Umndeni we-bluebirds ubanzi kakhulu, uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-5 000 zezimvemvane, kwesinye isikhathi zihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye futhi zihlala ezimweni zezulu ezahlukahlukene - kusukela enkabazwe kuya e-Arctic Circle. Uvemvane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka unamaphiko amahle kakhulu, ubudlelwane bawo nezintuthwane nakho kuyathakazelisa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Uvemvane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Ukuvela kwe-lepidoptera kuhlobene kakhulu nokuvela nokusakazeka kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo emhlabeni wonke: njengoba lokhu kwanda kwaba kukhula futhi kuthuthuka, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezimvemvane kwakhula, bathola ithuluzi lomlomo eliguqulelwe ukukhipha umpe namaphiko amahle.
I-blueberry yesimanje kuzo zonke izinhlobo zayo ezahlukahlukene yavela eNeogene. Incazelo yesayensi yomndeni wama-bluebirds yenziwa ngo-1815 nguW. Leach, igama lokuqala ngesiLatini kwakunguCupidinidae, kwase kuguqulwa kwaba yiLycaenidae.
Umndeni mkhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke izinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela ezingachazwa kafushane:
- i-blueberry ikar (i-Polyommatus icarus, echazwe ngu-S. Rottemburg ngo-1775) iyinhlobo ejwayelekile kunazo zonke eRussia. Inamaphiko angaba ngu-15 mm kuphela. Kwabesilisa, banombala ophuzi ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwabesifazane, onsundu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka;
- i-blueberry enomsila omude - I-Lampides boeticus (I-Linnaeus, 1767), ephawuleka njengowukuphela komele uhlobo lohlobo. Futhi inamaphiko amancane, iyathakazelisa ngenxa yokuthambekela kwayo kokufuduka ibanga elide - ayakhi abantu banomphela;
- u-evenus coronata, ochazwe nguHewitson ngo-1865, uvemvane olushisayo oludabuka eMelika Ephakathi. Kuyaphawuleka ngamaphiko amakhulu kunawo wonke emndenini ka-60 mm, kanye nasebuhleni bawo: acebile kakhulu, njengombala okhanyayo we-azure onomngcele omnyama.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umbhali uVladimir Nabokov wayebuye abe yisazi sezinambuzane futhi ekuhambeni kwakhe azungeze iMelika wathola inqwaba yezinhlobo zezinambuzane, kufaka phakathi izincazelo zesayensi zezinhlobo eziningana zezinhlobo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: uvemvane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oluvela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Ubukhulu buncane: amaphiko ephiko ngokuvamile avela ku-20 kuye ku-40 mm. Ezimweni ezingavamile, ingafinyelela kuma-60, lokhu kujwayelekile kwizimvemvane ezishisayo, izinhlobo ezincane zihlala endaweni efudumele. Izimpiko zibanzi, zikuvumela ukuthi ushibilike. Amanye amajuba anemisila "emaphethelweni awo, kepha iningi lawo liyindilinga, futhi uma lisongwe, lisondele esimweni esingunxantathu, kodwa libushelelezi. Umbala wezimpiko uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kusuka kumbala okhanyayo kuya okhanyayo, wasezulwini. Kukhona amabala amnyama namhlophe, kanye namabala aphuzi.
Izimpiko zingaba nsundu noma ngomlilo. Abesilisa banombala ogqame kakhulu kunowabesifazane, ngoba kuwela kubo ukuheha umlingani, kanti owesifazane wenza kuphela ukukhetha omunye wesilisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabala asezimpikweni zesifazane imvamisa akabonakali kakhulu noma awekho nhlobo.
Ividiyo: Uvemvane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Ngaphezu kwale mibala, kuneminye, ngoba kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi zonke zehlukile: kukhona okuphuzi okumhlophe, okumhlophe okunezimnyama ezimnyama, okumpunga okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, njalonjalo. Igama lale uvemvane livela e-Icarus, esabalele ezweni lethu.
