Ukuhlangana okungalindelekile nenyoka endaweni yayo yemvelo akuyona into engavamile. Ukushayisana kusizwa yizinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, i-geography enkulu yezindawo ezihuquzelayo. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi isilwane esihuquzelayo siyingozi kangakanani, udinga ukwazi indlela yokuhlukanisa inyoka enobuthi kusuka ezinyokeni ezingenabungozi, imikhuba yokufunda.
Incazelo nezici
ERussia, phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinobuthi, kuvame ukuhlangana kaningi inyoka evamile, okuthi, ngenxa yokungavikeleki kwayo emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ayihlali nje kuphela ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho, ezimaphakathi neYurophu, kodwa nasezintabeni ezisentabeni, eSiberia, cishe. Sakhalin.
Abaningi bazwile ngobudlova, amacala okuhlaselwa yizilwane ezihuquzelayo, ngakho-ke abantu bayazithanda ibukeka kanjani inyoka nokuthi kulula yini ukuyibona phakathi kwezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezingenabungozi. Viper esithombeni okumangazayo ngokuhlukahluka kokubukeka.
Kaningi, kungakhathalekile ukuthi umbala wangemuva womzimba (ophuzi, onsundu, ompunga, onsundu), umugqa omnyama osesimweni somugqa we-zigzag ubonakala ngokusobala ogwini. Kukhona izinyoka ezimnyama, kulokhu i-zigzag ifiphele, umsila uphuzi, i-orange ngezansi. Ubunzima benyoka bungu-100-200 g, abesilisa bakhula bafike ku -60-80 cm, abesifazane banzima futhi bade ngo-10 cm.
Inhloko enomlomo oyindilinga isicabalele, isinxantathu, yehlukaniswe nomzimba nge-intercept yomlomo wesibeletho. Amapuleti angaphambili, amaparietali namakhala acinene ngombala. Izihlangu zeSupraorbital zilenga phezu kwamehlo amancane ansundu, zinika isifonyo inkulumo embi.
Abafundi abaqonde mpo njengeligi bayanweba ngokuqala kobumnyama, bagcwalise iso lonke. Ngenxa yamandla okubuka inyoka ayihlali ilambile ngemuva kokuzingelwa ebusuku. Umzimba osindayo onomsila omfishane, uthinta ngasekugcineni, umbozwe ngezikali.
Emhlathini ongenhla wenyoka kukhula imibhoshongo emibili ebukhali, lapho kuxhunyaniswa khona amapayipi wezindlala ezinobuthi. Ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa, imihlathi ivuleke kakhulu, amazinyo, abekade elele ngokuvundlile enephuzu phakathi, aqhubekele phambili. Imisipha ezungeze ama-canine ikhontrakthi ngokucijile. Ukulunywa kwenzeka ngomjovo kanyekanye wobuthi.
Izitho zangaphakathi zenyoka zihlangene, zitholakala ngokungalingani ngokulandelana. Umnkantsha wamathambo, ngokungafani nobuchopho, ukhule kahle, onquma ukuhlangana okuqondile kokuhamba kwesirhubuluzi, impendulo esheshayo ekuguqukeni kwemvelo.
Ngenxa yesakhiwo esithile sohlelo lokuphefumula, ezinyokeni, lapho esikhundleni samaphaphu angakwesobunxele athontiwe, kwakheka iphaphu elengeziwe lomgwaqo, impahla yabonakala ivuvukala engozini, ukwenza imisindo ehehayo enkulu.
Izinhlobo
Ososayensi bathole imikhaya emi-4 nezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-300 zezinyoka. Ngaphezu kokuvamile, izinhlobo ezilandelayo ezihuquzelayo zivame kakhulu futhi ziyathakazelisa ukuzitadisha:
1. IGyurza. Ubukhulu obukhulu, obufinyelela kumamitha amabili ubude, ubuthi obunobuthi obuncane kunobuthi bemfezi ngokusebenza kwayo, abufakiwe eqenjini lezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezi-viviparous. Imingcele yabesilisa ingaphezu kwaleyo yabesifazane.
Esinye isici esivelele senyoka ukubuyiselwa kwama-scute amancane ekhanda ngezikali. Umbala ungwevu ongabonakali, awukho umugqa eceleni kwegebe. Amachashazi ayabonakala ezinhlangothini, ngasogwini lwemibala ehlukahlukene ensundu. Iphethini iqala kusukela entanyeni ize iphele ekugcineni komsila. Isisu sinamachashazi, silula ukudlula ngemuva.
