Unogolantethe omnyama ngokungafani nozakwabo omhlophe, iyinyoni efihla kakhulu. Ngenkathi onogolantethe abamhlophe beletha inhlanhla, izingane nokuzala, ubukhona bezinogolantethe ezimnyama bufihliwe. Umbono ngobuncane obungajwayelekile bezinhlobo zakheka ngenxa yendlela yokuphila eyimfihlo yale nyoni, kanye nangenxa yokwakha izidleke emakhoneni akude amahlathi angathintwanga. Uma ufuna ukuyazi kangcono le nyoni ebabazekayo futhi ufunde imikhuba nendlela yayo yokuphila, funda le ndatshana kuze kube sekugcineni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Unogolantethe Omnyama
Umndeni wonogolantethe uqukethe izizukulwane eziningana emaqenjini amathathu amakhulu: onogolantethe base-arboreal (Mycteria no-Anastomus), onogolantethe abakhulu (Ephippiorhynchus, Jabiru noLeptoptilos), kanye no "storks abajwayelekile", iCiconia. Onogolantethe abajwayelekile bahlanganisa onogolantethe abamhlophe nezinye izinhlobo eziyisithupha ezikhona. Ngaphakathi kohlobo lweCiconia, izihlobo eziseduze zikanyokoloshe omnyama kunezinye izinhlobo zaseYurophu + unogolantethe omhlophe kanye nama-subspecies awo wangaphambilini, unogolantethe omhlophe osempumalanga empumalanga ye-Asia onomlomo omnyama.
Ividiyo: Ingwamza Emnyama
Isazi semvelo saseNgilandi uFrancis Willugby uchaze unogolantethe wokuqala omnyama ngekhulu le-17 lapho ewubona eFrankfurt. Waqamba le nyoni ngokuthi yiCiconia nigra, kusukela emagameni esiLatini athi "stork" kanye "black" ngokulandelana. Ingesinye sezinhlobo eziningi ezichazwe ekuqaleni ngusosayensi wezilwane waseSweden uCarl Linnaeus endaweni eyingqophamlando iSystema Naturae, lapho le nyoni yanikezwa khona igama eliyinhloko elithi Ardea nigra. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, isazi sezilwane saseFrance uJacques Brisson wadlulisela unogolantethe omnyama kuhlobo olusha lweCiconia.
Unogolantethe omnyama uyilungu lohlobo lweCiconia, noma onogolantethe abajwayelekile. Iqembu lezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa esezikhona ezikhonjiswe ngezikweletu eziqondile futhi ikakhulukazi izimpaphe ezimnyama nezimhlophe. Kudala kucatshangwa ukuthi unogolantethe omnyama uhlobene kakhulu nonogolantethe omhlophe (C. ciconia). Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa kofuzo kusetshenziswa ukuxubana kwe-DNA kanye ne-mitochondrial DNA ye-cytochrome b, okwenziwa yiBeth Slikas, kukhombisile ukuthi unogolantethe omnyama wawunamagatsha ngaphambili kuhlobo lweCiconia. Izinsalela zamathambo atholakala ezingqwembeni zeMiocene eziqhingini zaseRusinga naseMaboko eKenya, ezingahlukaniseki nonogolantethe abamhlophe nabamnyama.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Unogolantethe Omnyama e-Estonia
Unogolantethe omnyama uyinyoni enkulu, ingamasentimitha angama-95 kuya kwayi-100 ubude enamaphiko angu-143-153 cm kanti enesisindo esingaba ngu-3 kg, ukuphakama kwale nyoni kungafinyelela ku-102 cm.Incane kancane kunozakwabo omhlophe. Njengawo wonke onogolantethe, inemilenze emide, intamo ende futhi omude, oqondile, okhombe umlomo. Izimpaphe zonke zimnyama ngombala ocwebezelayo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngaphandle kwengaphansi elimhlophe lesifuba, isisu, imakhwapha nemakhwapheni.
