Inyoni yePuffin isilwane esihle sase-arctic ukubukeka nokunyakaza kwaso kubukeka kumnandi. Emhlabathini, uyahamba, agcine umzimba wakhe umile, ahlele kabusha kahle imilenze yakhe emifushane. Lapho inyoni ingena ukuze ihlale phansi, ishaya ngamandla amaphiko ayo amancane, izama ukuhlala emoyeni, bese yelula imilenze yayo njengegiya lokuhlala, ibhuleke. Ama-puffin ahlala emakoloni futhi anezinyoni ezinelukuluku lokuthamba ezingenza ama-pirouette angalindelekile endizeni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: inyoni ye-puffin
I-Puffin iyinhlobo yezinyoni zasolwandle ezitholakala ku-oda le-Charadriiformes futhi ingeyomndeni i-Alcidae. I-Atlantic puffin ukuphela kwezinhlobo zohlobo lweFratercula ezitholakala e-Atlantic Ocean. Ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zitholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yePacific: i-puffin (i-Fratercula cirrhata) ne-Ipatka (i-Fratercula corniculata), eyokugcina okuyisihlobo esiseduze kakhulu se-puffin yase-Atlantic. I-puffin kabhejane (C. monocerata) nama-puffin ase-Atlantic nawo ahlobene kakhulu. Kutholakale izinsalela zesihlobo esiseduze kakhulu se-puffin - inyoni iFratercula dowi, ehlala ePleistocene.
Ividiyo: Puffin Bird
Igama elijwayelekile elithi Fratercula livela egameni lesiLatini lasendulo elithi Fratercula (monk), njengoba izimpaphe ezimnyama nezimhlophe zalowo onezimpaphe zifana nezembatho zezindela. Igama elithile i-arctica livela esiGrekini ἄρκτος ("arktos"), ibhere futhi libhekisa kumlaza i-Ursa Major. Igama lesiRussia "ukuphela okushonile" - likhombisa uqhwaku olukhulu lwezimpaphe futhi livela egameni elithi "isimungulu".
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ezaziwa ngokujwayelekile:
- F. arctica arctica;
- F. arctica naumanni;
- F. arctica grabae.
Umehluko kuphela morphological phakathi kwabo yimingcele yabo. Ubude bomzimba + usayizi woqhwaku + ubude bephiko, obukhula ezindaweni eziphakeme. Isibonelo, i-puffin evela enyakatho ye-Iceland (ama-subspecies F. a. Naumanii) anesisindo esingaba ngu-650 g futhi anephiko lobude obungu-186 mm, kanti omele iziQhingi ze-Faroe (ama-subspecies F. Grabae) anesisindo esingu-400 g nobude bephiko obungu-158 mm. Abantu abavela eningizimu ye-Iceland (subspecies F. arctica) baphakathi nendawo phakathi kwabo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-puffin yenyoni yasenyakatho
I-puffin yase-Atlantic yakhiwe ngokuqinile, inentamo enkulu, amaphiko amafushane nomsila. Ingamasentimitha angama-28 kuye kwangama-30 ubude ukusuka esihlokweni somlomo wayo ojiyile kuya emsileni obuthuntu. Iphiko lamaphiko lisuka kumasentimitha angama-49 kuye kwangama-63. Ngokuvamile owesilisa mkhulu kancane kunowesifazane, kodwa unombala ofanayo. Ibunzi ne-nape kumnyama ocwebezelayo, njengasemuva, izimpiko nomsila. Ikhola emnyama emnyama etholakala entanyeni. Ohlangothini ngalunye lwekhanda kunendawo enkulu, enerhomboid yombala ompunga okhanyayo. Lawa mabala asobusweni abheka endaweni ethile futhi acishe enzeke ngemuva kwentamo.
Uqhwaku lubukeka njengonxantathu ohlangothini, kodwa uma ulubuka ngenhla lincane. Ingxenye yethiphu ibomvu ngokusawolintshi, kuthi uhhafu ekhanda ube mpunga. Ubungako boqhwaku buyahluka ngobudala benyoni. Kumuntu ongavuthiwe, uqhwaku alubanzi njengolwenyoni endala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uqhwaku luyajula, unqenqema olungaphezulu luyagoba, futhi ikinki iba ngaphansi kwayo. Inyoni ilume kakhulu.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Uqhwaku lubaluleke kakhulu ekuheheni umlingani. Ngentwasahlobo, ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, kuvela umbala ogqamile ogqamile we-orange womlomo.
