Inyoka yengwe (N. scutatus) uhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu olutholakala ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu ye-Australia, kufaka phakathi iziqhingi ezingasogwini lolwandle ezifana neTasmania. Lezi zinyoka ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngombala futhi zithola igama lazo emigqeni efana neyehlosi emzimbeni wonke. Bonke abantu bangabohlobo lwe-Notechis. Ngezinye izikhathi zichazwa njengezinhlobo ezihlukile kanye / noma izinhlobo ezingaphansi. Le nyoka ivame ukuzola, njengezinyoka eziningi futhi ihlehle lapho umuntu esondela, kodwa ekhoneni, ikhipha ubuthi obuyingozi kakhulu kubantu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Inyoka yengwe
Uhlobo lwe-Notechis (izinyoka) lusemndenini wama-aspids. Ukuhlaziywa kofuzo ngonyaka ka-2016 kukhombisile ukuthi isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu sezinyoka zamahlosi (N. scutatus) yinyoka emangele (Tropidechis carinatus). Esikhathini esedlule, izinhlobo ezimbili zezinyoka zehlosi zazaziwa kabanzi: inyoka yempisi yempumalanga (N. scutatus) kanye naleyo ebizwa ngokuthi inyoka emnyama (N ater).
Kodwa-ke, umehluko we-morphological phakathi kwalaba bobabili ubonakala uphikisana, kanti ucwaningo lwakamuva lwamangqamuzana lukhombisile ukuthi i-N. ater ne-N. scutatus ziyafana ngokwezakhi zofuzo, ngakho-ke kuzovela ukuthi njengamanje kunohlobo olulodwa kuphela olwandile olwehluka kakhulu ngosayizi nombala.
Ividiyo: Inyoka yengwe
Ngaphandle kokubuyekezwa kwakamuva, ukuhlukaniswa okudala kusasetshenziswa kabanzi, futhi ama-subspecies amaningi ayaziwa:
- N. ater ater - inyoka yengwe kaKrefft;
- N. ater humphreysi - inyoka yengwe yaseTasmania;
- N. ater niger - inyoka yenyosi enenhlonhlo;
- N. ater serventyi - Tiger Snake Island kusuka eChappell Island;
- N. scutatus occidentalis (kwesinye isikhathi uN. Ater occidentalis) - inyoka yengwe yasentshonalanga;
- N. scutatus scutatus yinyoka yengwe esempumalanga.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje ngezinyoka zehlosi kuhlotshaniswa nezinguquko zesimo sezulu sakamuva (ukwanda komunyu) kanye nezinguquko olwandle (iziqhingi zisuswe ezweni eminyakeni eyizi-6,000-10,000 edlule). Abantu abahlukanisiwe ngenxa yale micimbi benze ushintsho ezinhlelweni zabo zombala, usayizi nezici zemvelo ekuphenduleni izinto ezahlukahlukene zemvelo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoka yengwe enobuthi
Igama lezinyoka zehlosi libhekisela emigqeni evelele ephuzi namnyama eguqukayo ejwayelekile kwabanye abantu, kepha hhayi bonke abantu abanalo mbala. Izinyoka ziba nombala kusuka kumnyama omnyama kuye kophuzi / owolintshi ngemigqa empunga kuye kwimpunga yesihlabathi ngaphandle kwemivimbo. Kunemibiko engaqinisekisiwe yezinyoka zamahlosi ezinamabhodwe enyakatho-mpumalanga yeTasmania.
Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile yinyoka emnyama ngaphandle kwemivimbo noma kusuka ophuzi ophuzi kuya kokhilimu. Ifomu elijwayeleke kakhulu kunsundu omnyama womnqumo noma onsundu omnyama, ngemivimbo emhlophe noma ephuzi ehluka ngosayizi. Kubantu abanemigqa, kungatholakala abantu abangenambala ngokuphelele. Abanye abantu bakhiwe cishe ngamalungu ahlukene ngokuphelele alenhlobo, ngokwesibonelo, izakhamuzi zezindawo eziphakeme ezisenkabeni naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeTasmania.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Indlela yokwenza imibala ikhula kakhulu kubantu ababhekene nezimo zezulu eziguquguqukayo kakhulu kanye nokweqisa okupholile, njengalezo ezitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme noma eziqhingini ezisogwini.
