Wake wake wezwa ngomsebenzi othakazelisayo onjengomenzi wezinyoka? Lo msebenzi wobuciko uvame ukutholakala eNdiya. Impela inyoka yombukwane, ibizwa nangokuthi imfezi yaseNdiya, imidanso nokushushuluza emisindweni emnandi yepayipi lomqeqeshi wayo onekhono, njengokungathi ubanjwe i-hypnosis. Ukubuka, yiqiniso, kuyathakazelisa, kodwa futhi akuphephile, ngoba isilwane esihuquzelayo sinobuthi kakhulu. Ake sihlolisise imikhuba, sibonise indlela yokuphila futhi sichaze izici ezihlukile zangaphandle zemfezi yaseNdiya ukuze siqonde ukuthi iyingozi futhi inolaka kangakanani.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Inyoka ekhangisiwe
Inyoka ekhanyisiwe ibizwa nangokuthi imfezi yaseNdiya. Lesi yisirhubuluzi esinobuhlungu esivela emndenini we-asp, esivela kuhlobo lwe-True Cobras. Njengazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zemfezi, elaseNdiya linamandla okududula izimbambo uma kunengozi, zakha uhlobo lwesigqoko. I-hood iyisici esiyinhloko esihlukanisa imfezi kwezinye izinyoka. Kuphela ngenyoka ekhanyisiwe, i-hood ibukeka ingajwayelekile, ngoba ingemuva ihlotshiswe ngephethini ekhanyayo, efana nesimo sezibuko, ngakho-ke isilwane esinwabuzelayo saqanjwa ngokuthi isibuko.
Imfezi yaseNdiya ihlukaniswe yaba yizinhlobonhlobo, okungahlukaniswa phakathi kwayo izinhlobo ezingaphansi zezimfezi:
- ukucula iNdiya;
- I-Asia Ephakathi;
- impumputhe;
- monocle;
- IsiTaiwan.
AmaNdiya aphatha inyoka ekhanyisiwe ngenhlonipho ejulile, kunezinkolelo eziningi nezinganekwane ngakho. Abantu bathi uBuddha uqobo unikeze imfezi ngalesi sihlobiso esithakazelisayo ku-hood. Kwenzeka ngoba imfezi yake yavula ikhabethe layo ukumboza ilanga futhi ivikele uBuddha olele ekukhanyeni okukhanyayo. Ngale nsizakalo, ubonge zonke izinyoka ezibabazekayo ngokwethula iphethini enjengesimo samasongo, angahlobisi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi enza nomsebenzi wokuvikela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho ibona iphethini ekhanyayo nengajwayelekile esigqokweni semfezi, lesi silwane esidla lubi siyadideka futhi asihlaseli inyoka yombukwane ngemuva.
Ngokuya ngobukhulu, inyoka yombukwane ingaphansi kwe-cobra yenkosi, ubude bomzimba wayo buyahluka kuye ngemitha nengxenye kuya kumamitha amabili. Lo muntu oyinyoka unobuthi kakhulu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, uyingozi. Ukulunywa yimfezi yaseNdiya kuyingozi kuzo zombili izilwane nabantu. I-toxin enobuthi, esebenza ohlelweni lwezinzwa, iholela ekukhubazekeni. Phakathi kwamazinyo amancane emfezi yaseNdiya, kuvela amazinyo amabili amakhulu, lapho kufihlwe khona umuthi onobuthi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoka yombukiso enobuthi
Sesivele sathola ubukhulu bemfezi yaseNdiya, kepha umbala wesikhumba senyoka wehlukile kancane kubantu abahlukahlukene, lokhu kunqunywa izindawo zokuthunyelwa unomphela kwesirhubuluzi.
Angaba:
- okuphuzi ngokugqamile;
- mpunga ophuzi;
- nsundu;
- mnyama.