Izimpaphe ze-Pectoral zinde futhi zi-shaggy, zakha uhlobo lwebhulashi. Bobabili abesilisa bayafana ngokubukeka, ngaphandle kokuthi abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane. Onogolantethe abancane abamnyama abanawo umbala ocebile ofanayo ezimpapheni zabo, kodwa le mibala icaca ngonyaka owodwa.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Intsha ifana nezinyoni ezindala ezimpapheni, kepha izindawo ezihambelana nezimpaphe ezimnyama zomuntu omdala zibunsundu futhi azicwebezeli kangako. Izimpiko nezimpaphe ezingaphezulu komsila zinamacebo aphaphathekile. Imilenze, uqhwaku nesikhumba esingenalutho esizungeze amehlo kuluhlaza okotshani. Kungadidiswa nonogolantethe osemusha, kepha owokugcina unamaphiko alula nengubo, amafenda amade namhlophe.
Le nyoni ihamba kancane futhi ihlala phansi. Njengawo wonke onogolantethe, indiza ngentamo ende. Isikhumba esingenalutho eduze kwamehlo sibomvu, njengo mlomo nemilenze. Ezinyangeni zasebusika, uqhwaku nemilenze kuyashintsha kube nsundu. Unogolantethe abamnyama kubikwe ukuthi baphila iminyaka eyi-18 endle futhi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-31 besekuthunjweni.
Uhlala kuphi unogolantethe omnyama?
Isithombe: Unogolantethe Omnyama endizeni
Izinyoni zinezindawo ezahlukahlukene zokusatshalaliswa kwezindawo. Ngesikhathi sokuzalisa, zitholakala kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Eurasia, kusukela eSpain kuya eChina. Ekwindla, uC. Nigra abantu bathuthela eningizimu eNingizimu Afrika nase India bayohlala ubusika. Ububanzi behlobo lonogolantethe abamnyama buqala eMpumalanga ye-Asia (eSiberia nasenyakatho neChina) futhi bufinyelela eMaphakathi neYurophu, kuze kufike e-Estonia enyakatho, ePoland, eLower Saxony naseBavaria eJalimane, eCzech Republic, eHungary, e-Italy naseGrisi eningizimu, nabantu abakude maphakathi nendawo. Isifunda eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia.
Unogolantethe omnyama uyinyoni efudukayo echitha ubusika e-Afrika (Lebanon, Sudan, Ethiopia, njll.). Yize ezinye izinhlobo zonogolantethe abamnyama zihlala zodwa, kunabantu abahlala bodwa eNingizimu Afrika, lapho lolu hlobo luningi kakhulu empumalanga, engxenyeni esempumalanga yeMozambique, futhi lwenzeka naseZimbabwe, eSwaziland, eBotswana, futhi kaningi eNamibia.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ERussia, le nyoni itholakala oLwandle iBaltic iye eUrals, idabule iSiberia eseNingizimu iye eMpumalanga Ekude naseSakhalin. Akukho kumaKuriles naseKamchatka. Inani labantu elingalodwa liseningizimu, eStavropol, eChechnya, eDagestan. Inani elikhulu labantu lihlala esiqiwini semvelo iSrednyaya Pripyat, esiseBelarus.
Unogolantethe omnyama uhlala ezindaweni ezinokuthula, ezinezihlahla eziseduze kwamanzi. Zakha izidleke eziphakeme ezihlahleni futhi zondla emaxhaphozini nasemifuleni. Futhi zingatholakala ezindaweni ezinamagquma, ezintabeni uma kunamanzi anele eduze okufuna ukudla. Kuncane okwaziwayo ngendawo yazo ebusika, kepha lezi zindawo kukholakala ukuthi zisezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi lapho kutholakala khona ukudla.
Udliwa yini unogolantethe omnyama?
Isithombe: Unogolantethe Omnyama ovela kwiRed Book
Lezi zinyoni ezidla inyama zithola ukudla ngokuma emanzini amaphiko azo enwetshiwe. Bahamba benganakile behlise amakhanda ukuze babone inyamazane yabo. Lapho unogolantethe omnyama ebona ukudla, uphonsa ikhanda lakhe phambili, alibambe ngomlomo walo omude. Uma kunokudla okuncane, onogolantethe abamnyama bavame ukuzizingela bodwa. Amaqembu akha ukusizakala ngezinsizakusebenza ezicebile zomsoco.
Ukudla konogolantethe abamnyama ikakhulu kufaka:
- amaxoxo;
- umqubuko;
- ama-salamanders;
- ezihuquzelayo ezincane;
- inhlanzi.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izinhlanzi zakha iningi lokudla. Ingaphinde idle izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, izinkalankala, kwesinye isikhathi izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni, kanye nezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla ezifana neminenke, izikelemu zomhlaba, izimbungulu nezinambuzane ezifana namabhungane amanzi nezibungu zazo.
