Impisi kaMarsupial Isidliwayo esidla inyama sase-Australia manje, esinye sezilwane ezinkulu ezidla inyama ezidliwayo, esivele iminyaka engaba yizigidi ezine. Isilwane sokugcina esaziwayo sabanjwa ngo-1933 eTasmania. Yaziwa kakhulu njengehlosi laseTasmania ngomhlane ongemuva onemigqa, noma impisi yaseTasmania ngezindawo zayo ze-canine.
Impisi eyi-marsupial ingenye yezilwane ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni. Kodwa yize idume, ingesinye sezinhlobo zomdabu zaseTasmania ezingaqondakali kangako. Abahlali baseYurophu babemesaba ngakho-ke bambulala. Kwakuphela ikhulu kuphela leminyaka kufike abafikeli abamhlophe futhi isilwane silethwe onqenqemeni lokuqothulwa. Imininingwane ephelele ngokufa kwempisi ye-marsupial ingatholakala lapha.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Impisi iMarsupial
Impisi yanamuhla ye-marsupial yavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezine eyedlule. Izinhlobo zomndeni wakwaTylacinidae zingezaseMiocene zakuqala. Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990, izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zezilwane ezimbiwa phansi zitholakale engxenyeni yeLawn Hill National Park enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeQueensland. Impisi kaDixon marsupial (Nimbacinus dicksoni) iyona endala kunazo zonke izinhlobo zezinsalela eziyisikhombisa ezatholakala, ezisukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-23 edlule.
Ividiyo: Impisi kaMarsupial
Izinhlobo zazincane kakhulu kunezihlobo zayo zakamuva. Uhlobo olukhulu kunawo wonke, impisi enamandla i-marsupial wolf (Thylacinus potens), eyayicishe ilingane nempisi ejwayelekile, kwakuwukuphela kohlobo olwasinda eMiocene esedlulile. Ekupheleni kwePleistocene nasekuqaleni kweHolocene, izinhlobo zokugcina zempisi ye-marsupial zazisabalele (yize zazingakaze zibe ziningi) e-Australia naseNew Guinea.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ngo-2012, kwafundwa ubudlelwano phakathi kokwehluka kofuzo kwezimpisi ze-marsupial ngaphambi kokuqothulwa kwazo. Imiphumela ikhombise ukuthi owokugcina wezimpisi ze-marsupial, ngaphezu kokusongelwa yi-dingo, wayenokulinganiselwa okwehlukile kofuzo ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwayo ngokuphelele nezwe lase-Australia. Olunye ucwaningo luqinisekisile ukuthi ukwehla kokuhlukahluka kofuzo kwaqala kudala ngaphambi kokufika kwabantu e-Australia.
Impisi yaseTasmania ikhombisa isibonelo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo okufanayo emndenini waseCanidae wasenyakatho Nenkabazwe: amazinyo abukhali, imihlathi enamandla, izithende eziphakanyisiwe, nesimo esifanayo somzimba jikelele. Njengoba impisi ye-marsupial ibinendawo efanayo yemvelo e-Australia njengomndeni wezinja kwenye indawo, yathuthukisa izici eziningi ezifanayo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ubunjalo bayo be-marsupial abuhlotshaniswa nanoma yisiphi isilwane esidla isilwane esincelisayo se-placental saseNyakatho Nenkabazwe.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: iMarsupial, noma impisi yaseTasmania
Izincazelo zempisi ye-marsupial zitholakala kuma-specimens asele, izinsalela, izikhumba nezinsalela zamathambo, kanye nezithombe ezimnyama nezimhlophe namarekhodi kumafilimu amadala. Lesi silwane sasifana nenja enkulu enezinwele ezimfishane enomsila oqinile, owelula kahle emzimbeni, njengekhangaru. I-specimen evuthiwe ibinobude obungu-100 kuye ku-130 cm, kanye nomsila ka-50 kuye ku-65 cm.Isisindo sisuka ku-20 kuye ku-30 kg. Kwakunokukhanya okuncane kocansi.