Ingxenye engezansi yamaphiko ama-bluebirds ipendwe ngombala ovikelayo - imvamisa iba mpunga noma nsundu, ikuvumela ukuba uzifihle ngeziqu zemithi nasemahlathini. Sinenkosi clavate izimpondo nezindlebe ezimfishane. Abesilisa nabo bayahluka ngokuthi imilenze yabo yangaphambili ayithuthukile kahle, bahamba phakathi nangemilenze yangemuva, kepha kwabesifazane womabili la mapheya akhule ngokulinganayo.
Manje usuyazi ukuthi uvemvane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lubukeka kanjani. Manje ake sibheke ukuthi uhlala kuphi.
Uhlala kuphi uvemvane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka?
Isithombe: Butterfly Blueberry Icarus
Levemvane iyasithanda kakhulu isimo sezulu esifudumele, esishisayo - ingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlobo zayo itholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezishisayo, kuncane ezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi endaweni enesimo sezulu esipholile akuyona eyodwa kweziyishumi. Kepha lezi zinhlobo, ngokwesibonelo, i-blueberry ikar, ziyakwazi ukumelana noshintsho olukhulu lokushisa futhi zihlala endaweni ebanda kakhulu.
Ububanzi bukhulu kakhulu futhi buhlanganisa zonke izingxenye zomhlaba. Hhayi ukuhlangabezana nezinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphandle kwase-Arctic nase-Antarctic. Yize zimbalwa izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala ezindaweni ezipholile, inani lazo likhulu impela, ikakhulukazi eMpumalanga naseMpumalanga Yurophu.
Zithanda izindawo ezivulekile, ezinelanga ezinezihlahla ezimbalwa noma izihlahlana ukuze ziphile. Lawa ngamadlelo, izingadi, ama-glade, imiphetho yehlathi, imifula nemifula yamachibi. IGolubian Icarus iyazithanda izinkambu ze-alfalfa, ezitholakala kuzo ngobuningi bazo.
Izinyoni zeblueblue ezingajwayelekile kangako, kepha futhi zitholakala ngqo ezindaweni zokuhlala, lapho zingahlala khona emapaki noma ezingadini. Inombolo enkulu kunazo zonke yalezi zimvemvane zihlala ezindaweni ezisicaba, ngokwanda kokuphakama, ukwehlukahluka kwezinhlobo nokuvama kwezimvemvane kuyancipha, kepha kunezinhlobo zazo ezimbalwa kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-1,500, ezinye zitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingafika kumamitha angama-3 300.
Imvamisa abahambi amabanga amade - bangandizela endaweni ekhanga ngokwengeziwe, kepha imvamisa itholakala kumamitha angamakhulu ambalwa. Ngokuzayo, bachitha kuso noma eduze nempilo yabo yonke emfushane.
Udlani uvemvane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka?
Isithombe: Uvemvane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Amacimbi angadalula izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo, kuya ngohlobo lwazo. Ngakho-ke, isibungu somsila-somsila sithanda amaqabunga ezihlahla nezihlahlana, kanti lawo anamehlo amaningi akhetha umhlonyane nemidumba. Ezinye zingalimaza izihlahla noma izivande.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi akuwona wonke amacimbi e-blueberry adla izitshalo kuphela - amanye angahlukanisa imenyu nezilwane, noma aze adle zona kuphela.
Phakathi kwezisulu zabo kukhona:
- i-aphid;
- isibungu;
- izibungu zentuthwane;
- ezinye izinambuzane ezincane;
- amanye amacimbi, afaka uhlobo olufanayo.
Yebo, lesi yisibonelo esingajwayelekile samacimbi adlayo, ngaphandle kokuthi kwesinye isikhathi ahlanganyela ekudleni inyama yabantu - ahluke kakhulu kwizibungu zezinye izimvemvane eziningi, ezingenabungozi futhi ezidla amaqabunga kuphela!
Eziningi zazo zihlala kahle ezintuthwaneni, ziphoqa izintuthwane ukuthi zizondle - lokhu zikwenza ngenxa yoketshezi olukhiqizwa yindlala yalo ethwele umpe. Ezinye futhi zinezitho ezikhiqiza imisindo elalelwa izintuthwane.