Izinhlobo zezinyoka eziBomvu ezihlala ezintabeni zitholakala eNyakatho Afrika, emazweni aseMpumalanga Ephakathi. ERussia, inani elincane labantu lihlala eNyakatho Caucasus Uma iqhathaniswa nenyoka ejwayelekile, igyurza ayiqaphile kangako, ivame ukuhlala eduze kwabantu.
2. Inyoka kaNikolsky. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zivamile e-Ukraine, engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia kuya e-Urals. Inyoka ithola umbala omnyama womzimba, ichopho eliphuzi lomsila ohlangothini lwangemuva lwenyoka luthatha iminyaka emithathu kuphela. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezisencane zinsundu ngomugqa omazombezombe ngemuva.
Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi inyoka emnyama - i-subspecies yenyoka ejwayelekile, kepha ngemuva kocwaningo oluningiliziwe, ososayensi bakhombe inyoka njengohlobo oluhlukile. Ezinye izazi zezilwane zisakungabaza ukunemba kwalowo mbhalo.
UViper kaNikolsky ikhula ize ifike ku-80 cm, abesilisa bancane kunabesifazane. Inyoka ibhukuda ngokushesha kunokuba ihambe emhlabeni. Izingela emini. Ngezikhathi zobungozi, ngaphezu kokuma okuqondile nokuhayiza okukhulu, ukwethusa isitha, kukhipha into enuka kabi kwizindlala ezikhethekile.
3. Inyoka yesihlahla esibi. Zipendwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okotshani, ophuzi, obomvu, izinyoka zihlala emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele ezisenkabeni nasentshonalanga ye-Afrika. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zikhula zifike ku-45-80 cm ubude.
Impilo ezihlahleni yenziwa lula ngumsila wangaphambi kokulinganisa, izikali ezinama-ribbed ezinama-ribbed. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela inyoka yesihlahla izifihla njengegatsha, igobe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwezinyoka ezinesihlungu, isihlahla esinameva, izimpondo, okuluhlaza okotshani kanye nezinyoka ezimnyama-luhlaza kuthiwa yi-arboreal.
4. Inyoka yezintaba. Isilwane esihuquzelayo sihlala engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu, i-steppe, i-step-steppe yeCaucasus, ugu lolwandle olumnyama, eningizimu yeSiberia. Ubude obujwayelekile bommeleli walezi zinhlobo ngamasentimitha angama-60. Ekhanda, kunephethini esifundeni somqhele esimnyama kunethoni yangemuva yomzimba.
Ukhakhayi luvulekile, isifonyo siphakanyisiwe emaphethelweni. Umugqa omnyama ugijima onqenqemeni lomzimba ompunga onsundu, imvamisa i-zigzag eqhubekayo, kwesinye isikhathi iba phakathi. Isisu simhlophe qwa, amachashazi. Ubuthi besirhubuluzi bunobuthi obuncane.
Inyoka yesitepe ibhukuda kahle, ishesha ukwedlula phansi lapho ihamba phakathi kwezihlahla. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zamabululu, izinambuzane zidla kakhulu ekudleni kwama-steppe. Ngokubulala izinkumbi eziningi emasimini atshaliwe, lesi silwane esihuquzelayo sisiza abalimi ukuba balondoloze izilimo zabo.
5. Ubhejane Viper. Ingxenye engenhla yomzimba wesirhubuluzi esikhanyayo, omuhle imbozwe ubujamo obuhlukahlukene bejometri, ipendwe ngemibala engu-15 ebomvu, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eluhlaza okotshani, nephuzi. Isisu simpunga ngamachashazi amnyama.
Inyoka yobhejane yathola igama layo kusuka emithonjeni emibili ebukhali ekhula ekugcineni kwesifonyo. Ubude obude bomzimba bungu-1.2 m, ubuncane bungu-0.6 m.Lolu hlobo lwenyoka luhlala kuzo zonke izingxenye ze-Afrika, ngaphandle kwalolo oluphakathi nendawo. Uncamela ukuhlala eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi, ngaphandle kokujula emahlathini.
Isimo sengqondo sokubandlulula somuntu ngenyoka yamanzi engenabungozi phakathi kwabantu abazuze leli gama i-chess viper ngenxa yokungabikho kwe-zaushin ophuzi ekhanda, isici senyoka. Empeleni inyoka etholakale emanzini iphephile. Leli qiniso liqinisekiswa ngabafundi abayindilinga okuyizinyoka ezingenabuthi. Ngezikhathi zobungozi, olumanzi luyakhala, lukhipha uketshezi olunephunga elibi, olugezwe kahle, kepha alulumi.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Inyoka yenyoka- hhayi isilwane esihuquzelayo esiyimizulane. Ifuduka okungekho ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ama-5, ikhetha indawo efanelekile yokulala ubusika bonke. Kusukela ngenyanga yokugcina yasekwindla, izilwane ezihuquzelayo bezilokhu zifuna imifantu, imigodi ehamba ngaphansi komhlaba ngamamitha ayi-2. Ekujuleni okunjalo, amazinga okushisa amahle ahlala ebusika bonke, anethezekile ngezinyoka.