Yonke imidwebo eyaziwayo yase-Australia yezimpisi ezibukhoma ze-marsupial eqoshwe eHobart Zoo, eTasmania, kepha kunamanye amafilimu amabili aqoshwe eLondon Zoo. Uboya besilwane obuphuzi ngoku nsundu babunemigqa emnyama eyehlukanisiwe eyi-15 kuye kwengama-20 ngemuva, isinqe kanye nesisekelo somsila, ngenxa yalokho bathola isidlaliso "ingwe". Imivimbo ibonakala kakhulu kubantu abasha futhi inyamalale lapho isilwane sikhula. Omunye wemivimbo welula wehla ngemuva kwethanga.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izimpisi zeMarsupial zazinemihlathi eqinile enamazinyo angama-46, futhi izidladla zawo zazifakwe uzipho olungabuyiseki. Kwabesifazane, isikhwama sentsana sasibekwe ngemuva komsila futhi sasinesikhumba sesikhumba esimboze izindlala ezine zamabele.
Uboya emzimbeni wakhe babujiyile buthambile, bufinyelela ku-15 mm ubude. Umbala wawusukela kokunsundu ngokukhanyayo kuye kobunsundu obumnyama, kanti isisu sasikhilimu. Izindlebe eziyindilinga, eziqondile zempisi ye-marsupial zazicishe zibe yi-8 cm ubude futhi zimbozwe ngoboya obufushane. Futhi babenemisila eqinile, ewugqinsi kanye nezifinyila ezincanyana ezinoboya bezinzwa ezingama-24. Babenemaki emhlophe eduze kwamehlo nezindlebe nxazonke zomlomo ongaphezulu.
Manje uyazi ukuthi impisi ye-marsupial iphelile noma cha. Ake sibone ukuthi impisi yaseTasmania yayihlala kuphi.
Ihlala kuphi impisi marsupial?
Isithombe: Izimpisi zeMarsupial
Isilwane kungenzeka ukuthi sasithanda amahlathi owomile eucalyptus, amaxhaphozi kanye nezindawo ezinotshani zase-Australia. Okuqoshwe emadwaleni ase-Australia kubonisa ukuthi i-thylacin yayihlala kulo lonke elase-Australia naseNew Guinea. Ubufakazi bokuba khona kwalesi silwane ezwekazini yisidumbu esakhanywa esatholwa emhumeni eNullarbor Plain ngo-1990. Okusanda kuhlolwa kwezinsalela zezinsalela zemvelo nakho kukhomba ekusabalalisweni komlando walezi zinhlobo esiQhingini saseKangaroo.
Kwakukholelwa ukuthi uhla lwangaphambi komlando wezimpisi ze-marsupial, ezaziwa nangokuthi yiTasmanian noma ama-thylacins, lwasatshalaliswa:
- ezindaweni eziningi eziseningizimu ye-Australia;
- IPapua New Guinea;
- enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeTasmania.
Lolu hlu luqinisekiswe yimidwebo ehlukahlukene emhumeni, njengaleyo eyatholwa nguWright ngo-1972, nangamaqoqo amathambo ayekade eyi-radiocarbon yangeminyaka engu-180 edlule. Kuyaziwa ukuthi isisekelo sokugcina sezimpisi ze-marsupial kwakuyiTasmania, lapho zazizingelwa khona ukuba zingapheli.
E-Tasmania, wayethanda amahlathi aphakathi nendawo kanye nogwadule lwasogwini, okwagcina sekuyindawo eyinhloko yabahlali baseBrithani abafuna idlelo lemfuyo yabo. Umbala omthende, onikeza ukufihla ezimweni zehlathi, ekugcineni waba yindlela eyinhloko yokuhlonza izilwane. Impisi ye-marsupial yayinebanga elijwayelekile lasekhaya elingu-40 kuya ku-80 km².
Idlani impisi eyi-marsupial?