Kwaphawulwa ukuthi ngisho nabantu abahlala eduze komunye nomunye, endaweni efanayo, banemibala ehlukahlukene. Noma kunjalo, kaningi kunezibonelo, umbala wezikali ophuzi okwesabekayo nge-sheen ethile ye-tint eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Isisu sesirhubuluzi sinombala okhanyayo grey noma ophuzi nsundu ngombala. Umbala wezilwane ezincane uhlukile kumbala wabantu abavuthiwe ngemivimbo emnyama eguqukayo emzimbeni. Njengoba zikhula, ziyaphaphatheka ngokuphelele futhi ziyanyamalala kancane kancane.
Ividiyo: Inyoka ekhangisiwe
Inhloko yenyoka ekhangisiwe inomumo oyindilinga, futhi isifonyo sayo sibuthuntu kancane. Ukushintshwa kwekhanda emzimbeni kubushelelezi, akukho notch yomlomo wesibeletho ehlukile. Amehlo esirhubuluzi amnyama, amancane ngosayizi ngabafundi abayindilinga. Kukhona izivikelo ezinkulu endaweni yekhanda. Umbhangqwana wama-canine amakhulu, anobuthi ukhula emhlathini ongenhla. Amanye amazinyo amancane atholakala kude nje nawo.
Umzimba wonke wenyoka ekhangisiwe imbozwe izikali ezibushelelezi ekuthinteni ngakho-ke zi-iridescent kancane. Umzimba omude wesirhubuluzi uphela ngomsila omncane nomude. Vele, isici esiphawuleka kakhulu umhlobiso wombukwane, kuyiphethini ekhanyayo neqhakazile yethoni ekhanyayo, ibonakala kakhulu lapho kuvulwa isigqoko semfezi ngesikhathi sengozi. Ngezikhathi ezinjalo, ukubona imfezi yaseNdiya kumangalisa kakhulu, yize kuxwayisa ngengozi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Phakathi kwamaphimpi aseNdiya kunezibonelo, ku-hood lapho kukhona isithombe sombukiso owodwa kuphela, abizwa ngokuthi i-monocle.
Ihlala kuphi inyoka yombukwane?
Isithombe: Inyoka ebukekayo eNdiya
Imfezi yaseNdiya ingumuntu ono-thermophilic, ngakho-ke ihlala ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo. Indawo yokuhlala kwayo ibanzi impela. Isuka ezindaweni zombuso waseNdiya, i-Asia Ephakathi kanye neChina eseningizimu iye eziqhingini zaseMalay Archipelago nasePhilippines. Lesi silwane esihuquzelayo siyatholakala futhi ezwenikazi lase-Afrika.
Inyoka ekhanyisiwe ingatholakala nasezikhaleni ezivulekile:
- Pakistan;
- I-Sri Lanka;
- Inhlonhlo yaseHindustan;
- Uzbekistan;
- I-Turkmenistan;
- I-Tajikistan.
Isirhubuluzi sivamise ukuthatha into ebabazekayo siye endaweni enomswakama wehlathi, futhi sihlala ezintabeni eziphakeme cishe ngamakhilomitha amabili nengxenye. E-China, imfezi yaseNdiya ivame ukutholakala emasimini elayisi. Lo muntu wenyoka akangeqisi kubantu, ngakho-ke, kaningi, uhlala eduze nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu. Kwesinye isikhathi kungabonakala emapaki asedolobheni nasezikhungweni ezizimele.
I-creeper ikhetha izindawo ezahlukahlukene zezindawo zayo zokukhosela:
- izikhala phakathi kwezimpande zezihlahla;
- izinqwaba ze-brushwood;
- amanxiwa amadala;
- itshe elinamadwala;
- imifantu enamadwala;
- imigede eyimfihlo;
- imifula ejulile;
- izindunduma zomuhlwa ezilahliwe.
