Ushaka mako ibukeka isabisa futhi isabisa ngisho nokuqhathanisa nabanye oshaka abaningi, futhi ngesizathu esizwakalayo - impela ingenye yezinto eziyingozi kakhulu kubantu. UMako uyakwazi ukuhambisa izikebhe, agxume aphume emanzini, futhi ahudule abantu naye. Kepha lokhu kukhulisa kuphela intshisekelo yabadobi kuye: kuhlonipheke kakhulu ukubamba inhlanzi enjalo esabekayo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Shark Mako
UMako (Isurus) - omunye wohlu lomndeni we-herring, nezihlobo eziseduze zikashaka omhlophe odumile - isilwane esikhulu esidume ngokuhlaselwa kwabantu.
Okhokho baboshaka babebhukuda olwandle lweplanethi yethu kudala ngaphambi kwama-dinosaurs - esikhathini samaSilurian. Izinhlanzi zasendulo ezidlayo ezinjenge-cladoselachia, ama-gibode, ama-stetakanths nezinye ziyaziwa - yize kungatholakali kahle ukuthi yikuphi kubo okwadala oshaka banamuhla.
Ngesikhathi seJurassic, bafinyelela esikhathini sabo sokuzalwa, kwavela izinhlobo eziningi, esevele ehlobene noshaka. Kwakungalezi zikhathi lapho izinhlanzi, ezithathwa njengokhokho oqondile weMako - Isurus hastilus, zavela khona. Kwakungenye yezidalwa zasolwandle ezazibusa kakhulu esikhathini seCretaceous futhi seqa inzalo yaso ngosayizi - sakhula safinyelela kumamitha ayi-6 ubude, isisindo saso sasingafinyelela kumathani amathathu.
Ividiyo: Shark Mako
Inezici ezifanayo nemako yanamuhla - inhlanganisela yejubane, amandla nokuhamba kahle yenza le nhlanzi ibe ngumzingeli oncomekayo, futhi phakathi kwezidlakudla ezinkulu, cishe akekho noyedwa ozibeka engcupheni yokuyihlasela. Ezinhlotsheni zesimanje, i-Isurus oxyrinchus, eyaziwa nje ngokuthi uMako shark, ngokuyinhloko ingeyohlobo lweMako. Incazelo yesayensi yena wayithola ngo-1810 emsebenzini kaRafenesque.
Futhi, i-paucus yezinhlobo ingeyohlobo lwe-Isurus, okungukuthi, i-mako enomsila omude, echazwe ngo-1966 nguGuitar Mandey. Kwesinye isikhathi uhlobo lwesithathu luyahlukaniswa - i-glaucus, kepha umbuzo wokuthi ukubhekwa njengohlobo oluhlukile usengaphikiswa yini. I-mako enomphetho omude yehlukile kunaleyo ejwayelekile ngoba ithanda ukuhlala eduze nolwandle futhi ayikwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Mako shark emanzini
Ama-makos angamamitha angu-2.5-3.5 ubude, amakhulu kunawo angaphezu kwamamitha amane. Isisindo singafinyelela kuma-300-450 kilograms. Ikhanda liyindilinga, ngokulingana nomzimba, kodwa amehlo makhulu kakhulu kunokujwayelekile koshaka, kungawo ukuthi i-mako ingahlukaniswa kalula.
Ngemuva kumnyama, kungaba mpunga noma okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izinhlangothi ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokugqamile. Isisu sikhanya kakhulu, sicishe sibe mhlophe. Umzimba uhlanjululwe futhi wahlulwa njenge-torpedo - ngenxa yalokhu, i-mako ingagijimisa isivinini esifinyelela ku-60-70 km / h, futhi uma idinga ukubamba inyamazane iyisukele isikhathi eside impela, iyakwazi ukugcina ijubane ku-35 km / h.
Inamaphiko anamandla: umsila osesimweni senhlendla uhlinzeka ngesethi esheshayo yejubane, futhi etholakala ngemuva nasesiswini iyadingeka ukuyihambisa, futhi ikuvumela ukuthi ukwenze kahle kakhulu. Amaphiko emhlane ahlukile ngosayizi: eyodwa enkulu, eyesibili, isondele emsileni, ingxenye incane.