Isithombe: Impisi yaseTasmanian marsupial
Izimpisi zaseMarsupial zazizidla inyama. Mhlawumbe, ngesinye isikhathi, olunye uhlobo abaludlayo kwakuyizinhlobonhlobo ze-emu. Yinyoni enkulu, engadluli eyabelana ngendawo yempisi futhi yabhujiswa ngabantu kanye nezidalwa ezethulwe ngabo cishe ngonyaka we-1850, okuhambisana nokwehla kwe-thylacine. Abahlali baseYurophu bakholelwa ukuthi impisi ye-marsupial ibamba izimvu nezinkukhu zabalimi.
Ukuhlolwa kwasala amasampula ahlukahlukene wamathambo avela endaweni yokuhlala yempisi yaseTasmania:
- udonga;
- ama-possum;
- ama-echidna;
- umjuluko;
- izibumbu;
- ikhangaru;
- emu.
Kutholwe ukuthi izilwane zizodla kuphela izingxenye ezithile zomzimba. Mayelana nalokhu, kwavela inkolelo yokuthi bakhetha ukuphuza igazi. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izingxenye zalezi zilwane nazo zazidliwa yimpisi eyi-marsupial, enjengamafutha wesibindi nezinso, izicubu zamakhala, nezinye izicubu zemisipha. ...
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Phakathi nekhulu lama-20, wayevame ukubonakala njengomuntu ophuza igazi ngokweqile. Ngokusho kukaRobert Paddle, ukuthandwa kwale ndaba kubukeka sengathi kwaqhamuka endabeni eyodwa esezandleni zikaJeffrey Smith (1881–1916) ezwakala ekamelweni likamalusi.
Indoda yasehlathini yase-Australia yathola imihume yempisi eyi-marsupial, egcwele isigamu ngamathambo, kufaka phakathi leyo yezilwane zasemapulazini ezinjengamathole nezimvu. Kufakazelwe ukuthi endle le marsupial idla kuphela okubulalayo futhi ngeke iphinde ibuyele endaweni yokubulala. Ekuthunjweni, izimpisi ze-marsupial zazidla inyama.
Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo samathambo nokubukwa kwempisi ye-marsupial ethunjiwe kusikisela ukuthi iyisilwane esidla ezinye. Uncamele ukuhlukanisa isilwane esithile asijahe size sikhathale ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, abazingeli bendawo babike ukuthi babona umhlaseli ezingela kumqamekeli. Izilwane kungenzeka zazizingela ngamaqembu emindeni emincane, iqembu elikhulu liqhubela inyamazane yalo ohlangothini oluthile, lapho umhlaseli alinda khona.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Impisi yase-Australia marsupial
Ngenkathi ihamba, impisi ye-marsupial izogcina ikhanda layo liphansi njenge-hound efuna iphunga, futhi izoma ngokungazelelwe ibheke imvelo nekhanda layo libanjwe phezulu. Kuma-zoo, lezi zilwane ziyabalalela abantu futhi azinakanga abantu abahlanza amaseli abo. Okuphakamise ukuthi babephuphuthekiswe ingxenye yelanga. Isikhathi esiningi ngesikhathi sesikhathi esikhanya kakhulu sosuku, izimpisi ze-marsupial zazihlehlela emihumeni yazo, lapho zazilele zisongele okwezinja.
Ngokuqondene nokunyakaza, ngo-1863 kwabhalwa ukuthi impisi yesifazane yaseTasmania yagxumela kanjani phezulu phezulu kwemishayo yekheji layo, ukuphakama okungu-2-2.5 m emoyeni. Okokuqala kwakuyi-plantar walk, isici sezilwane eziningi ezincelisayo, lapho imilenze ephikisanayo idlula ngokushintshana, kepha izimpisi zaseTasmania zazihlukile ngoba zazisebenzisa wonke umlenze, zivumela isithende eside ukuthinta phansi. Le ndlela ayifanele kakhulu ukusebenza. Izimpisi zeMarsupial zabonakala zizungeza izidladla zazo lapho imicamelo kuphela ithinta phansi. Isilwane sasivame ukuma ngemilenze yangemuva siphakamise izingalo zangaphambili, sisebenzisa umsila waso ukulinganisa.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Kube nokuhlaselwa okumbalwa okubhalwe phansi kwabantu. Lokhu kwenzeka kuphela lapho izimpisi ze-marsupial zihlaselwa noma zivalwe ekhoneni. Kwaphawulwa ukuthi babenamandla amakhulu.