Inhloko yenyoka yengwe ibanzi ngokulingene futhi ibuthuntu, yehluka kancane emzimbeni oqinile wemisipha. Ubude obuphelele ngokuvamile buba ngamamitha amabili. Isisu sinombala ophuzi ophuzi, omhlophe, noma ompunga. Izinyoka ezingamadoda ama-tiger nyoka zikhula kakhulu kunezinsikazi futhi zinamakhanda amakhulu. Izikali eziphakathi ziqukethe imigqa eyi-17-21, kanti izikali zangaphakathi no-140-190 zivame ukuhlanganiswa ngombala omnyama. Kukhona nesikali esisodwa se-anal ne-podcaudal ngaphansi komsila.
Ihlala kuphi inyoka yengwe?
Isithombe: Inyoka yengwe e-Australia
Lezi zinhlobo zisatshalaliswa ngokungalingani ezindaweni ezimbili ezinkulu: eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Australia (kufaka phakathi iziqhingi iBass Strait kanye neTasmania) naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Australia. Ngaphezu kwezwekazi i-Australia, lezi zinyoka zitholakale kulezi ziqhingi ezilandelayo: i-Babylon, Cat Island, Halkey Island, Christmas Island, Flinders Island, Forsyth Island, Big Dog Island, Hunter Island, Shamrock Island nezinye. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo ifaka phakathi iSavage River National Park, kuze kufike eVictoria naseNew South Wales. Indawo ehlala kuyo ejwayelekile ihlanganisa izindawo ezisogwini lwase-Australia.
Iqiniso Elijabulisayo: Akucaci ukuthi abantu baseKarnak Island bangabendawo yini noma cha, njengoba inani elikhulu labantu likhishwe kulesi siqhingi cishe ngonyaka we-1929.
Izinyoka zehlosi zitholakala ezindaweni ezingasogwini, emaxhaphozini nasemifudlaneni, lapho zivame ukwakha izindawo zokuzingela. Izindawo lapho kutholakala khona ukudla okuningi zingasekela abantu abaningi. Lezi zinhlobo zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezindawo zasemanzini ezinjengemifudlana, amadamu, amadreyini, amachibi, amaxhaphozi namaxhaphozi. Zitholakala nasezindaweni ezinesimo esibi kakhulu njengotshani, ikakhulukazi lapho kunesembozo samanzi notshani.
Izinyoka ze-Tiger zizokhosela ngaphansi kwezinkuni eziwile, izimila ezijiyile ezijulile, kanye nemigodi yezilwane engasetshenziswanga. Ngokungafani nezinye izinyoka eziningi zase-Australia, izinyoka zamahlosi zikhuphuka kahle zombili izihlahla nezakhiwo ezenziwe ngabantu, futhi zitholakale zaze zafika ku-10 m ngaphezu komhlaba. Indawo ephakeme kakhulu ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle lapho kubhalwe khona izinyoka ze-tiger itholakala eTasmania ngaphezu kuka-1000 m.
Idlani inyoka yengwe?
Isithombe: Inyoka yengwe emvelweni
Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zihlasela izidleke zezinyoni futhi zikhuphuka izihlahla kuze kufike emamitheni ayi-8. Isibonakaliso esihle sobukhona benyoka eyi-tiger yimisindo ephazamisayo yezinyoni ezincane ezinjengemilomo emifushane nezinyoni ze-melliferous. Izinyoka ezincane zezingwe zizosebenzisa ukusikwa ukuze kunqotshwe izibankwa ezikhathaza kanzima, ezakha ukudla okuyinhloko kwezinyoka ezincane.
Ngokuyinhloko zizingela inyamazane ngesikhathi sasemini, kepha zizozingela ukudla kusihlwa okufudumele. Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zifuna ukudla ngokuzithandela ngaphansi kwamanzi futhi zingahlala lapho okungenani imizuzu eyi-9. Njengoba usayizi wenyoka wanda, usayizi omaphakathi wesisulu nawo uyakhuphuka, kepha lokhu kwanda akufinyelelwa ngenxa yokuthi izinyoka ezinkudlwana ziyenqaba inyamazane encane, uma ukudla okukhulu kungatholakali, inyoka yengwe inganeliswa ngummeleli omncane wezilwane.