Amehlo abukeka acishe abe ngunxantathu esimweni ngenxa yendawo encane, ekhonjiwe yesikhumba esimpunga esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esimpunga eduze kwabo nendawo engunxande engezansi. Abafundi bansundu noma bumnyama okwesibhakabhaka futhi ngamunye unendandatho ebomvu ebomvu. Ingxenye engezansi yenyoni imbozwe izimpaphe ezimhlophe. Ekupheleni kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, izimpaphe ezimnyama zilahlekelwa ukucwebezela kwazo futhi zithole nombala onsundu. Imilenze imifushane futhi ilele kahle emuva, inika le nyoni ukuma okuqondile emhlabeni. Yomibili imilenze nezinyawo ezinkulu ezinewebhu zinombala osawolintshi ogqamile ngokungafani nezinzipho ezimnyama ezicijile.
Ihlala kuphi inyoni ye-puffin?
Isithombe: Izinyoni zePuffin eRussia
Indawo yokuzalanisa yalezi zinhlobo ifaka ogwini ikakhulukazi iziqhingi zaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic nolwandle olusentshonalanga. E-Nearctic, i-puffin izalela ogwini lwe-Atlantic eNyakatho Melika ukusuka eLabrador kuya eMaine naseGreenland. Amakholoni asezansi kakhulu eningizimu ye-Atlantic atholakala eGulf of Maine, enyakatho kakhulu eCoburg Island eBaffin Bay.
EYurophu, lolu hlobo luzala e-Iceland, Jan Mayen, Svalbard, Bear Island naseNovaya Zemlya, ngasogwini lwaseMurmansk kuya eningizimu yeNorway, iFaroe Islands, iGreat Britain kanye ne-Ireland, kanye nasendaweni esogwini lwaseSweden.
Amazwe okwakha izidleke afaka:
- IGreenland;
- ENyakatho Canada;
- Nova Scotia;
- I-Iceland;
- EScandinavia;
- IRussia;
- I-Ireland;
- ogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeFrance.
Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, ama-puffin ahlala kuphela olwandle oluphakeme. Kubukeka sengathi ama-puffin asakazeke ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic, yedwa noma ngamaqembu amancane. Indawo yokuhlala ebusika ibonakala inweba yonke iNorth Atlantic kusuka eningizimu kuye eNyakatho Afrika, kanye nasentshonalanga yeMedithera. I-puffin koloni enkulu kunazo zonke eRussia itholakala e-Ainovskie, eduze naseMurmansk. Kunezindawo zokuhlala izinyoni ezincane eNovaya Zemlya nasogwini olusenyakatho yeKola Peninsula.
Manje uyazi ukuthi inyoni yasolwandle yasenyakatho i-puffin ihlala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlani inyoni ye-puffin?
Isithombe: I-sea bird puffin
Ukudla kwe-Atlantic puffin kuqukethe cishe izinhlanzi ngokuphelele, yize ukuhlolwa kokuqukethwe yisisu kukhombisa ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi inyoni idla imfanzi, amanye ama-crustaceans, ama-molluscs kanye ne-polychaete worm, ikakhulukazi emanzini asogwini. Lapho idoba, i-puffin ibhukuda ingaphansi kwamanzi, isebenzisa amaphiko ayo alengisiwe njengesigwedlo ukuze “indize” ngaphansi kwamanzi, nemilenze yayo ibe yiphini lokuqondisa. Ubhukuda ngokushesha futhi angafinyelela ekujuleni okukhulu futhi ahlale ngaphansi kwamanzi kuze kube umzuzu.