Ngokushoda kwezindawo zobusika, ukuminyana kwezinyoka endaweni eyodwa kufinyelela kubantu abangamakhulu amaningana. Lapho ukutholakala kokudla kuphelile, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zihamba ibanga eli-1-2 km ngaphandle kwendawo yokuhlala unomphela, ezinendawo engekho ngaphezu kwe-100 m.
Entwasahlobo, izinyoka ziphuma emigodini yazo, zifuna umlingani ozohlangana naye. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zithanda ukuhlala elangeni eliseduze nendawo yokukhosela. Isikhathi esisele basifihla ezindaweni ezifihlekile noma ekuzingeleni. Inyoka lena ayikhasheki lapho ifuna inyamazane, kodwa icasha ngokuqamekela, ilindele isisulu ukuba sisondele kakhulu.
Inyoka ayinalo ulaka lapho kungekho lutho oluyisabisayo, kodwa ngezikhathi zengozi ize igijimele ezintweni ezingaphili ezinganyakazi. Azikwazi ukuzivikela, azisebenzi, zivame ukukhasa endaweni ecashile yesirhubuluzi ngesikhathi sokuncibilika.
Emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwengubo, isikhumba siphenduka, i-cornea yeso iba namafu. I-Molting yenzeka ngezinyoka ngezindlela ezihlukile. Uma inyoka isencane, iphilile futhi igcwele amandla, isikhumba siyavuselelwa emahoreni ambalwa. Kuthatha izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuthi izinyoka ezibuthakathaka, ezigulayo, ezindala zincibilike.
Ama-Vipers atholakala kuma-biotopes ahlukene - emahlathini, emasimini, ezimfundeni, ezindaweni ezinamanzi, emigodini yamatshe, osebeni lwamanzi, ngisho nasezindlini zasehlobo nasezakhiweni zasekhaya. Izinyoka zingabhukudi ezinhle kakhulu, ezikwazi ukuwela umfula ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu uma kunesidingo.
Njengomphumela wokugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho, ukukhishwa kwamadolo, ukubuyiswa kwamazwe angamantombazane, inani lezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, kufaka phakathi inyoka ejwayelekile, kubhalwe kuRed Data Books zamazwe omhlaba kanye nezesifunda.
Izitha zemvelo zifaka isandla ekwehleni kwabantu. Izingulube, ezingabuzweli ngokuphelele ubuthi, izimpungushe, izimpisi, ama-hedgehogs, ama-badger, ama-hedgehogs adla ezihuquzelayo. Izinyoka ziyingxenye yokudla kwezindwandwe, izinkozi, izikhova zokhozi, nonogolantethe.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukuthola ukudla, isirhubuluzi asibambi isisulu, kepha sihlasela siqamekele. Ifihlwe otshanini noma esihlahleni, inyoka ihlasela ngokushesha amagundane, amaxoxo, izibankwa. Inyoka evamile idla amaphuphu, izinyoni ezindala ze-passerine oda, zithanda ukuzitika ngamaqanda.
Uma kwenzeka kuzingelwa kungaphumeleli, izilwane ezihuquzelayo kufanele zaneliswe yizinambuzane - ama-cicadas, izintethe, amabhungane amakhulu, izimvemvane. Izinyoka azikwazi ukuhlafuna ukudla, ngakho-ke zigwinya isisulu sazo sonke, zakha i-angle evulekile emihlathini yazo.
Isirhubuluzi sidonsa umhlathi ongaphezulu kwesisulu, sisibambe ngamazinyo asezansi. Bese ededela imigqomo, adudulele omunye umhlathi phambili. Ngalokhu kuhamba, inyoka iphusha isisulu sayo ngomphimbo, isisu semisipha.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ezinyokeni zesifazane ezivuthayo, ukuvuthwa kwenzeka eminyakeni emihlanu, kozakwethu - ngabane. Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala entwasahlobo emazingeni okushisa angenhla kuka-zero amasonto ama-2-3 ngemuva kokulala ubusika.
Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, isikhathi sokukhwelana nobuningi bokuzala kukwehluka. Ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele, isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ngoMashi, insikazi izala amawundlu minyaka yonke. Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, izinyoka zivuka ezinyangeni ezi-1-2 kamuva, bese zizala ngonyaka.
