I-Redstart enye yezinyoni ezingalibaleki ezihlala emapaki, izingadi nezindawo zemvelo zaseRussia. Ngomsila okhanyayo obukekayo, obonakala kude, le nyoni yathola igama - redstart. Ukungafani kombala kubonakala kakhulu kwabesilisa, kuyilapho abesifazane nezinyoni ezincane benemibala eminingi ye-pastel. Noma kunjalo, isici sesici - umsila obomvu ogqamile obomvu, ukhona kuzo zonke izinyoni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Redstart
Incazelo yokuqala esemthethweni ye-redstart yenziwa ngusosayensi wemvelo waseSweden uK.Linnaeus ngo-1758 kuhlelo lweSystema Naturae ngaphansi kwegama elibi elithi Motacilla phoenicurus. Igama lohlobo lwe-Phoenicurus laqanjwa yisazi semvelo saseNgilandi uTomos Forster ngo-1817. Uhlobo nohlobo lwezinhlobo ze-phoenicurus livela kumagama amabili asendulo esiGreki athi phoinix "obomvu" no -ouros - "umsila".
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: AmaRedstarts angabameleli abajwayelekile bomndeni wakwaMusikicapidae, okhonjiswe ngokufanele yi-etymology yegama lesayensi, elizalwe njengomphumela wokuhlanganiswa kwamagama amabili esiLatini "musca" = fly no "capere" = ukubamba.
Isihlobo esisondelene kakhulu sofuzo esiqala kabusha esivamile yi-redstart eqalwe ngamhlophe, yize ukukhethwa kohlobo lwezinhlobo ezithile kunikeza ukungaqiniseki ngalokhu. Okhokho bakhe kungenzeka ukuthi babe ngama-redstarts okuqala ukusabalala kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kukholakala ukuthi basuka eqenjini le-redstart emnyama cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezintathu edlule ekupheleni kwePliocene.
Ividiyo: I-Redstart
Ngokofuzo, ama-redstarts ajwayelekile futhi amnyama asasebenzisana impela futhi angakhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezibonakala ziphilile futhi zivundile. Kodwa-ke, la maqembu amabili ezinyoni ahlukaniswa ngezici zokuziphatha ezihlukile kanye nezidingo zemvelo, ngakho-ke ama-nzalo ayivelakancane emvelweni. I-redstart yaba yinyoni yonyaka eRussia ngo-2015.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-Redstart bird
I-redstart ifana kakhulu ngokubukeka nokuziphatha kwe-redstart. Unobude obufanayo bomzimba obungu-13-14.5 cm, kodwa isibalo esincanyana kancane nesisindo esincane esingu-11-23 g Umbala womsila obomvu osawolintshi, lapho i-redstarts ithola khona igama lawo, imvamisa iyahlukahluka ngokuhlanganiswa kombala. Ezinyonini ezivamile zase-Europe, i-redstart emnyama kuphela (P. ochrurus) enomsila wombala ofanayo.
Owesilisa uhluke ngokugqamile ngombala. Ehlobo, inekhanda elimpunga lesilayidi nengxenye ephezulu, ngaphandle kwesigaxa nomsila, okuthi, njengamacala, ngaphansi kanye nasemakhwapheni, oku-orange-chestnut ngombala. Ibunzi limhlophe, ubuso ezinhlangothini nomphimbo umnyama. Izimpiko nezimpaphe ezimbili zomsila maphakathi ansundu, ezinye izimpaphe zomsila zibomvu ngokugqamile okusawolintshi. Umbala wewolintshi ezinhlangothini ufiphala ucishe ube mhlophe esiswini. Umlomo nemilenze kumnyama. Ekwindla, izimpaphe eziphaphathekile emaphethelweni omzimba zifihliwe, okwenza umbala ubonakale ufiphele.