Ngenyoka ekhanyisiwe, into ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni yayo ephumelelayo ukuba khona kwesimo sezulu esifudumele nesifudumele ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuhlangabezana nalesi silwane esihuquzelayo emazweni anezimo zezulu ezinzima. Ezifundazweni eziningi lapho kubhaliswa khona imfezi yaseNdiya (India, Southeast Asia), ungumuntu ohlonishwa kakhulu kubantu bendawo. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko kubangelwa izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izindawo zamathempeli amaningi amaBuddha namaHindu zihlotshiswe ngemifanekiso nangesithombe semfezi.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona inyoka yombukwane. Ake sibone ukuthi le mfezi yaseNdiya izondla ngani.
Idliwa yini inyoka yombukwane?
Isithombe: Inyoka ekhangisiwe
Imenyu ye-cobra yaseNdiya ikakhulukazi inezinhlobo zonke zezilwane ezihuquzelayo namagundane (amagundane namagundane). Ama-Amphibians (amasele, amaxoxo) nezinye izinyoni nazo zifakiwe ekudleni kwakhe. Kwesinye isikhathi isirhubuluzi esikhanyisiwe sibandakanyeka ekuchitheni izidleke (ikakhulukazi lezo zinyoni ezihlala phansi noma ezihlahleni eziphansi), zidla womabili amaqanda namachwane. Izimfene ezihlala eduze nezindawo zokuhlala abantu zingahlasela izinkukhu, onogwaja nezinye izilwane ezincane. Inyoka yombukwane yabantu abadala ingadla kalula nomvundla, iwugwinye uphelele.
Izinyoka ezihlala ezifundeni ezihlukene ziyahamba zizingela ngezikhathi ezingafani. Babheka inyamazane yabo engaba yisisulu kokubili emahlathini otshani obude, nasemhlabathini, nasezikhaleni zamanzi, ngoba bayakwazi ukubhukuda ngokuphelele. Lapho imfezi yaseNdiya isizohlasela, iphakamisa ingaphambili lomzimba wayo, ivule i-hood yayo bese iqala ngokuhayiza kakhulu. Ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa umbani, imfezi izama ukuluma okunobuthi okuhloswe kahle. Lapho ushevu uqala ukusebenza, ukhubaza isisulu, esingasakwazi ukumelana naso, futhi isilwane esihuquzelayo sigwinya kalula.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ubuthi benyoka ekhanyisiwe bunobuthi obukhulu, igremu elilodwa nje kuphela le-toxin eyingozi lanele ukubulala izinja ezincane ezingaphezu kwekhulu.
Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemenyu, inyoka yombukwane, noma kunjalo, ikhetha amagundane amancane, akha isisekelo sokudla kwawo. Ngenxa yalokhu kuyaziswa ngamaNdiya ahlanganyela kwezolimo, ngoba kuqeda izinambuzane eziningi zamagundane ezidala umonakalo omkhulu endaweni elinyiwe. Izinyoka ezibukekayo zingahamba ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside. Ngokusobala, banomswakama owenele ovela ekudleni abakutholayo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoka yombukiso enobuthi
Njengoba sekushiwo, inyoka yombukwane ayimgwemi nhlobo umuntu, ihlala eduze kwakhe. Ingaluzwa usongo nolaka, imfezi ngeke ibe ngeyokuqala ukuhlasela, kepha izokhetha ukweqa inyuke ukuze ingalimazi izinzwa zayo uqobo noma ehlangana nayo. Imvamisa, zonke izehlakalo ezibuhlungu zokulunywa nokuhlaselwa kwalo muntu ezinwabuzelayo zihlotshaniswa nokuvikelwa okuphoqelelwe kwempilo yabo, lapho umuntu uqobo eziphatha engenabungani.