Ngokwesimo sabantu abadala, ama-bluebirds adla ngokuyinhloko umpe, futhi kulokhu akhetha kakhulu: athanda i-clover ngaphezu kwakho konke, kepha cishe noma iyiphi imbali iyawafanela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziyakwazi nokondla ubisi lwezihlahla nezithelo ezibolayo, uketshezi lwezintwala kanye nobulongwe bezinyoni.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-bluebill, kanti ezinye zazo zingadla ngisho nemikhiqizo ephawuleka ngokwedlulele kwezimvemvane: isibonelo, ezinye zikhangwa ukudla okusemathinini kanye nesinqumelo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: uvemvane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oluvela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Bathanda ilanga nokufudumala, futhi basebenza kuphela emini, futhi lapho kuphela, bafuna indawo eyimfihlo yokulala ubusuku bonke. Ngendlela yabantu abadala, abaphili isikhathi eside, kusuka ezinsukwini eziyi-3-4 kuya emavikini ama-3, kuya ngohlobo. Kungakho, yize inani labantu likhulu impela, zivame kakhulu kwi-urticaria.
Imvamisa, ukukhula kwenzeka ezizukulwaneni ezimbili noma ezintathu, kepha ezindaweni ezifudumele kungahle kube ezine zazo. Ngenxa yalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi uhlangane ne-bluebie hhayi kuphela ehlobo kuphela, kodwa futhi nasentwasahlobo nasekwindla kakhulu. Izibungu zezinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi kwesinye isikhathi iziphungumangathi zingaphezu kobusika: zingakwenza lokhu hhayi esiqwini sesitshalo noma kudoti ofudumele, noma phansi, enetheni kasilika.
Amanye amajuba acathamela ezintuthwaneni, noma izintuthwane ziwafihla ezindlini ezisemhlabathini, ngokwesibonelo, emifantwini. Amacimbi ayamangalisa ukuthi ahlala wodwa futhi ngasese, kunzima ukuwaqaphela ezitshalweni ngenxa yombala ofana namaqabunga - awagcini ngokuba nomthunzi ofanayo oluhlaza, kodwa futhi akhiqiza nemithambo.
Izinyoni eziningi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zihlobene eduze nezintuthwane - zinobudlelwano nazo kusukela ekuphakameni kuya kwesisinambuzane - kuya ngohlobo lwevemvane. Futhi kuyamangalisa lokhu, ngoba kwezinye izimvemvane eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, i-urticaria noma i-lemongrass, izibungu zihlushwa izintuthwane, kuyilapho i-blueberry ingekho engozini evela ohlangothini lwayo - futhi, kunalokho, nayo iyingozi kubo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Izimvemvane zeBlueberry
Amajuba ahlala wodwa, athanda ukuhlala endaweni: imvamisa abantu abadala bahlala endaweni eyodwa impilo yabo yonke futhi bathambekele ekuyivikeleni: bangahlasela amanye amajuba noma izinyosi, nezinye izinambuzane, bezama ukuzixosha. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, abesilisa bazama ukuheha insikazi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi bangakhombisa nokuhlukumeza kuye.
Njengesinambuzane se-metamorphosis ephelele, ijuba lidlula ezigabeni ezine ezijwayelekile. Isikhathi nobuntu bazo bungahluka kakhulu kuye ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane, kanti futhi kuzobhekwa kafushane ukuthi ukuzala nokukhula kwabantu abadala ku-blueberry entwasahlobo kwenzeka kanjani.
Izimvemvane zesizukulwane sokuqala zizalela amaqanda azo ekuqaleni kwehlobo, okwesibili maphakathi no-Agasti. Amaqanda imvamisa angama-50-80, abekwa ngakunye eqabungeni noma esithelweni sesithelo ngabesifazane besizukulwane sokuqala, nasesibelethweni sezithelo - kwesizukulwane sesibili. Iqanda liyakhula, kuye ngezimo zezulu, kusuka ezinsukwini ezi-3 kuye kweziyi-7 - ngezinsuku ezibandayo kuthatha isikhathi eside.
Ngemuva kwalokho isibungu sivela, singadla inani elikhulu lezitshalo, hhayi amaqabunga kuphela, kepha nezimbali, amaqabunga, izithelo - ziyathandeka kakhulu, ngoba zinomsoco kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, amacimbi alezi zinhlobo angaba inkathazo yensimu uma ezithola kuma-currants, ezihlahleni zama-apula, naphiya.