Abesifazane banemibala engabonakali. Ingaphezulu linombala onsundu. Ngaphansi kukhona i-beige ekhanyayo enesifuba esiwolintshi esiwolintshi, kwesinye isikhathi siba namandla, esihlukanisa ngokusobala kusuka esilevini esimpunga kuya kwesimpunga esimnyama nasezinhlangothini zentamo. Uhlangothi olungezansi, uqhathanisa ngokucacile naphansi kwe-orange. Izimpiko zinombala onsundu, njengowesilisa, ingaphansi liyi-beige elinombala osawolintshi. Akanombala omnyama noshalisi, nomphimbo wakhe umhlophe qwa. Ngokukhula, abesifazane bangasondela kumbala wabesilisa futhi bahluke kakhulu.
Uhlala kuphi kabusha?
Isithombe: Redstart eRussia
Ukusatshalaliswa kwalolu hlobo lwePalaearctic olusentshonalanga noluphakathi nendawo lutholakala engxenyeni efudumele ye-Eurasia, kufaka phakathi izindawo ezibhodlokile, iMedithera nezindawo ezinamathafa. Ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu zendawo yokwakha izidleke kunqunyelwe izintaba. Enyakatho yeNhlonhlo yase-Iberia, ukuqala kabusha akuvamile ukutholakala, ikakhulukazi kutholakala ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu nasentshonalanga yayo. Kunezimo zokudlekeka kwalezi zinyoni ezihlakazekile eNyakatho Afrika.
EBritish Isles, lokhu kwenzeka empumalanga ekude ye-Ireland futhi akukho eziqhingini zaseScotland. Ohlangothini olungasempumalanga, uhla ludlulela eSiberia kuye eLake Baikal. Abanye abantu abancane bangatholakala ngisho nasempumalanga yayo. Enyakatho, uhla ludlulela eScandinavia luye ku-71 ° latitude latitude, kufaka phakathi iKola Peninsula, bese empumalanga kuya eYenisei eRussia. e-Italy, lolu hlobo alukho eSardinia naseCorsica. ENhlonhlweni yaseBalkan, izindawo zokuhlala zihlakazekile futhi zifinyelela enyakatho yeGreece.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Redstart isebenza ngokuyisisekelo ezindaweni eziseningizimu nasenyakatho yoLwandle Olumnyama naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeCaucasus futhi cishe ku-50 ° N latitude. udabule iKazakhstan uye ezintabeni zaseSaur futhi uqhubekele empumalanga uye eMongolia Altai. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusatshalaliswa kusuka eCrimea nasempumalanga yeTurkey kuya eCaucasus nohlelo lwezintaba zaseKopet Dag nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Iran kuya ePamirs, eningizimu kuya ezintabeni zeZagros. Abantu abancane bazala eSyria.
Ama-redstarts ajwayelekile akhetha amahlathi avuthiwe avulekile anezihlahla ze-birch ne-oki, ezinikeza umbono omuhle ngendawo enezihlahlana ezimbalwa kanye ne-undergrowth, ikakhulukazi lapho izihlahla zikhule ngokwanele ukuba nezimbobo ezifanele ukwakhiwa. Zikhetha ukwakha izidleke emaphethelweni ehlathi.
EYurophu, lokhu kufaka namapaki nezingadi ezindala ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni. Zakha izidleke zemithi yemvelo, ngakho-ke izihlahla ezifile noma lezo ezinamagatsha afile zilusizo kulolu hlobo. Bavame ukusebenzisa amahlathi amadala avulekile e-coniferous, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni esenyakatho yohlu lwabo lokuzalela.
Yini edla kabusha i-redstart?
Isithombe: Owesifazane oqala kabusha
I-redstart ifuna ukudla ikakhulukazi emhlabathini, engxenyeni engezansi yezihlahlana notshani. Uma kunezinambuzane ezanele ezikhukhulayo engxenyeni ephezulu yesihlahla noma isihlahla, nakanjani le nyoni izodla nazo. Ukudla kwe-redstart kuqukethe ama-invertebrate amancane, kepha ukudla kwezitshalo, ikakhulukazi amajikijolo nakho kudlala indima. Ububanzi bezinyamazane buhlukahlukene, kubandakanya imindeni engaphezu kwezingu-50 yezinambuzane, ama-arachnid ahlukahlukene kanye nezinye izakhamizi eziningi zenhlabathi.