Ukufuna ukudla kwenzeka ikakhulu emanzini ahlanzekile, yize unogolantethe omnyama angafuna ukudla emhlabeni ngezikhathi ezithile. Le nyoni izulazula ngesineke futhi ihamba kancane emanzini angajulile, izama ukuthunga amanzi ngamaphiko ayo. ENdiya, lezi zinyoni zivame ukondla emihlambini yezinhlobo ezixubene nonogolantethe omhlophe (C. ciconia), unogolantethe onentamo emhlophe (C. episcopus), i-demoiselle crane (G. virgo) kanye nohansi wezintaba (A. indicus). Unogolantethe omnyama uphinde alandele izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu ezinjengezinyamazane nemfuyo, okungenzeka ukuthi zidla izilwane ezingenamgogodla nezilwane ezincane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Unogolantethe omnyama wezinyoni
Waziwa ngokuziphatha kwabo ngokuzola nangokufihla, uC. Nigra uyinyoni exwayayo kakhulu ethanda ukuhlala kude nezindawo zokuhlala kwabantu kanye nayo yonke imisebenzi yabantu. Unogolantethe abamnyama bodwa ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Kuyinyoni efudukayo esebenza emini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Unogolantethe abamnyama bahamba phansi ngejubane elilinganayo. Bahlala njalo bama bame mpo, imvamisa ngomlenze owodwa. Lezi zinyoni zingabantu "abashayeli bezindiza" abahle kakhulu abandizela phezulu emifudlaneni yomoya efudumele. Emoyeni, babamba ikhanda ngaphansi komugqa womzimba, belula intamo yabo phambili. Ngaphandle kokufuduka, uC. Nigra akandizeli njengemihlambi.
Njengomthetho, kwenzeka wedwa noma ngababili, noma ngemihlambi yezinyoni ezingafika kwikhulu ngesikhathi sokufuduka noma ebusika. Unogolantethe omnyama unebanga elibanzi lezimpawu zokulalelwayo kunonogolantethe abamhlophe. Umsindo wakhe omkhulu awenzayo ufana nomoya omkhulu. Lona umsindo ohaywayo njengesixwayiso noma usongo. Abesilisa bakhombisa uchungechunge olude lwemisindo yokuncinza ekhuphuka ngevolumu bese ukuncipha komsindo kwehla. Abantu abadala bangabhomba imilomo yabo njengengxenye yesiko lokukhwelana noma ngentukuthelo.
Izinyoni zizama ukuxhumana namanye amalungu ezinhlobo ngokuhambisa imizimba yazo. Unogolantethe ubeka umzimba wakhe ovundlile futhi ngokushesha abhekise ikhanda lakhe phezulu naphansi, afike ku-30 °, abuye abuye futhi, aqhakambise ngokuphawulekayo izingxenye ezimhlophe zezimpaphe zakhe, futhi lokhu kuyaphindwa kaningana. Lokhu kuhamba kusetshenziswa ukubingelela phakathi kwezinyoni futhi - ngamandla amaningi - njengosongo. Kodwa-ke, ubunjalo bodwa bezinhlobo kusho ukuthi ukubonakaliswa kosongo akuvamile.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amachwane onogolantethe abamnyama
ICiconia nigra izala njalo ngonyaka ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ngoMeyi. Izinsikazi zizalela amaqanda ama-oval amhlophe ama-3 kuye kwayi-5 nge-clutch ezidlekeni ezinkulu zezinti kanye nenhlabathi. Lezi zidleke zivame ukusetshenziswa futhi ezinkathini eziningi zonyaka. Abazali kwesinye isikhathi banakekela izinyoni ngokunganaki kwezinye izidleke, kufaka phakathi izinkozi ezincane ezidla amaqanda (Ictinaetus malayensis), njll. Izidleke zodwa, ngazimbili zisakazeke ezweni lonke ibanga okungenani eli-1 km. Lezi zinhlobo zingangena ezidlekeni zezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni ezinjengokhozi lwe-kaffir noma i-hammerhead futhi imvamisa ziphinde zisebenzise izidleke eminyakeni elandelayo.