Endle, izinyoka ze-tiger zinezinhlobo eziningi zokudla, kufaka phakathi:
- amaxoxo;
- izibankwa;
- izinyoka ezincane;
- izinyoni;
- inhlanzi;
- onoshobishobi;
- izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane;
- isidumbu.
Ilulwane latholakala esiswini sesifanekiso esisodwa semnyuziyamu, okukhombisa amandla enyoka engwe ukukhuphuka. Izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla zitholakale nasesiswini sezinyoka zamahlosi, noma kunjalo zingathathwa njengengxenye yesidumbu. Olunye udaba olunjengezintethe namabhu kungenzeka ludliwe njengesisulu. Kukhona nobufakazi bokudliwa kwamazimu phakathi kwezinyoka zamahlosi asendle. Izinto eziphangiwe zithathwa ngokushesha futhi zinqotshwe ngoshevu onamandla, kwesinye isikhathi zimpintsha.
Izinyoka ezindala ziyaziwa ukuthi zisebenzisa ukucindezelwa kwezilwane ezinkulu. Ziyizidlakudla ezibalulekile zamagundane angenisiwe futhi angena ngokuzithandela emigodini yamagundane, amagundane ngisho nonogwaja befuna inyamazane yabo. Eziqhingini eziningi ezingasogwini lolwandle, izinyoka ezingamantshontsho ezinyoka zondla izibankwa ezincane, bese zishintshela kumantshontsho ampunga we-petrel njengoba sezisondela ekuvuthweni. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zinsiza zilinganiselwe, umncintiswano uyashuba futhi amathuba okuthi lezi zinyoka zifinyelele ekuvuthweni angaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa. Izidumbu zizodliwa ngezikhathi ezithile.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoka yengwe
Izinyoka ze-Tiger azisebenzi phakathi nobusika, zihlehlela emigodini yamagundane, izingodo ezingenalutho neziqu, ngaphansi kwamatshe amakhulu futhi zingakhasa ziye ekujuleni komhlaba okungamamitha ayi-1.2. Kodwa-ke, zingatholwa zigcobela elangeni ngezinsuku ezifudumele zasebusika. Amaqembu ezinyoka ezincane ezingama-26 avame ukutholakala endaweni eyodwa, kepha ahlala lapho isikhathi esingeqile ezinsukwini eziyi-15, ngemuva kwalokho akhase aye kwenye indawo, kuthi abesilisa bathambekele kakhulu ekuzuleni.
Usayizi omkhulu wenyoka, isimilo esinolaka sokuzivikela kanye nobuthi obunesihlungu kakhulu kuyenza ibe yingozi kakhulu kubantu. Yize imvamisa izolile futhi incamela ukugwema ukungqubuzana, inyoka yengwe ekhonjiwe ikhombisa usongo ngokugcina ingaphambili lobuso liqinile, ligobekile lamahhala, liphakamise ikhanda lalo liqonde kumenzi wobubi. Uzoshaya umsindo kakhulu, afake futhi ahlasele umzimba wakhe, futhi uma ecasulwa ngokuqhubekayo, uzoshaya futhi alume kanzima.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ubuthi obunobuthi obukhiqizwa kakhulu. Kuthinta isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, kodwa futhi kubangela ukulimala kwemisipha futhi kuthinte nokujiya kwegazi. Ukonakala kwezicubu zemisipha kungaholela ekuhlulekeni kwezinso.