UThilacin wayengumzingeli wasebusuku nasebusuku owayechitha isikhathi sasemini emigedeni emincane noma emigodini yezihlahla engenalutho esidlekeni samagatsha, amagxolo noma amafern. Emini, wayevame ukubalekela emagqumeni nasemahlathini, kuthi ebusuku azingele. Izingqapheli zakuqala zaphawula ukuthi lesi silwane sasivame ukuba namahloni futhi sibe nemfihlo, sazi ngobukhona babantu futhi sigweme ukuthintana, yize kwesinye isikhathi sasikhombisa izici zokufuna ukwazi. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakukhona ukubandlululwa okukhulu ngesimo "esinonya" salesi silo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Impisi yaseTasmanian marsupial
Izimpisi zaseTasmania kwakuyizilwane eziyimfihlo futhi izindlela zazo zokukhwelana zazingaqondakali kahle. Kuphela yimbhangqwana eyodwa yamadoda nezimpisi ze-marsupial ezibhalwe zabanjwa noma zabulawa ndawonye. Lokhu kuholele ososayensi ukuthi baqagele ukuthi bahlangana ndawonye ngokuzala kuphela, futhi babeyizilwane ezidla zodwa. Kodwa-ke, ingakhombisa nokuthi umuntu oyedwa uyedwa.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Izimpisi zeMarsupial zazala ngempumelelo kuphela kanye ekuthunjweni eMelbourne Zoo ngo-1899. Isikhathi sabo sokuphila endle yiminyaka emi-5 kuya kwengu-7, yize ezikhungweni zokuthunjwa zisinde kwaze kwaba yiminyaka eyi-9.
Yize kunemininingwane emincane ngokuziphatha kwabo, kuyaziwa ukuthi ngesikhathi ngasinye sonyaka, abazingeli bathatha isibalo esikhulu kakhulu semidlwane nonina ngoMeyi, ngoJulayi, ngo-Agasti nangoSepthemba. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, isikhathi sokuzala sithathe cishe izinyanga ezine futhi sahlukaniswa ngegebe lezinyanga ezimbili. Kucatshangwa ukuthi insikazi iqale ukukhwelana ekwindla futhi ingathola udoti wesibili ngemuva kwamaqabunga okuqala. Eminye imithombo ikhombisa ukuthi ukuzalwa kungenzeka ukuthi kwenzeke ngokuqhubekayo unyaka wonke, kepha kwagxilwa ezinyangeni zasehlobo (Disemba-Mashi). Isikhathi sokukhulelwa asaziwa.
Izinsikazi zezimpisi ze-marsupial zibeke umzamo omkhulu ekukhuliseni amaphuphu azo. Kwabhalwa ukuthi bangakwazi ukunakekela ngasikhathi sinye izingane ezi-3-4, ezazithwalwa ngumama esikhwameni zibheke emuva zize zingabe zisakwazi ukulingana lapho. Izinjabulo ezincane zazingenaboya futhi zingaboni, kepha amehlo abo ayevulekile. Amawundlu ayenamathele ezingonweni zakhe ezine. Kukholakala ukuthi izingane zihlala nonina zize zibe okungenani isigamu sabantu abadala futhi zazimbozwe ngokuphelele izinwele ngalesi sikhathi.