Le nyoni idla inhlanzi encane ize ifike ku-18 cm ubude, kepha inyamazane ivamise ukuba yinhlanzi encane, cishe ibe ngamasentimitha ayi-7. Inyoni endala kufanele idle cishe ama-40 ngosuku - ama-eels, herring, sprats kanye ne-capelin avame ukudliwa kakhulu. I-puffin ingagwinya izinhlanzi ezincane ngenkathi ingaphansi kwamanzi, kodwa ama-specimens amakhulu ahanjiswa phezulu. Uyakwazi ukubamba izinhlanzi eziningana ngokuntywila okukodwa, azibambe ngoqhwaku lwakhe ngolimi olunemisipha, futhi abambe ezinye kuze kugcwale ubude bonke bomlomo. Ukubanjwa kungaba izinhlanzi ezingafika kuma-30 ngasikhathi sinye. Izidingo zokudla okunempilo kwezinyoni ezindala zingama-gramu angama-80 kuya kwayi-100 ngosuku. Engxenyeni enkulu kakhulu yalolu hlu, izinhlanzi ziwukudla okuyinhloko kwamachwane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izindawo zokuphakela ama-puffin zivame ukutholakala emanzini eshalofini lasezwenikazi futhi awekho ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayishumi ukusuka koloni lokwakha isidleke. Kodwa-ke, amakoloni angawodwa ama-puffin atholakele eNewfoundland, aletha izinhlanzi zisuka ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angamashumi ayisikhombisa.Ama-puffin angatshona aze afike kumamitha angamashumi ayisikhombisa, kepha imvamisa athola ukudla ezindaweni ezijulile.
Kutholakale ukuthi ama-puffin ayishumi, ahlolwe ngokunembe kakhulu ezinsukwini eziyi-17 ukusuka ogwini lwaseNewfoundland, anezinga lokujula lokujula okungamamitha angama-40 kuye kwangama-68, kanti ama-puffin ayishumi asogwini lwaseNorway abe nokujula okukhulu kokujula kwamamitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-45. Isikhathi sokutshuza emacaleni angama-80% besimfishane kunamasekhondi angu-39. Isikhathi esiphezulu inyoni ebingaphansi kwamanzi bekungamasekhondi ayi-115. Amakhefu phakathi kwamadiphu ayengaphansi kwemizuzwana engama-20 isikhathi esingu-95%.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoni yePuffin indiza
I-Atlantic Puffin inendiza eqonde ngqo, imvamisa i-10 m ngaphezulu kobuso bolwandle, ephakeme kunezinye izinyoni eziningi. Ihamba iqonde, lapho indiza yenza umsindo ophansi, oqandayo, futhi ngesikhathi sokuduma imisindo ifana nokugquma nokububula. Ama-puffin ase-Atlantic ahlala yedwa lapho esolwandle, futhi le ngxenye yokuphila kwabo ayifundwa kangako, ngoba umsebenzi wokuthola okungenani inyoni eyodwa olwandle olukhulu unzima.
Lapho isolwandle, i-puffin yase-Atlantic izulazula njengokakhokho, ihamba ngamandla imilenze yayo emanzini futhi izigcine inomoya, ngisho noma iphumule futhi kusobala ukuthi ilele. Nsuku zonke uchitha isikhathi esiningi ehlanza ukugcina izimpaphe zakhe zihlelekile. Amaphiko ayo aphansi ahlala omile futhi ahlinzeka ngokufakwa okushisayo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Njengezinye izinyoni zasolwandle, izimpaphe zayo ezingaphezulu zimnyama futhi izimpaphe ezingezansi zimhlophe. Lokhu kunikeza ukufihla okuvikelayo njengoba izidalwa ezisemoyeni zingakwazi ukuyibona isendaweni emnyama, enamanzi, futhi abahlaseli abangaphansi kwamanzi abayiboni inyoni lapho ihlangana nesibhakabhaka esikhanyayo ngaphezu kwamagagasi.
Lapho isiphetho esifile sisuka, ishaya amaphiko ayo ngamandla ngaphambi kokuya emoyeni. Ubungako bephiko bujwayela ukusetshenziswa kabili, ngenhla nangaphansi kwamanzi, indawo engaphezulu kwayo incane uma iqhathaniswa nesisindo senyoni. Ukugcina indiza, amaphiko ashaya ngokushesha okukhulu ngejubane lezikhathi eziningana ngomzuzwana. Le nyoni indiza iqonde futhi iphansi ngaphezu kwamanzi futhi ingahamba ngejubane lama-80 km ngehora.