AmaNdiya ayazi ukuthi inyoka yombukiso izohlukaniswa yizicukuthwane futhi ayisoze yacela inkinga. Imvamisa, ekuphonseni kokuqala, inyoka ihlasela ize, ngaphandle kokufaka ubuthi, yenza kuphela i-headbutt, esebenza njengesixwayiso ngokulungela kwayo ukuhlasela okunobuthi. Uma kwenzeka, emaminithini angamashumi amathathu alandelayo kuvela izimpawu zesimo sokudakwa:
- umuzwa wesiyezi esinzima;
- ukungaqondakali, ukudideka emicabangweni;
- ukuwohloka kokusebenzisana;
- ukwanda kobuthakathaka bemisipha;
- isicanucanu nokuhlanza.
Uma ungathululi i-antidote ekhethekile, khona-ke emva kwamahora ambalwa imisipha yenhliziyo imbozwe ukukhubazeka futhi umuntu olunywe yinyama uyafa. Umuntu angafa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, konke kuya ngokuthi kulunywe kuphi.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ngokwezibalo, ezigamekweni eziyi-1000 zokuhlaselwa ngamaphimpi aseNdiya, angama-6 kuphela agcina ngokufa, ngokusobala ngenxa yokuthi kaningi inyoka ibekelwe ukulunywa kokuqala, okuyisixwayiso, nokungenabuthi.
Isirhubuluzi esibukhali singakhuphuka kahle ezihlahleni futhi sibhukude kahle, kepha sithanda impilo yasemhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwawo wonke la makghono, inyoka ekhethekile inethalente lobuciko elingavamile, imvamisa ijabulisa ababukeli ngokunyakaza kwayo okushelelayo ngomsindo wepayipi le-fakir. Vele, iphuzu lapha alikho ekudanseni, kodwa olwazini oluhle kakhulu lwesimilo sesirhubuluzi kanye nekhono lomqeqeshi lokuqeda umbukiso ngesikhathi esifanele, ngaphambi kokuba inyoka ihlasele ngendlela ebulalayo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inyoka ekhangisiwe
Imfezi yaseNdiya ivuthwa ngokocansi ineminyaka emithathu. Isikhathi somshado salezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo singena phakathi nobusika - ngoJanuwari-Februwari. Futhi esikhathini sangoMeyi, owesifazane ulungele ukubeka amaqanda, ngoba izinyoka ezikhanyisiwe zingezilwane ezihuquzelayo ze-oviparous. Izinyoka ezikhangayo zingomama abakhathalelayo, bafuna ngokucophelela indawo yokwakha izidleke zabo, beqinisekisa ukuthi ayigcini ngokusitheka, inokwethenjelwa, kodwa futhi ifudumele.
Ngokwesilinganiso, ibamba lemfezi yaseNdiya liqukethe iqanda elilodwa kuya kwamabili, kepha kukhona okuhlukile lapho inani lamaqanda lingafinyelela izingcezu ezingama-45. Imfezi ebunjiwe eyenziwe ngesikhathi sokukhwelana ayihlukani ngokushesha ngemuva kokukhwelana. Ubaba wesikhathi esizayo uhlala nowesifazane ukuze aqaphe isidleke ndawonye ngomona kunoma yikuphi ukungena kwezilwane ezahlukahlukene ezidlayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, umbhangqwana oshadile uhlala uqaphile, kuba nolaka kakhulu nokulwa. Kungcono ungaphazamisi umndeni wezinyoka ngalesi sikhathi, ukuze kamuva ungazisoli ngemiphumela ebuhlungu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Imfezi yaseNdiya ayifukameli amaqanda njengomzala wayo wasebukhosini, kodwa iduna nensikazi zihlala ziseduze nesidleke, zihlale zibheke i-clutch.
Isikhathi sokufukamela sithatha izinyanga ezimbili nohhafu futhi sigcina ngokuchanyuselwa kwezinyoka zezingane, ubude bazo obufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-32. Izinyoka ezincane azikwazi ukubizwa ngokungenangozi, azinakho nje ukuzimela, kodwa futhi zinobuthi kusukela ekuzalweni. Izingane ngokushesha ziyakwazi ukuhambisa ngenkuthalo futhi ngokushesha zishiye isidleke sazo, ziqhubeke nokuzingela kwazo kokuqala.