Izitha zemvelo zezimpisi ze-marsupial
Isithombe: Impisi yasendle eyi-marsupial
Kuzo zonke izidalwa ezihlasela ama-marsupial esifundeni sase-Australasia, ama-marsupials ayehamba phambili kakhulu. Wayengomunye wabazingeli abajwayele kakhulu futhi abanolwazi kakhulu. Izimpisi zaseTasmania, imvelaphi yazo isukela ezikhathini zangaphambi komlando, zazithathwa njengezinye zezilwane eziyizilwane ezazihamba phambili ochungechungeni lokudla, okwakwenza kungabi lula ukuzingela lesi silwane ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izimpisi ze-marsupial ziye zahlukaniswa njengezingasekho ngenxa yokuzingela kwasendle kwabantu. Ukuzingela ngenqwaba egunyazwe nguhulumeni kungalandelwa kalula kumarekhodi asekhona omlando wokuhlukunyezwa kwezilwane. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ukubulawa kwabantu okwakubhekwa "njengesigebengu esibi" kwahlasela cishe bonke abantu. Umncintiswano wabantu wethula izinhlobo ezihlaselayo njengezinja ze-dingo, izimpungushe, nezinye ezazincintisana nezinhlobo zemvelo ngokudla. Lokhu kubhujiswa kwezimpisi zaseTasmanian marsupial kwaphoqa isilwane ukuthi sinqobe indawo yokuncinza. Lokhu kwaholela ekuqothulweni komunye wama-marsupials ase-Australia amangalisa kakhulu.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Ucwaningo lwango-2012 luye lwathola nokuthi ukube bekungekho ngomthelela we-epidemiological, ukuqothulwa kwempisi ye-marsupial kungavinjelwa kakhulu futhi kubambezeleke kakhulu.
Kungenzeka ukuthi kunezici eziningi ezibe nomthelela ekwehleni nasekuqothulweni ekugcineni, kufaka phakathi ukuncintisana nezinja zasendle ezilethwe ngabahlali baseYurophu, ukuguguleka kwendawo yokuhlala, ukuqedwa kanyekanye kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezidlayo kanye nezifo okuthinte izilwane eziningi zase-Australia.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Izimpisi zokugcina ze-marsupial
Isilwane saqala ukungajwayelekile ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1920. Ngo-1928, iTasmanian Local Fauna Advisory Committee yancoma ukwakhiwa kwendawo yokulondoloza imvelo, efana ne-Savage River National Park, ukuvikela noma yibaphi abantu abasele, nezindawo ezingaba nendawo yokuhlala efanelekile. Impisi yokugcina eyaziwayo ye-marsupial eyabulawa endle yadutshulwa ngo-1930 nguWilf Batty, umlimi waseMaubanna esifundazweni esisenyakatho-ntshonalanga.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Impisi yokugcina eyabanjwa, ebizwa ngegama elithi "Benjamin", yavaleleka eFlorentine Valley ngu-Elias Churchill ngo-1933 yathunyelwa eHobart Zoo, lapho yahlala khona iminyaka emithathu. Ushone ngoSepthemba 7, 1936. Lesi silwane esidala imarsupial sivezwe ekuqophelweni kokugcina okwaziwayo kwesifanekiso esibukhoma: imizuzwana engama-62 imifanekiso emnyama nomhlophe.
Yize kuseshwe kaningi, abukho ubufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda obutholakele obukhombisa ukuthi iqhubeka nokuba khona endle. Phakathi kuka-1967-1973, isazi sezilwane uD.Griffith nomlimi wobisi uD.Mally benza uphenyo olunzulu, kufaka phakathi ucwaningo oluphelele ogwini lwaseTasmania, ukubeka amakhamera okuzenzakalelayo, uphenyo lokusebenza kokubukwa okubikiwe, kwathi ngo-1972 kwasungulwa iMarsupial Wolf Expeditionary Research Group. noDkt Bob Brown, ongatholanga bufakazi bokuthi ukhona.
Impisi kaMarsupial babenesimo sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa eBhukwini Elibomvu kwaze kwaba ngawo-1980. Izindinganiso zamazwe omhlaba ngaleso sikhathi zazikhombisa ukuthi isilwane bekungeke kuthiwe asisekho kuze kudlule iminyaka engama-50 ngaphandle kwerekhodi eliqinisekisiwe. Njengoba iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50 babungekho ubufakazi obucacile bokuba khona kwempisi, isimo sayo saqala ukuhlangabezana nale nqubo esemthethweni. Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo lwaqothulwa yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature ngo-1982, kanye nohulumeni waseTasmania ngo-1986. Lezi zinhlobo zazikhishwa kwiSithasiselo I se-Endangered Species Trade of Wild Fauna (CITES) ngo-2013.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09.07.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/24/2019 ngo-21: 05