Zingahlangana nezintuthwane, kepha azikwenzi lokhu ngaso sonke isikhathi - abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi isibungu se-spring blueberry senza lokhu kuphela lapho kushoda izakhamzimba noma ngemuva kosongo olunolwazi oluvela kumzingeli. Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili noma amathathu okondla okwandayo, ama-pupates wesibungu, kuthi ngemuva kwesonto uvemvane ludabule umfece.
Isimo sihlukile ngesesibili, noma, endaweni efudumele, isizukulwane sesithathu ngonyaka: ngesikhathi isibungu sikhula size sanele ngokwanele, siba sesibandayo, ngakho-ke singena ebusika, sikhethe indawo efudumele. Kwesinye isikhathi ifundela kusengaphambili, imvamisa ilala ebusika.
Izibungu zezinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezihlobene nentuthwane zihlala eduze kwezintuthwane, kanti iziphungumangathi zilele kuzo. Zingabuye zinanyathiselwe emagatsheni noma emaqabunga ezihlahla, noma zilele ngqo emhlabathini. Ngemuva kokuvela kwesibungu, indlela yabo yokuphila incike ekutheni bangabuphi uhlobo: abanye bachitha sonke isikhathi kuze kube yilapho bejika baba yisiphungumangathi ezitshalweni, badla amahlamvu futhi bavezwe ezingozini.
Ezinye zizinze kangcono kakhulu: isibonelo, i-Alcon pigeon izalela amaqanda ayo ezimbalini ezinhle. Isikhathi sokuqala abasichitha ngaphakathi kwembali, bedla uginindela waso, bavikelekile ekungeneleleni kwezilwane ezizingelayo, baze bafune imbobo kuyo baphume. Kuthatha amasonto ambalwa. Bese behla balinda izintuthwane ukuthi zizithole.
Ngenxa yezinto abazikhiqizayo, abalindi isikhathi eside: bayazithola ngokushesha bese bezithwala bazise endulini. Lapho bayaqhubeka nokukhula ngokuphepha okuphelele, bese befunda lapho. Izinyoni eziningi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokufanayo ziye zazivikela ezingozini zokuba sesimweni sesibungu.
Izitha zemvelo zezinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Isithombe: Uvemvane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka embali
Ziningi zazo kuzo zonke izigaba zentuthuko.
Lokhu ikakhulukazi:
- izinyoni;
- amagundane;
- izibankwa;
- amasele;
- izicabucabu.
Ingozi isongela izinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kukho konke ukuphila kwazo, kusukela esigabeni samaqanda - izimvemvane ezindala azivezwa kangako kuzo, ezikwazi ukundiza zibalekele izilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye. Kepha hhayi kubo bonke abantu: isitha sabo esikhulu yizinyoni, ngokushesha okukhulu, bayakwazi ukubamba izimvemvane khona kanye endizeni, noma baqamekele lapho bephumule.
Izinambuzane nazo zingazingela izimvemvane: ojekamanzi bakwenza kahle lapho indiza, izicabucabu zibabeka amanetha kuzo, ama-mantis aqaphe izimbali. Kodwa-ke, usongo lwezibungu lukhulu kakhulu: abakwazi ukubalekela kumzingeli, futhi izinyoni ezifanayo zizimisele kakhulu ukuzihlasela, ngoba izimvemvane zisadinga ukubanjwa, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, ngamunye ngamunye. Amacimbi ngokuvamile amaningi asondelene, futhi amaningi awo angadliwa ngasikhathi sinye. Amacimbi avame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu njengokudla kwamachwane adlayo.
Ngakho-ke, amacimbi amaningi ezinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka anezindlela zokuzivikela ngenxa yazo lapho kusinda khona inani elikhulu lazo: ngokwesibonelo, ukubeka amaqanda esibelethweni sembali, ukuze ngaleso sikhathi isibungu sizofihlwa ngokuphephile ezilwaneni ezidlayo isikhathi esiningi. Noma ukuxhumana nezintuthwane, okukuvumela ukuthi ulala ngokuphepha noma uthuthuke entuthwaneni.