Ekuqaleni, ukudla kwabo kuqukethe izibankwa noselesele abaphakathi nendawo, kancane kancane zonke izinhlobo zamagundane ziqala ukubusa kwimenyu. Amajita angabonwa ngemivimbo eguqukayo emzimbeni, enyamalala ngokuphelele njengoba ekhula. Ayikho imininingwane eqondile ngeminyaka yobudala, kepha ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, imfezi yaseNdiya ingaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20 noma engama-25, futhi ezimweni ezinhle kakhulu ingafinyelela ngisho nophawu lweminyaka engamashumi amathathu.
Izitha zemvelo zezinyoka ezikhanyisiwe
Isithombe: Inyoka ekhangayo eNdiya
Ngaphandle kokuthi i-reptile yombukwane inobuthi obukhulu, ezimweni zemvelo inezitha ezingaphikisani nokudla lo muntu onwabuzelayo oyingozi. Okokuqala, izilwane ezincane, okuyizona ezisengozini enkulu futhi ezingenakho okuhlangenwe nakho, zingathinteka. Izinyoni ezizingelayo ezinjengezinkozi ezidla izinyoka zihlasela izinyoka ezisencane ngqo emoyeni, zikwazi ukubhekana nazo kalula. Izilwane ezisencane nazo zidliwa ngobumnandi yizibankwa. ICobra cobra igxile ekudleni okulula kwezinyoka, ngakho-ke ngaphandle kwesigaxa sikanembeza ingadla isihlobo sayo esiseduze kakhulu, imfezi yaseNdiya.
Isitha esidume kabi futhi esingenankinga semfezi yaseNdiya yi-mongoose enesibindi, engenaso isivikelo esiphelele kubuthi obunoshevu benyoka, kepha umzimba wayo ukhombisa ukuzwela okubuthakathaka kobuhlungu, ngakho-ke lesi silwane esidla inyama esivela emndenini we-viverr sife kakhulu kuyaqabukela ngokulunywa yisilwane esihuquzelayo. IMongoose ithembele ekusetshenzisweni kwayo ngobuhlakani, ekushesha nasekubukekeni.
Isilwane sihlukumeza umuntu obabazekile ngokunyakaza kwakhe okusebenzayo kanye nokugxuma okungakhathali. Lapho kufika umzuzu ofanele, indoda enesibindi ebomvu enezinwele ezibomvu yenza umqhele wayo ugxume, lapho i-apogee yayo iluma inyoka entanyeni noma emuva kwekhanda, okuvela kuyo kukhasa kufe. U-Kipling wenza ukuthi i-feat ye-mongoose enesibindi uRiki-Tiki-Tavi emsebenzini wakhe. Kodwa walwa lapho nomndeni wezimfezi zaseNdiya (iNagaina neNag). AmaMongoose awabulali izilwane ezihuquzelayo uqobo, kepha avamise ukuchitha izindawo zawo ngokudla amaqanda enyoka. Ngaphezu kwama-mongoose, ama-meerkats nawo azingela inyoka yombukwane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoka yombukiso eyingozi
Isibalo semfezi yaseNdiya sithonywe kakhulu yizinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi yabantu. Inani lalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo lincipha kancane kancane, yize kungekho ukweqa okubukhali maqondana nokwehla. Okokuqala, ukulinywa komhlaba wamasimu nokuhlala izindawo zokwakha izindawo zokuhlala kwabantu kuthinta kabi impilo yalezi zinyoka. Umuntu ugudluza umuntu wenyoka ezindaweni zayo ezejwayelekile zokubeka, ngakho-ke kuyaphoqeleka ukuthi ihlale eduze nendawo yokuhlala abantu.