Ukudla kwe-redstart kufaka:
- izicabucabu;
- izimpukane;
- IZhukov;
- izintuthwane:
- amacimbi;
- izibungu;
- izimvemvane;
- ama-centipedes;
- izibungu;
- izintwala zezinkuni;
- iminenke (esetshenziswa njengesengezo ekudleni).
Amajikijolo nezinye izithelo kwesinye isikhathi zondliwa amaphuphu, futhi nangemva kwenkathi yokuzalanisa - yizilwane ezindala. Izinambuzane ezivikela njengezinyosi neminyovu azisetshenziswa ekudleni. Usayizi wempango uphakathi kwamamilimitha amabili kuya kwayisishiyagalombili. Izisulu ezinkulu ziyahlukaniswa ngaphambi kokuphakelwa. IRedstart ilinda kakhulu inyamazane yayo, icashe ezindaweni eziphakeme njengamatshe, izinsika noma uphahla, izihlahla ezingavamile noma izihlahla.
Ibanga lesisulu kuvamise ukuba ngamamitha amabili kuya kwamathathu, kepha kungaba ngaphezu kwamamitha ayishumi. Njengenye indlela yokuzingela inyamazane, i-redstart iphinde ifune ukudla ngqo emhlabathini ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Ukuze wenze lokhu, izidladla zakhe zikulungele kahle ukugijima neminwe emide ngokulingana yangaphakathi nangaphandle. Isikhathi esiningi, uhamba ngokubhampa. Ngakho-ke, i-redstart ikhombisa izinga eliphakeme lokuguquguquka ekukhetheni nasekubambeni inyamazane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Male Redstart
I-redstart ivame ukuhlala emagatsheni aphansi ezihlahla noma ezihlahleni ezincane futhi yenze ukunyakaza okumangazayo ngomsila wayo. Ukuze ithole ukudla, le nyoni iya emhlabathini kafushane noma ibambe izinambuzane lapho indiza kancane emoyeni. Ubusika enkabeni ye-Afrika nase-Arabia, eningizimu yoGwadule lwaseSahara, kepha enyakatho nenkabazwe nokusuka empumalanga yeSenegal kuya eYemen. Izinyoni zifudukela ezindaweni eziseduze nesimo sezulu se-savannah. Abahlali abavamile basebusika babonakala naseSahara noma eNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ama-subspecies aseningizimu-mpumalanga ebusika aseningizimu yendawo yokuzalanisa, ikakhulukazi eningizimu yeNhlonhlo yase-Arabia, e-Ethiopia naseSudan empumalanga yeNayile. I-redstart iya ebusika ekuseni kakhulu. Ukufuduka kwenzeka phakathi noJulayi futhi kuphele ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba. Isikhathi sokuqala sokuhamba sisengxenyeni yesibili ka-Agasti. Izinyoni ezifika sekwedlule isikhathi zingabonwa kuze kube u-Okthoba, kuyaqabukela ngoNovemba.
Ezindaweni zokuzalela, izinyoni zokuqala zifika ekupheleni kukaMashi, isikhathi sokuqala sokufika kusuka maphakathi no-Ephreli kuya ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Ukuhamba kokufuduka kwe-redstart kuncike ekudleni okutholakalayo. Esikhathini sezulu esibandayo, ingxenye eyinhloko yokuphakelayo amajikijolo. Ngemuva kokufika, abesilisa bacula cishe usuku lonke, kuphela ingoma yabo engenaso isiphetho esiphelele. NgoJulayi, ama-redstarts awasazwakali.