Ubuthi benyoka ye-Tiger bune-neurotoxic kakhulu futhi buyabanda, futhi noma ngubani olunywe yinyoka ye-tiger kufanele abonane nodokotela ngokushesha. Phakathi kuka-2005 no-2015, izinyoka ezingama-tiger zabalelwa kwabangu-17% bezisulu zokutholwa yizinyoka e-Australia, lapho kwafa khona abane kwabangu-119 ababulawa yizisulu. Izimpawu zokulunywa zihlanganisa ubuhlungu bendawo onyaweni nasentanyeni, ukugedlezela, ukuba ndikindiki nokujuluka, kulandele izinkinga zokuphefumula nokukhubazeka ngokushesha okukhulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inyoka yengwe enobuthi
Abesilisa bangavuthwa ngesisindo esingama-500 g, bese kuthi abesifazane babe nesisindo okungenani esingu-325 g. Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, abesilisa bahlanganyela empini, lapho abafakizicelo ababili bezama ukucindezelana ngamakhanda abo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, izidumbu zezinyoka ziyahlangana. Ukuya ocansini kulezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile kulo lonke ihlobo futhi kuyanda ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari noFebhuwari. Ukukhwelana kungahlala emahoreni angu-7; insikazi kwesinye isikhathi idonsa owesilisa. Abesilisa abadli ngezikhathi zokuya ocansini. Abesifazane bayayeka ukudla amasonto ama-3-4 ngaphambi kokubeletha.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lezi yizilwane ezi-viviparous. Usayizi wamantshontsho ezinsikazi warekhodwa kuze kufike ku-126 juveniles. Kepha ikakhulukazi kungama-20 - 60 amawundlu aphilayo. Inani lezinsana livame ukuhambisana nosayizi womzimba wesifazane.
Izinyoka zehlosi eziqhamuka eziqhingini ezincane zincane futhi zikhiqiza inzalo encane. Ubude bamawundlu enyoka yengwe bungu-215 - 270 mm. Abesifazane bazala amawundlu njalo ngonyaka wesibili ngokusemandleni. Akukho ukukhathazeka komama phakathi kwezinyoka zamahlosi. Azibi nolaka phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa, kepha inyoka yesilisa elandela insikazi ingagxila kwezinye izinto.
Ukukhwelana ekupheleni kwesizini kunenzuzo ezinhlotsheni eziseningizimu, kuzivumela ukuthi ziqale ukuzalanisa ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo. Esiqhingini esikhulu saseTasmania, ukukhwelana kwenzeka amahora angafinyelela kwayisikhombisa. Izinsikazi ezinamandla zingakwazi ukuhlala phansi, kuthi owesifazane oyedwa osindayo eTasmania ahlale kwakhe izinsuku ezingama-50. Eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Australia, abesifazane bazala izingane kusukela ngasekupheleni kwehlobo kuze kube phakathi nasekwindla (Mashi 17 - Meyi 18).
Izitha zemvelo zezinyoka zamahlosi
Isithombe: Inyoka yengwe yase-Australia
Lapho zisongelwa, izinyoka zehlosi ziqondisa imizimba yazo futhi ziphakamise amakhanda azo emhlabathini endaweni ephambili ngaphambi kokushaya. Lapho usongelwa, intamo nomzimba ongaphezulu kungasheleliswa ngokuphawulekayo, kuveze isikhumba esimnyama phakathi kwezikali ezinkulu, ezicwebezelayo. Izilwane ezidla izinyoka ezingamahlosi zifaka phakathi: i-Cryptophis nigrescens (uhlobo lwenyoka enesihlungu esikhona) kanye nezinye izinyoni ezizingelayo ezifana nama-shrikes, oklebe, izinyoni ezizingelayo, ama-ibises nama-kookabaras.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kokunye kocwaningo olwenziwe esiQhingini saseKarnak, iningi lezinyoka zamahlosi lalingaboni esweni elilodwa kuma-6.7% wamacala, futhi ngamehlo womabili ku-7.0%. Lokhu kudalwe ukuhlaselwa yizidleke zezidleke. Yize kungeyona i-predation per se, yandisa ukubanjwa kwezinyoka ngabazingeli abangajwayelekile ngakho-ke kwandisa amathuba ezinye izilwane ezizibambayo.
Izinyoka ze-Tiger nazo zishushiswe kanzima ngabantu esikhathini esedlule futhi zisabulawa njalo lapho zingqubuzana. Abaningi baphinde babe yizisulu zezimoto emgwaqeni. Inyoka yengwe isebenzisa ushevu ukubhubhisa isisulu sayo futhi ingamluma umhlaseli. Ungumzingeli ohamba kancane futhi oqaphelayo ongama ngxi, ethembele ekumeni kwawo okusongelayo ekuvikeleni.