Ukufika ngokungahambi kahle, angahle aphonseke phakathi kwegagasi, noma awe ngesisu emanzini apholile. Ngesikhathi sisolwandle, i-Atlantic puffin molts. Ithela zonke izimpaphe zayo ngohambo olulodwa futhi ihambe ngaphandle kokundiza isikhathi esingangenyanga noma ezimbili. Ukuncinza ngokuvamile kwenzeka phakathi kukaJanuwari noMashi, kodwa izinyoni ezincane zingalahlekelwa izimpaphe zazo kamuva.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Iziphetho ezifile
Ukufika kuleli koloni kusuka ekuqaleni kuze kube maphakathi no-Ephreli, eNyakatho ye-Ocean, abafikayo bahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuncibilika kweqhwa. Izinyoni zifika endaweni yokuzalanisa esivele zishisiwe. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi ezinyoni kwenzeka eminyakeni emi-3 - 5. Ama-puffin ahlala ngendlela eyodwa yonyaka eyodwa, futhi iningi lemibhangqwana belilokhu lihlangene kusukela ngonyaka odlule. Ukuqubuka kwenzeka emanzini kuphela. Ngemuva kokuhlangana, abalingani babhukuda kancane kancane.
Inkukhu ivame ukuzimbela imigede. Kuyaqabukela, kepha kuya ngesimo sendawo, imisele ibanjwa kwezinye izilwane. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-broods ahlelwa emadwaleni avundlile noma phakathi kwamatshe amakhulu. Isango lomhume livikelwe owesilisa, insikazi ihlomisa ingaphakathi lomhume. Izimbobo zikhishwa ngomlomo, izinto zokwakha ngobuningi zikhishwa yizidladla. Emihumeni ubude bayo bungu-0.75 kuya ku-1.50 m, kuyaqabukela kuze kube kumamitha ama-3. Ukuvuleka kububanzi obungu-30-40 cm, ububanzi bephaseji bungaba ngu-12.5 cm, kanti igumbi lesidleke linobubanzi obungu-30 kuye ku-40 cm.
Abesilisa bahlala nabesifazane sonke isikhathi sokuzala, kanti ngababili bahlala ngaphandle komgodi. Amaqanda abekwa phakathi kukaJuni noJulayi futhi kuvame ukuba neqanda elilodwa kuphela ngababili. Amaqanda ayindilinga, amhlophe, ngokuvamile anamabala ansundu. Bobabili abazali bafukamela iqanda, bebeka iqanda ngaphansi kwephiko elilodwa bese bencika kulo ngemizimba yabo. Ukufukamela kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-42. Amachwane adinga kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-36 kuya kwezingama-50 ukuthola izimpaphe, ubude bale nkathi buxhomeke kuningi lokudla. Ngalesi sikhathi, amaphuphu azobe esefinyelele cishe ku-75% wesisindo sawo esivuthiwe.
Phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa zokugcina ngaphansi komhlaba, iphuphu likhipha izimpaphe zalo ezishubile nezintsha. Umlomo wayo omncane, imilenze nezinyawo unombala omnyama, futhi awunamabala amhlophe ebusweni. Ekugcineni iphuphu lishiya isidleke salo ebusuku lapho ingcuphe yokuhlaselwa inyamazane incane. Uphuma emgodini wakhe ebusuku bese egijimela olwandle. Akakwazi ukundiza ngokujwayelekile okwamanje, ngakho ukwehla eweni kuyingozi. Lapho iphuphu lifika emanzini, lingena olwandle futhi lingaba amakhilomitha ama-3 ukusuka ogwini ngokusa.
Izitha zemvelo zezinyoni ze-puffin
Isithombe: inyoni ye-puffin
Le nyoni iphephe kakhulu olwandle. Kuyenzeka kaningi ukubona ukuthi i-puffin ilifaka kanjani ikhanda layo ngaphansi kwe-ode ukubona ukuthi azikho yini izilwane ezidla ezinye eduze. Kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi izimpawu zibulala ama-puffin, futhi noma iyiphi inhlanzi enkulu edlayo nayo ingakwenza lokhu. Amakholoni amaningi atholakala eziqhingini ezincane, futhi lokhu akuyona into engaqondakali, ngoba kugwema ukudliwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba: izimpungushe, amagundane, ama-ermines, ama-weasel, njll. Kodwa lapho izinyoni zifika ogwini, zisengozini, ngoba usongo olukhulu luvela esibhakabhakeni.