I-Molting yenzeka ngoJulayi-Agasti. Ama-redstarts akuzona izinyoni ezijwayelene kakhulu, ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, cishe zihlala zodwa zifuna ukudla. Kuphela ezindaweni zokuqongelela inyamazane, ngokwesibonelo, osebeni lwemifula, kunokugxila okungabalulekile kwezinyoni, kepha noma kunjalo ibanga elibalulekile phakathi kwazo lihlala.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Redstart
Izidleke zeRedstart emihumeni noma kunoma yimiphi imisele esezihlahleni, ezidlekeni zomuthi wokhuni. Ingaphakathi akufanele libe mnyama ngokuphelele, kufanele likhanyiswe ngokukhanya okuntekenteke, njengokungena okubanzi noma ukuvuleka kwesibili. Imvamisa lolu hlobo luzala emihumeni engenalutho, njengamadwala, izikhala zocingo olungenalutho. Izidleke zivame ukutholakala ezakhiweni ezenziwe ngabantu. Iningi lezidleke ziphakeme ngemitha elilodwa kuya kwemihlanu. Uma ukwakhiwa kubekwe phansi, khona-ke kufanele kube endaweni evikelekile.
Izinhlobo zeRedstart zindawonye. Abesilisa bafika ngaphambi kwesikhathi endaweni yokuzalanisa bese beyofuna izindawo zokucasha ezifanele ukwakha isidleke. Isinqumo sokugcina senziwa ngowesifazane. Isidleke sakhiwa cishe ngabesifazane kuphela, okuthatha izinsuku eziyi-1.5 kuye kwezingu-8. Usayizi uvame ukunqunywa ngevolumu yomgodi wokwakha isidleke.
Kusetshenziswa utshani, utshani, ubulembu, amaqabunga noma izinaliti ukubeka indawo yokwakha izidleke. Inani elincane lezinye izinto, izinto ezinjenge-bark, amahlumela amancane, ubulembu noma i-pussy willow zivame ukutholakala. Ububanzi besakhiwo busuka ku-60 kuye ku-65 mm, ukujula kusuka ku-25 kuye ku-48 mm. Ingxenye yangaphakathi yenziwa ngento efanayo nesisekelo, kepha icacile futhi ilingana kahle. Kumbozwe izimpaphe, ubulembu, uboya bezilwane, nokunye okunjalo.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Uma i-brood ilahlekile, kungahle kube khona ukubuyiselwa esikhundleni kwephuphu. Ukuqala kokuqala kwe-lay ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli / ekuqaleni kukaMeyi; ukubeka kokugcina engxenyeni yokuqala kaJulayi.
I-Clutch iqukethe ama-3-9, imvamisa amaqanda ayi-6 noma ayi-7. Amaqanda aqanda, anombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ojulile, umbala ocwebezelayo. Ukufukamela kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-12 kuye kwayi-14 futhi kuqala ngemuva nje kokubekwa kweqanda lokugcina. Kungathatha isikhathi esingaphezu kosuku ukuthi amatshwele achanyuselwe. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-14, izinyoni ezincane ziqala ukundiza. Izinyoni ezincane ngokushesha zifudukela ezindaweni zokuhlala zasebusika. Baqala ukuvuthwa ngokocansi ngasekupheleni konyaka wokuqala wokuphila.
Izitha zemvelo zama-redstarts
Isithombe: I-Redstart bird
Umkhuba we-redstart wokucasha uyayisiza ukuthi iphile ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala. Konke ukuziphatha kwakhe kukhombisa ukuqaphela, ukufihla nokungathembi, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, lapho ukuqwashisa nokubuka kuyanda. Le nyoni ihlala amahora amaningi endaweni ecashile phakathi kwamaqabunga esihlahla esincane noma ebumnyameni obucishe bube mnyama, ilungele ukuzivikela ngokushesha lapho ibona ingozi.
Ukulahleka kwamaqanda namachwane kuncane kakhulu, ngoba izidleke zivikelwe kahle futhi kunzima ukuthi izidumbu zizithole. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ama-90% amaqanda achamisela ngempumelelo, kuthi kufika ku-95% wamachwane achanyuselwe aphume esidlekeni ngokwawo.