Izikali zomzimba eziguquguqukayo zinika iMako amandla okuzwa kahle ukugeleza kwamanzi nokuhamba kuyo, noma ngabe amanzi enamafu. Ngaphezu kwejubane elikhulu, nazo ziyakwazi ukuhanjiswa: kuthatha isikhathi ukuthi lo shaka ashintshe indlela noma aphendukele kolunye uhlangothi.
Amazinyo agobile emlonyeni, ama-incisors abukeka njengezinkemba futhi abukhali kakhulu, lapho i-mako ingadla khona ngamathambo. Futhi, ukuma kwamazinyo kukuvumela ukuthi ubambe ngokuqinile isisulu, noma ngabe siphuma kanjani. Lokhu ngumehluko phakathi kwamazinyo kamako nalawo anikwe ngawo ushaka omhlophe: udwengula inyamazane ibe yizicucu, kanti imako ijwayele ukuwugwinya uphelele.
Amazinyo akhula emigqeni eminingana, kepha kusetshenziswa eyangaphambili kuphela, futhi konke okunye kuyadingeka uma kwenzeka kulahleka amazinyo kuwo, noma ngabe umlomo we-mako uvaliwe, amazinyo ayo ayabonakala, okwenza ukuthi kubukeke kuyingozi kakhulu.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-mako shark ibukeka kanjani. Ake sithole ukuthi itholakala kuziphi izilwandle nezilwandle.
Uhlala kuphi umaki shark?
Isithombe: UMako Shark oyingozi
Ungahlangana nabo ezilwandle ezintathu:
- Ukuthula;
- I-Atlantic;
- Indiya.
Bathanda amanzi afudumele, anquma imingcele yebanga labo: linabela ezilwandle ezilele ezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezindawo ezishisayo, futhi ngokwengxenye kulabo abasezingeni elipholile.
Enyakatho, bangabhukuda baye ogwini lwaseCanada oLwandle i-Atlantic noma e-Aleutian Islands ePacific, kepha kuyaqabukela ubathole kuze kube manje enyakatho. UMako ubhukuda ebangeni elingasenyakatho uma kunezinhlanzi eziningi ezinenkemba - lokhu kungenye yezibiliboco abazithandayo, ngenxa yokuthi amanzi abandayo angabekezelelwa. Kepha ukuze baphile ngokunethezeka, badinga izinga lokushisa elingu-16 C °.
Eningizimu, kunezilwandle eziwasha i-Argentina neChile, kanye nogu oluseningizimu ye-Australia. Kunamakhosi amaningi entshonalanga yeMedithera - okukholakala ukuthi ingesinye sezindawo zawo ezinkulu zokuzalela, ezikhethwe ngoba zimbalwa izilwane ezidla ezinye. Enye indawo enjalo enokwethenjelwa iseduze nogu lwaseBrazil.
Imvamisa amakosi ahlala kude nolwandle - athanda isikhala. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi bayasondela - ngokwesibonelo, lapho kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuthola ukudla okwanele. Kukhona inyamazane ethe xaxa eduze nogu, noma ngabe kuyinto engavamile kakhulu kwimako. Futhi ubhukuda uye ogwini ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Endaweni esogwini, imako iba yingozi kakhulu kubantu: uma abanye oshaka abaningi besaba ukuhlasela futhi banganqikaza isikhathi eside ngaphambi kwalokhu, ukuze babonwe, abanye bahlasele ngephutha kuphela, esimweni sezulu esibi, khona-ke ama-makos awanqikazi nakancane futhi awenzi nika umuntu isikhathi sokuphunyuka.