Lapho zithandana, onogolantethe abamnyama bakhombisa izindiza zasemoyeni ezibonakala zihlukile phakathi konogolantethe. Izinyoni ezihlanganisiwe zisuka ngasikhathi sinye, imvamisa zidlula esidlekeni ekuseni kakhulu noma ntambama. Enye yezinyoni isakaza imisila yayo emhlophe engezansi bese kuthi lezi zithandani zibizane. Lezi zindiza zokuzilungisa kunzima ukuzibona ngenxa yendawo eminyene yehlathi lapho zihlala khona. Isidleke sakhiwe endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-4-25. Unogolantethe omnyama uncamela ukwakha isidleke sakhe ezihlahleni zasehlathini ezinemiqhele emikhulu, asibeke kude nesiqu esikhulu.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Kuthatha unogolantethe omnyama kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-32 kuye kwezingu-38 ukuqanduselwa amaqanda kuze kufike ezinsukwini ezingama-71 ngaphambi kokuvela kwezimpaphe ezincane. Ngemuva kokubaleka, amaphuphu ahlala ethembele kubazali bawo amasonto ambalwa. Izinyoni zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi lapho zineminyaka emithathu kuya kwengu-5 ubudala.
Abesilisa nabesifazane babelana ngokunakekelwa kwesizukulwane esisha ndawonye futhi bakha izidleke ndawonye. Eziduna zibukisisa lapho isidleke kufanele sibe khona bese ziqoqa izinduku, ukungcola notshani. Abesifazane bayakha isidleke. Kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane banesibopho sokufukamela, yize abesifazane kuvamise ukuba yizifutho eziyinhloko. Lapho izinga lokushisa esidlekeni liphakama kakhulu, abazali ngezikhathi ezithile baletha amanzi ngemilomo yabo bese bewafafaza ngamaqanda noma amatshwele ukuze aphole. Bobabili abazali bondla abancane. Ukudla kukhafulelwa phansi esidlekeni futhi onogolantethe abancane abamnyama bazodla ezansi kwesidleke.
Izitha zemvelo zonogolantethe abamnyama
Isithombe: Unogolantethe omnyama wezinyoni
Azikho izidalwa zemvelo ezimile kahle zikanogolantethe omnyama (C. nigra). Abantu ukuphela kwezinhlobo ezaziwayo ezisongela onogolantethe abamnyama. Okuningi kwalokhu kusongelwa kuvela ekubhujisweni kwendawo yokuhlala nokuzingela.
Unogolantethe omnyama uvame kakhulu ukwedlula omhlophe. Inani labo lehle kakhulu kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-19 ngenxa yokuzingela, ukuvunwa kwamaqanda, ukuqiniswa kokusetshenziswa kwamahlathi, ukulahleka kwezihlahla, ukukhishwa kwamahlathi okukhuhla kanye namaxhaphozi ehlathi, izidubedube eHorstplatz, ukushayisana nezintambo zikagesi. Muva nje, isibalo eseYurophu Ephakathi neseNtshonalanga sesiqale ukululama kancane kancane. Noma kunjalo, lo mkhuba usengozini.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi unogolantethe omnyama uqukethe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-12 ze-helminths. IHian Cathaemasia neDicheilonema ciconiae kubikwe ukuthi yizo ezihamba phambili. Kukhonjisiwe ukuthi zimbalwa izinhlobo ze-helminth ezihlala ezingogolantethe abancane abamnyama, kepha umfutho wokutheleleka ezinkukhwele wawuphakeme kunabantu abadala.
Onogolantethe abamnyama uqobo lwabo bayizilwane ezinomgogodla omncane ezindaweni eziphila kuzo. Zidla kakhulu izilwane zasemanzini ezinjengezinhlanzi nezilwane eziphila ezweni. Izinga lokushisa lomgudu wokugaya onogolantethe abamnyama livumela i-trematode ukuqedela umjikelezo wayo wokuphila. I-trematode ivamise ukutholakala kumphathi wayo oyinhloko, uhlobo lwenhlanzi, kepha lumunca uC. Nigra ngesikhathi sokudla. Kuyabe sekwedluliselwa ematshwele ngokudlisa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Unogolantethe omnyama wezinyoni
Inani lonogolantethe abamnyama behle iminyaka eminingi eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Lolu hlobo seluqothulwe eScandinavia. Inani labantu baseNdiya - indawo ebusika eyinhloko - liyancipha ngokungenakulinganiswa. Phambilini, le nyoni ibivame ukuvakashela amaxhaphozi aseMai Po, kepha manje kuyaqabukela kubonakala lapho, futhi ngokujwayelekile, ukwehla kwabantu kubonakala kulo lonke uhla lwamaShayina.