Abantu bonakalisa impilo yezinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuningi kakhulu: ngenxa yokonakala kwemvelo kanye nokunyamalala kwezindawo zabo zokuhlala, inani lezinye izinhlobo zezilwane selinciphile kakhulu, futhi basengozini yokuqothulwa - izidumbu azikwazanga ukukuletha kulokhu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Uvemvane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Ngenxa yazo zonke izici ezichazwe ngaphambili kanye namaqhinga avele enkambweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, inani lama-bluebirds liqinile kakhulu: landa ngokushesha, ngoba uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izimvemvane eziningi, amaphesenti amakhulu kakhulu ezibungu asinda efomini yabantu abadala.
Kusho okuningi ukuthi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo ze-bluebill - futhi kunezinkulungwane ezingaba ngu-5 200 zazo, kwaziwa okukodwa kuphela okungasekho. Okungukuthi, iningi lezinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka alisongelwanga ngisho nasezimweni zanamuhla, lapho izinhlobo eziningi zezimvemvane ezazisabalele zivame kakhulu, noma zizithole sezisengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Kepha lokhu akusebenzi kuwo wonke umuntu, ngoba kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni ezihlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezahlukahlukene, akuzona zonke izinhlobo ezinendawo ebanzi nenani elikhulu labantu, ngakho-ke ezinye zazo zingasongelwa, ezinye sezivele zibaliwe kuRed Book - imvamisa kuphela emazweni athile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Iziphungumangathi zezinhlobo ezithile ze-bluebill zinokuvikelwa okuhlekisayo ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye - ngokwesibonelo, isiphungumangathi somsila weplamu sibukeka njengomswani wezinyoni - bambalwa kakhulu abantu abafuna ukumba kuso! Ku-ruble oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izifihla njengesiphungumangathi esinesihlungu se-ladybug, lapho izidalwa ezijwayele ukusabela khona. Futhi uma uthinta isiphungumangathi somsila we-oki, khona-ke sizoqala ukuduma.
Ukuvikelwa kwezimvemvane zezinwele eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Isithombe: Uvemvane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oluvela eRed Book
Ezinye izinhlobo zamajuba zifakiwe kwiRed Book yamazwe omhlaba, isibalo esikhudlwana siseRed Data Books zamazwe ngamanye. Izizathu ezivame kakhulu zokwehla kwesibalo salezi zimvemvane ukunyamalala kwezindawo zazo zokuhlala ngenxa yokwanda kwamadolobha, amadlelo asebenzayo ezindaweni lapho inani labantu landa khona, ukushisa utshani neminye imisebenzi yabantu.
Ngokunjalo, izindlela zokuvikela kuhloswe ngazo ukugcina kahle ezinye izindawo zokuhlala zezinhlobo ezingavamile ze-blueberry. Umsebenzi wezinyathelo ezithathiwe wehlukile ngokuya ngombuso, okukhulu kakhulu kuyabonakala emazweni aseYurophu.
ERussia, izinhlobo eziningi zamajikijolo zivikelwe, kufaka phakathi i-arion, i-marshmallow enhle kakhulu ne-blueberry kaDavid. Kuthathwa izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukushabalala kwalezi zinhlobo ezingavamile: ingxenye enkulu yabantu abahlala eziqiwini nakwezinye izindawo zemvelo ezivikelwe, okusiza ukuvimbela ukwehla okuqhubekayo kwamanani abo.
Ikakhulukazi kubo, ezindaweni zalezi zinto, imiphetho yotshani engagundiwe, ama-clump e-oregano eduze nezintuthwane asele, kanti nezintuthwane ngokwazo azibhujiswa. Inani lemizamo eyenziwe yokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezingandile lincike ikakhulu kuziphathimandla zezifunda lapho kuvikelwa khona ama-bluebirds.
Ama-bluebirds ahlukahlukene kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo, lapho ungathola khona lezi zimvemvane ezinhlobonhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zemibala nemibala yephiko. Ezindaweni ezipholile, kuncane kakhulu kuzo, kodwa futhi ziningi, futhi lezi zidalwa ezihlala isikhashana zihlobisa inkathi efudumele - yize izibungu zazo kwesinye isikhathi zilimaza ukutshalwa kwamasiko.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 18.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/23/2019 ngo-20: 28