Izilwane ezidla i-Atlantic Puffin esibhakabhakeni zifaka:
- i-sea gull (L. marinus);
- i-skua enhle (iStercorarius skua).
Kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezinobukhulu obufanayo ezingabamba izinyoni ezindizeni noma zihlasele izinyoni ezingakwazi ukubaleka ngokushesha phansi. Ukuthola ingozi, ama-puffin asuka andizela phansi olwandle noma abuyele emigodini yawo, kodwa uma ebanjiwe, azivikela ngamandla ngozipho nangezinzipho zawo ezicijile. Lapho ama-puffin azungeza eduze kwamatshe, kuba nzima kakhulu ukuthi umhlaseli agxile enyonini eyodwa ukuyibamba, kuyilapho abantu abahlukanisiwe emhlabathini besengozini enkulu.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Umkhaza we-Ixodid kanye namazeze (Ornithopsylla laetitiae) atholakele ezidlekeni ze-puffin. Ezinye izinhlobo zamazeze ezitholakala ezinyonini zifaka phakathi u-C. borealis, C. gallinae, C. garei, C. vagabunda, kanye ne-flea S. cuniculi ejwayelekile.
Izinhlobo ezincane zama-gulls njenge-herring gull (L. argentatus) akunakwenzeka ukuthi zishaye i-puffin yabantu abadala. Badlula kuleli koloni beqoqa amaqanda, noma amachwane achanyuselwe asuke kude kakhulu nesidleke aya emini. Lezi zinhlanzi zintshontsha nezinhlanzi kuma-puffin abuya ezokondla amaphuphu azo. Ezindaweni zokwakha isidleke ngokuhlanganyela kwe-puffin ne-Arctic skua (S. parasiticus), lesi sakamuva siba ngumzingeli womhlaba. Emoyeni, ucindezela izinhloso ezifile, aziphoqe ukuba ziphonse inyamazane, abese eyihlwitha.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-puffin yenyoni yasenyakatho
Ubungako besibalo sabantu emhlabeni jikelele bulinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-12 kuya kweziyi-14 zabantu abavuthiwe. Abantu baseYurophu balinganiselwa kuma-4,770,000 - 5,780,000 ngazimbili, okulingana nabantu abangu-9,550,000 - 11,600,000 abavuthiwe. IYurophu iyikhaya lama-90% weziphetho ezifile, ngakho-ke ukwehla okulindelekile kubaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Isimo esivamile kubantu baseNtshonalanga ye-Atlantic asaziwa. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukwehla okuphelele kungafinyelela kububanzi obungu-30 - 49% phakathi kwezizukulwane ezintathu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinombolo ze-Puffin kulindeleke ukuthi zehle ngokushesha ngenxa yemiphumela yokwanda kokudliwa, ukungcoliswa, ukusweleka kokudla okubangelwe ukuncipha kwezindawo zokudoba kanye nokufa kwezinyoni ezindala kumanetha okudoba.
Inani lama-puffin lenyuke ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 oLwandle lwaseNyakatho, kufaka phakathi isiQhingi saseMay naseziQhingini zaseFarne, lapho inani labantu lenyuka cishe ngo-10% ngonyaka. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa yango-2013, kwaqoshwa cishe ngazimbili ezingama-40,000 eziqhingini zaseFarne, okuthe ukwenyuka okuncane kusuka ngo-2008. Leli nani liphansi kunamakholoni ase-Iceland anamabhangqa ezizalanayo ayizigidi ezinhlanu.
Eziqhingini zaseWestmand, izinyoni sezicishe zanyamalala ngenxa yokuzingela ngokweqile kusukela ngo-1900 futhi kwaqala ukuvinjelwa kweminyaka engama-30. Lapho abantu belulama, kwasetshenziswa indlela ehlukile futhi kugcinwa ukuzingela ezingeni eligcinekayo. Kusukela ngo-2000, kube nokuncipha okukhulu kwenani lama-puffin e-Iceland, eNorway, eFaroe Islands naseGreenland. Isimo esifanayo sibonakala e-United Kingdom, lapho ukukhula kwangaphambilini kuye kwaguqulwa khona. Inyoni yePuffin ishiya kancane kancane iYurophu, inani labantu lilinganiselwa ukwehla ngama-50 - 79% ngonyaka we-2020 - 2065.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 23.06.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 09/23/2019 ngo-21: 19
