu kunalabo abahlala endle. Kepha lokhu akubonisi nakancane usongo lokuqothulwa kohlobo. Ukuthi imbungu kasilika isuke endaweni yayo yemvelo yaya ekunakekelweni ngumuntu. Abazalisi besilika bakhathazeke kakhulu ngesimo sezinambuzane kunanoma ngubani omunye umuntu. Futhi, ngaphandle kokubulawa okukhulu kweziphungumangathi zesilika ezimeni zokufakelwa, inani labantu libuyiselwa njalo futhi landa.
Intambo kasilika ekhiqiza umbungu, inezakhiwo ezihlukile. Icishe iphindwe kasishiyagalombili kunezinwele zomuntu futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Ubude bentambo enjalo kukhukhunathi owodwa wezinambuzane bungafinyelela ikhilomitha elilodwa nohhafu, futhi izindwangu ezitholwe ngesisekelo sazo zibucayi ngokumangazayo uma zithintwa, zinhle futhi zikhululekile ukugqoka. Ngenxa yaleli qiniso, umbungu kasilika ubaluleke kakhulu kubakhiqizi bakasilika emazweni amaningi, ubangenisela imali enkulu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 17.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-20: 58