Ukuqanduselwa kwamaqanda kuthinteka kulokhu:
- ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni, ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zalawa macala kubangelwa ukungenelela kwabantu.
- ezindaweni ezinezintaba, izikhathi ezibandayo zikwandisa kakhulu ukufa kwamachwane.
- okunye ukulahleka kubangelwa ama-ectoparasites kanye ne-cuckoo, ebeka amaqanda njalo esidlekeni se-black redartart, ikakhulukazi esifundeni se-alpine.
Izilwane ezibadla izinyoni ezindala ezibaluleke kakhulu yi-sparrowhawk kanye ne-barn owl. Lesi sakamuva asikuvumeli ukuqala kabusha kokuqala kabusha. Izikhova zifukamela amaqanda azo ophahleni futhi ziqale phansi ngaphansi kophahla. Kuyamangaza ukuthi ama-redstarts, ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni ezinjengezinyoni ezimnyama, ondlunkulu noma onondweba, akuvamile ukuba yizisulu zomgwaqo. Lokhu kungahle kube ngenxa yokuhamba kwezinto ezihambayo, ezibalulekile ekuqaleni kabusha njengomzingeli.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitha ze-redstart yilezi: ikati, i-squirrel, i-magpie, i-weasel, umuntu. Mayelana nokwakheka kweminyaka yabantu, imininingwane yokubuka kanye nokuqagela kukhombisa ukuthi cishe uhhafu wezinyoni eziya ocansini unyaka nonyaka. Amanye amaphesenti angama-40 aphakathi konyaka owodwa noma emithathu ubudala, cishe amaphesenti amathathu kuphela aneminyaka emihlanu nangaphezulu. Iminyaka yobudala eyaziwayo ngaphambili yokuqala kabusha mahhala yiminyaka eyishumi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Redstart eRussia
Inani lama-redstarts lehle kakhulu kusukela ngawo-1980. Ngaphezu kokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala ezindaweni ezizalanayo, izizathu eziyinhloko zalokhu izinguquko ezinqala ezindaweni zobusika zezinyoni e-Afrika, njengokusebenzisa kakhulu izibulala-zinambuzane + izibulala-zinambuzane nokwandiswa okukhulu kweSahel.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Abantu baseYurophu balinganiselwa ezigidini zokuzalela ezizigidi ezine kuya kweziyisishiyagalolunye. Ngaphandle kokwehla kwezinye izindawo (iNgilandi, iFrance), isibalo sabantu abaqala kabusha eYurophu sikhuphukile. Mayelana nalokhu, lezi zinhlobo azihlukaniswa njengezisengozini futhi azikho izindlela ezaziwayo zokongiwa kwalezi zinhlobo.
Lezi zinhlobo zizohlomula ngokulondolozwa kwamahlathi amadala, aqinile futhi ahlanganisiwe kanye nezihlahla ezinkulu ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni. Endaweni, endaweni efanelekile, umphakathi uzohlomula ngokuhlinzekwa kwezindawo zokwakha izidleke. Kunconywa ukuthi kulondolozwe izingadi zendabuko ezinezihlahla ezide nezindawo zohlaza oluncane. Le mikhuba kufanele ikhuthazwe ngezinhlelo zezolimo nezemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo ezincane ezinotshani obuminyene kufanele zigawulwe phakathi nesikhathi sokuzalanisa ukuze kugcinwe izindawo ezifanele zokudla.
I-Redstart inebanga elikhulu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ayifinyeleli amanani womkhawulo wezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuya ngosayizi webanga. Ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwenani lalezi zinyoni kwenzeka ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II emadolobheni abhujisiwe. Ukulahlekelwa kwe-headcount yesikhashana kwanxeshezelwa ezikhathini ezalandela ngenxa yokwandiswa kwezindawo ezakhiwe nezindawo zokuhlala.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 22.06.2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 09/23/2019 ngo-21: 09