Abathandi ukubhukuda baye ekujuleni okukhulu - njengomthetho, abahlali ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-150 ukusuka ebusweni, imvamisa imitha engama-30-80. Kepha bathambekele ekufudukeni: imako ikwazi ukubhukuda izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ifune izindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokondla nokuzalanisa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: IMako yaziswa kakhulu ngabadobi njengendebe, hhayi kuphela ngenxa yobukhulu bayo nobungozi bayo, kodwa futhi ngoba ilwa kuze kube sekugcineni, futhi kuzothatha isikhathi esiningi nomzamo ukuyikhipha. Uqala ukugxuma, enze ama-zigzags, ahlole ukunaka kwabadobi, ayeke ukuhamba futhi aphinde adonse ngokucijile umugqa. Ekugcineni, angavele amjahe ngamazinyo akhe enkemba.
Yini edliwa yimako shark?
Isithombe: Shark Mako ovela eRed Book
Isisekelo sokudla kwakhe:
- i-swordfish;
- i-tuna;
- umbumbulu;
- i-herring;
- amahlengethwa;
- oshaka abancane, kufaka phakathi amanye ama-makos;
- ingwane;
- izimfudu;
- isidumbu.
Okokuqala nje, izingela izinhlanzi zesikole ezinkulu neziphakathi nendawo. Kepha imako idinga inani elikhulu lamandla, ngakho-ke ilambile cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngakho-ke ohlwini oluzoba yisisulu sayo ngeke ikhawulelwe - lezi yizisulu ezikhethwayo kuphela. Ngokuvamile, noma isiphi isidalwa esiphilayo esiseduze naso sisengozini.
Futhi ibanga ngeke libe yisithiyo uma imako inuka igazi - njengabanye oshaka abaningi, ibamba iphunga lencane layo kusuka kude, bese igijimela emthonjeni. Ukufuna njalo inyamazane, amandla nejubane kuqinisekisile inkazimulo yeMako njengenye yezilwane eziyingozi kakhulu ezilwandle ezifudumele.
Bangakwazi ukuhlasela inyamazane enkulu, kwesinye isikhathi ifaniswe neyabo. Kepha ukuzingela okunjalo kuyingozi: uma phakathi nesikhathi saso i-mako ilimala futhi iba buthakathaka, igazi layo lizoheha abanye oshaka, kubandakanya izihlobo, futhi ngeke bame emkhosini nalo, kepha bazohlasela badle.
Ngokuvamile, imenyu ye-mako ingafaka cishe noma yini ongayidla. Banelukuluku lokwazi, futhi kaningi bazama ukuluma into engajwayelekile ukuthola nje ukuthi inambitheka kanjani. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezingadliwayo zivame ukutholakala esiswini sabo, imvamisa ezivela ezikebheni: izimpahla zikaphethiloli neziqukathi zalo, ukubhekana nazo, izinsimbi zomculo. Iphinda idle nesidumbu. Ingalandela imikhumbi emikhulu isikhathi eside, idle udoti olahlwe kuyo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umbhali omkhulu u-Ernest Hemingway wayazi kahle kakhulu lokho abhala ngakho ku-The Old Man and the Sea: yena ngokwakhe wayengumdobi okhuthele futhi wake wakwazi ukubamba imako enesisindo esingama-350 kilograms - ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyirekhodi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Shark Mako
IMako ayingaphansi koshaka omkhulu omhlophe okomeleni igazi, futhi iyedlula ngisho nayo - ayaziwa kangako ngoba ayivamile kakhulu ngasogwini, futhi ayihlangani nabantu kaningi. Kepha noma kunjalo, wazakhela udumo: UMako uyakwazi ukuzingela ababhukudi futhi ahlasele nezikebhe.
Agqame ngamandla awo okugxumela phezulu aphume emanzini: ayakwazi ukweqa amamitha ama-3 ngaphezu kwezinga lawo, noma nangaphezulu. Ukweqa okunjalo kuyingozi enkulu esikebheni sokudoba: imvamisa intshisekelo kashaka kuso idonswa iphunga legazi lenhlanzi ebanjiwe. Akesabi abantu futhi uyakwazi ukuhlanganyela ekulweleni lesi silwane futhi, uma isikebhe sincane, ngokunokwenzeka sizosiguqula nje.