Indawo ehlala kuyo ishintsha ngokushesha ezindaweni eziningi eziseMpumalanga Yurophu nase-Asia. Usongo olukhulu kulezi zinhlobo ukonakaliswa kwendawo okuhlala kuyo. Indawo yokuhlala efanelekile etholakalayo yokuzalanisa iyancipha eRussia naseMpumalanga Yurophu ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi nangokucekelwa phansi kwezihlahla ezinkulu zendabuko.
Abazingeli basongela unogolantethe omnyama kwamanye amazwe aseningizimu yeYurophu nase-Asia njengasePakistan. Abantu abazalanayo bangabhujiswa lapho. Unogolantethe omnyama unyamalele esigodini saseTicino enyakatho ne-Italy. Ngo-2005, onogolantethe abamnyama badedelwa epaki iLombardo del Ticino ngomzamo wokubuyisa inani labantu.
Futhi, inani labantu lisongelwa ngu:
- ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezimboni nezolimo;
- ukwakhiwa kwamadamu;
- ukwakhiwa kwezinsiza zokukhiqiza ukuchelela nokukhiqiza ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi.
Izindawo zokuhlala zasebusika ezingamaxhaphozi zase-Afrika zisongelwa ngokuguqulwa kwezolimo kanye nokuqiniswa, ukugwaduleka kanye nokungcola okubangelwa ukugxila kwezibulala-zinambuzane namanye amakhemikhali. Lezi zinyoni kwesinye isikhathi zibulawa ukushayisana ngezintambo zikagesi nezintambo ezihamba phezulu.
Ukuvikelwa konogolantethe abamnyama
Isithombe: Unogolantethe Omnyama ovela kwiRed Book
Kusukela ngo-1998, unogolantethe omnyama ukalwe njengongasengozini kuLuhlu Olubomvu Lwezinhlobo Ezisengozini Yokushabalala (IUCN). Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi le nyoni inendawo enkulu yokusatshalaliswa - engaphezu kuka-20 000 km² - futhi ngoba, ngokusho kososayensi, isibalo sayo asikaze sehle ngama-30% eminyakeni eyishumi noma izizukulwane ezintathu zezinyoni. Ngakho-ke, akukhona ukwehla okusheshayo okwanele ukuthola isimo esengozini.
Kodwa-ke, isimo kanye nenani labantu akuqondakali ngokuphelele, futhi yize uhlobo lwendalo lusabalele, inani lalo ezindaweni ezithile lilinganiselwe. ERussia, inani labantu lehle kakhulu, ngakho-ke ku-Red Book yezwe. Kubhalwe futhi kuRed Book of the Volgograd, Saratov, Ivanovo region, Khabarovsk Territories kanye neSakhalin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo zivikelwe: iTajikistan, iBelarus, iBulgaria, iMoldova, i-Uzbekistan, i-Ukraine, neKazakhstan.
Zonke izindlela zokongiwa okuhloswe ngazo ukukhulisa ukuzala kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo zabantu kanye nobuningi babantu kufanele zihlanganise izindawo ezinkulu zehlathi elinamanzi amaningi futhi kufanele zigxile ekuphatheni ikhwalithi yemifula, ukuvikela nokuphatha izindawo zokudla, nokwenza ngcono imithombo yokudla ngokwakha amadamu okufakelwa angajulile ezindaweni ezinotshani noma eceleni imifula.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ucwaningo e-Estonia lubonise ukuthi ukulondolozwa kwezihlahla ezindala ezinkulu ngesikhathi sokuphathwa kwamahlathi kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa izindawo ezizalela lolu hlobo.
Unogolantethe omnyama evikelwe yiSivumelwano Sokulondolozwa Kwezinyoni Ezifudukayo Zase-Eurasian (i-AEWA) kanye neSivumelwano Sokuhwebelana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Ngezilwane Ezisengozini Yokushabalala (CITES).
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 18.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/23/2019 ngo-20: 25