Izimfene zibanjwa ukuze kukhishwe ubuthi bazo obubalulekile, obusetshenziselwa izinjongo zezokwelapha nezimonyo. Isetshenziselwa ukwakha i-serum ejojelwe ukulunywa yinyoka. Imfezi yaseNdiya ivame ukuhlupheka ngenxa yesikhumba sayo esihle, esisetshenziselwa ukuthunga imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ye-haberdashery. Emazweni ahlukahlukene ase-Asia, inyama ye-cobra ibhekwa njengezibiliboco ezibizayo; ivame ukudliwa ezindaweni zokudlela, kuphekwa izitsha eziningi ezahlukene. Zonke lezi zinto zibuthinta kabi ubungako benyoka ebabazekayo.
Kuze kube muva nje, inyoka yombukwane ibingabekeki engozini, kepha ukushushiswa kwayo ngenxa yesikhumba sayo esiyigugu kwanda, okwanciphisa inani layo. Ngenxa yalokho, imfezi yaseNdiya yaba ngaphansi kwesivumelwano i-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
Unogada wenyoka obukiwe
Isithombe: Inyoka ekhangisiwe evela eBomvu Incwadi
Njengoba kwenzeka, isimo ngenani le-cobra yaseNdiya asisihle neze. Inani lezilwane ezihuquzelayo lincipha kancane kancane ngenxa yezenzo zabantu ezinonya, ezilimaza kakhulu hhayi kuphela inyoka ebabazekayo. Manje i-cobra yaseNdiya (inyoka yombukwane) iwela ngaphansi kwesivumelwano se-International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, lesi silwane esihuquzelayo sinqatshelwe ukuthekelisa ngaphandle kwamazwe esihlala kuwo ngenhloso yokuqhubeka nokuthengisa.
Kukhulunywe ngaye phambilini ukuthi izinhlobo eziningana zifakiwe kuhlobo lweReal Cobras noma izinyoka ezibabazekayo, enye yazo iCobra yaseCentral Asia, ethathwa njengezinhlobo ezingavikelekile kakhulu futhi ezingaphansi kokuvikelwa.Uhlupheka, okokuqala, ngenxa yokwehliswa kwezindawo zakhe zokuhlala unomphela. Phambilini inyoka ibibhalwe encwadini ebomvu ye-USSR. Ngemuva kokuwa kwayo, izimfene zaseCentral Asia zafakwa kwiRed Data Books yase-Uzbekistan naseTurkmenistan. Ensimini yala mazwe, izinqolobane zenziwe lapho kuvikelwa khona isilwane esihuquzelayo.
Kusukela ngo-1986 kuya ku-1994, lolu hlobo lwe-cobra yaseNdiya lwalufakwa ohlwini lwe-International Red Book njengengcuphe. Njengamanje ibhalwe kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN njengohlobo lwesilwane esingakatholakali isimo salo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi alukho ucwaningo olwenziwe ngamanani alo kusukela eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye yamaGoth futhi akukho datha ethembekile ngalesi silinganiso.
Sengiphetha, ngithanda ukuqaphela ukuthi kumaNdiya inyoka yombukwane noma imfezi yaseNdiya iyigugu lesizwe. Abantu bomdabu benza imali enhle ngokuqoqa izixuku zabavakashi abanomdlandla ababambe ongezansi ngomdanso wokulutha we-cobra. ENdiya nakwamanye amazwe ase-Asia, lesi silwane esihuquzelayo siyahlonishwa futhi sithathwa njengengcwele. Inyoka ebabazekayo iletha inzuzo enkulu kwezolimo, ukudla amagundane ezinambuzane.
Uma ukhumbula ngesimilo sakhe esihle, esivezwa iqiniso lokuthi ukuhlasela ngaphandle kwesizathu inyoka yombukwane ngeke iqale futhi ihlale njalo ixwayisa abahlukumezi, khona-ke umbono walo muntu muhle kuphela.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 11.06.2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 09/23/2019 ngo-0: 05