Okokuqala, abesilisa bakhasa bephuma ezindaweni ezifihlekile zobusika obusika ukuze baye ezindaweni ezivulekile ezibalele. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10, kuvela abesifazane, abaseshwa ngabesilisa. Uma abesilisa ababili bethanda inyoka eyodwa, kuba nokulwa phakathi kwabo.
Ngesikhathi semidanso yesiko, izimbangi zikala amandla, zama ukucindezelana phansi, kepha gwema ukulunywa ubuthi. Izitho zangasese zowesifazane zimelelwa amaqanda amabili, owesilisa ngamasende kanye nesigaxa samasaka anezinsipho ezitholakala ngemuva kwendunu.
Ngesikhathi se-coitus, lo mbhangqwana uhlanganisiwe nemizimba, owesilisa, ecindezela isitho somzimba ngaphandle kwesikhumba, angene ku-cloaca yowesifazane. Ekupheleni kwenqubo, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zihlala zinganyakazi imizuzu eminingana, bese zikhasa ziqonde kolunye uhlangothi zingabe zisakwazi ukuxhumana.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha isilinganiso sezinyanga ezintathu, kepha kukhona okuhlukile. Isidoda sowesilisa sihlala emzimbeni wowesifazane isikhathi eside, ukukhulelwa kwenzeka lapho kuvela izimo ezinhle zangaphandle. Icala laphawulwa lapho, lapho kugcinwa izinyoka ekuthunjweni, izinyoka ezisanda kuzalwa zavela eminyakeni eyisithupha ngemuva kokukhwelana.
Inyoka le ayibekeli amaqanda, kodwa iwathwala esibelethweni. Ezinye zazo ziyancibilika, ezinye zikhula ngokuphepha. Ngemithambo yegazi yama-oviducts kamama, ngegobolondo, ukondliwa okwengeziwe kunikezwa imibungu, ekhula ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesikhupha.
Owesifazane ubeletha izingane esezivele zinoshevu enanini lezingcezu ezi-5-10. Ukubeletha, okuhlala kuze kube yizinsuku ezine, kwenzeka esihlahleni. Isirhubuluzi sizigoqa ngesiqu, sijikisa umsila waso, lapho izingane ezisanda kuzalwa ziwela phansi. Izinyoka ezincane zikhasa ngokushesha ezinhlangothini ezihlukene, zicashe otshanini obukhulu. Umzali akabambi qhaza ekondleni, ekukhuliseni kwakhe.
Izinyoka zizalwa zilingana nepensela noma zikhudlwana, zinombala wesikhumba okhanyayo kunonina. Ngemuva kwamahora noma izinsuku ezimbalwa, kwenzeka ushintsho lokuqala lwesikhumba, ngemuva kwalokho izingane zehluka kubazali bazo ngesisindo nobude kuphela. Ngaphandle kokuthi izinqolobane ezibekiwe zanele izinsuku eziyi-6, izilwane ezisencane ngemuva nje kokuncibilika zivula ukuzingela izinambuzane.
Ukuthembela ngqo esikhathini sokuphila sezinyoka, kuya ngohlobo lwazo, kwavezwa. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezincane zihlala iminyaka engu-7, ezinkulu - 15. Izinyoka ze-steppe zinesibindi eside, ezinye zazo zifa ngemuva kwe-30.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ngezinyoka:
- uma inyoka esanda kuzalwa ingenaso isikhathi sokucasha ezihlahleni, ingasebenza njengesidlo sakusihlwa somzali wayo;
- izinyoka molt kukho konke ukuphila kwazo, amawundlu kaningi kunabantu abadala ngenxa yokukhula kwawo ngokushesha;
- amaJapane, amaShayina, amaKorea abheka inyama yezinyoka njengesibiliboco, ikhambi lezifo eziningi;
- inzwa yokushisa ekhanda lenyoka, esiza ukuhamba ebusuku, iyakwazi ukuthola umehluko we-0,002 ° C;
- ezihuquzelayo zinobuthi ngokushesha emva kokuzalwa;
- izinyoka zikhipha ubuthi lapho zilunywa emacaleni angama-75 kwangu-100;
- amazinyo enyoka yase-Afrika yaseGabon akhula afike ku-3 cm;
- Abantu baseMalaysia abahlala esiqhingini sasePenang bahlonipha izinyoka njengesilwane esingcwele;
- Izinyoka ezihamba ezintabeni zihamba ngokushesha emanzini nasezihlahleni kunasemhlabeni;
- ubudlova bezinyoka buyanda ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, esiwela ngoMashi-Juni.
Amazinyo ezinyoka akhula, aguquke impilo yonke, ngendlela ehleliwe futhi uma kwenzeka ilahleka, lokhu kuvumela inyoka ukuthi ihlale ihlomile futhi ilungele ukuhlasela isisulu.