Njengezinyoka eziningi, izinyoka ezinamahloni zinamahloni ekuqaleni bese ziluhlaza futhi zihlasela njengezindlela zokugcina. Uma kwenzeka kuba nosongo, inyoka yengwe izolula intamo yayo, iphakamise ikhanda layo ukuze libukeke lisabisa ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma usongo luphikelela, inyoka ivamise ukuzishaya ngokushaya iklabhu yokuqhuma noma "ukukhonkotha" ngasikhathi sinye. Njengezinyoka eziningi, izinyoka zamahlosi ngeke zilume ngaphandle kokuthi zicasulwe.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoka yengwe
Izinyoka zaziwa ngokunyenya futhi, ngenxa yalokho, bambalwa abantu bemvelo abachazwe ngokunembile esikhathini eside esizayo. Inani le-tiger snake (scutatus) libhekwe esiqhingini saseKarnak. Kuyisiqhingi esincane sama- limestone (amahektha ayi-16) ngasogwini lwaseWestern Australia. Ukulinganiswa kwesibalo sabantu kukhombisa ukuthi ukuminyana kwezinyoka kuphakeme kakhulu, kunezinyoka ezindala ezingaphezu kwezingama-20 ehektheleni ngalinye.
Lesi siminyaminya sezilwane ezidla ezinye singachazwa ukuthi izinyoka ezindala zondla kakhulu ezinyoni ezizalela izidleke ezizalela emakoloni amakhulu eKarnak futhi zondle kwenye indawo. Izinga lonyaka lokukhuphuka kosayizi womzimba kubantu abaningi likhombisa ukutholakala okuphezulu kokudla esiqhingini. Isilinganiso sobulili sihluke kakhulu, inani labesilisa likhulu kakhulu kunenani labesifazane.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Izinga lokukhula kweBiomass lehle kakhulu kwabesifazane abadala kunabesilisa, ngenkathi izinguquko zesisindo somzimba minyaka yonke zazifana kubo bobabili ubulili, mhlawumbe. Mhlawumbe lokhu bekungenxa yezindleko zamandla eziphakeme zokuzalisa ezitholwa ngabesifazane.
Indawo yaseFlinders Ridge isengozini yokweluselwa ngokweqile, ukuvunyelwa kwendawo okuhlala kuyo, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, imililo nokulahleka kokudla. Lokhu kudlondlobala kutholakala eMount Wonderful National Park, eSouth Australia.
Ukuvikelwa kwenyoka yengwe
Isithombe: Inyoka yengwe evela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwamaxhaphozi emathafeni asogwini eNtshonalanga Australia kunciphisa kakhulu inani lalezi zinhlobo. Inani elincane eziQhingini zaseGarden naseKarnak liphephile ngenxa yendawo yalo engayodwa. Inani labantu esifundeni saseSydney lehlile, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala nokudla. Izilo ezingaba khona zihlanganisa amakati, izimpungushe nezinja, ezinomthelela enanini lezinyoka zamahlosi.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izinyoka ze-Tiger ziyizinhlobo ezivikelwe kuzo zonke izifundazwe zase-Australia, futhi ungathola inhlawulo efinyelela ku- $ 7,500 ngokubulala noma ukulimaza, kanti kwezinye izifundazwe kuboshwa izinyanga eziyi-18. Kuphambene futhi nokuthekelisa inyoka yase-Australia.
Amandla, kwesinye isikhathi abonwa njengama-subspecies ahlukile e-Notechis scutatus serventyi e-Chappell Islands, anebanga elilinganiselwe futhi abhalwe njenge-Vulnerable eTasmania yi-IUCN. Isibalo sabantu baseFrides Ridge (i-Notechis ater ater) naso sibhalwe njenge-Vulnerable (Commonwealth, IUCN).
Ukuhlasela kwamasele kamoba anobuthi kungathinta lolu hlobo, njengoba amaxoxo ayingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwenyoka. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngemithelela yalolu hlobo luyadingeka, kodwa-ke, ikakhulukazi inyoka enesimo sezulu eseningizimu futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthi ihlangane kakhulu nokusatshalaliswa koqweqwe lukamoba. Inyoka yengwe kuyisixhumanisi esibalulekile ezilwaneni zase-Australia, ezinye izinhlobo zazo ezidinga usizo oluvela ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke ukuze zilondoloze abantu bazo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: Juni 16, 2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/23/2019 ngo-18: 38