Lokhu kukwenza kube usongo olukhulu kubadobi abajwayelekile, kepha isici esinjalo seMako siyathandeka kubathandi bokudoba ngokweqile, okuhloswe ngakho nje ukusibamba: impela, udinga isikebhe esikhulu, futhi ukusebenza kusazoba yingozi, kepha ezindaweni lapho oshaka abanjalo bagxila khona akunzima.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, unephunga elihle kakhulu, futhi uzizwa izisulu zisekude, futhi uma igazi lingena emanzini, imako iheha ngokushesha. Uphakathi kokuyingozi koshaka: ngokwesibalo esiphelele sezisulu kuphansi kunezinye izinhlobo eziningana, kepha kuphela ngenxa yokuthi kuyaqabukela kusondele ogwini, ngokolaka bangabokuqala.
Uma imako ibonwa eduze nogu, imvamisa amabhishi ayavalwa ngokushesha, ngoba iba yingozi kakhulu - kuze kufike isikhathi lapho izobanjwa khona, noma ukubukeka kwayo kuyeke, okungukuthi, izobhukuda ihambe. Ukuziphatha kwemako kwesinye isikhathi kuyamane kuhlanye: angahlasela hhayi kuphela emanzini, kepha ngisho nasemuntwini omi ngasogwini, uma ekwazi ukubhukuda asondele.
Olwandle oluvulekile, izikebhe zemako ziguqula izikebhe, zidudule abadobi zibasuse bese zibabulala vele emanzini, noma zikhombise nezimangaliso zobukhazikhazi, ukweqa emanzini nokubamba umuntu lapho endiza phezu kwesikebhe - amacala amaningi anjalo achaziwe.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Shark Mako emanzini
Imvamisa zitholakala ngamunye ngamunye, zihlangana ngamaqembu kuphela ngezikhathi zokukhwelana. Kukhona nezimo ezaziwayo zokuhlaselwa yizikole zohlobo lwe-mako sharks zabantu abayishumi nambili - kepha nokho lokho kuziphatha kubhekwa njengokungajwayelekile. Bangakwazi ukuhlangana ndawonye ngenqwaba yokudla, futhi noma kunjalo iqembu ngeke lihlale lingaguquki, ngemuva kwesikhashana lizobola.
Ama-Ovoviviparous, gazinga aqanduselwa emaqanda ngqo esibelethweni sikamama. Imibungu ayondli kusuka ku-placenta, kodwa kusuka esikhwameni se-yolk. Ngemuva kwalokho, baqala ukudla lawo maqanda, izakhamizi zawo ezingenanhlanhla ukufika sekwephuzile ngokuvela. Amafry awagcini kulokhu bese aqala ukudlana, ngenkathi ekhula futhi ethuthuka ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Njengomphumela wokukhetha okunjalo okuqinile, ngisho nangaphambi kokuzalwa, izinyanga eziyi-16-18 ngemuva kokukhulelwa, kusele oshaka abaphakathi kuka-6-12, abanakho konke okudingekayo ukuze baphile. Zivele zikhule ngokuphelele, zinamandla futhi zinemizwelo yesilwane esizelwe. Konke lokhu kuzosiza, ngoba kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala kuzodingeka bathole ukudla bebodwa - umama ngeke aze acabange nokubondla.
Lokhu kusebenza nasekuvikelweni - ushaka obeletha ushiya inzalo yakhe emseni wokudalelwa, futhi uma ihlangana nayo futhi ngesonto noma amabili, izozama ukuyidla. Amanye ama-mako, abanye oshaka, nezinye izidalwa eziningi bazozama ukwenza okufanayo - ngoba oshaka banenkinga enzima, kusiza kuphela ijubane nokuqina.
Akuwona wonke umuntu osindiswayo: uma i-mako eyodwa yazo zonke izinzalo isinda ebudaleni, lokhu sekuvele kungukuthuthuka okuhle kwemicimbi. Iqiniso ukuthi azikhuli ngokushesha okukhulu: kuthatha iminyaka engu-7-8 yesilisa ukufinyelela eminyakeni yokuthomba, nowesifazane okuningi kakhulu - iminyaka eyi-16-18. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umjikelezo wokuzala wabesifazane uhlala iminyaka emithathu, yingakho, uma inani labantu lilimele, khona-ke ukululama kuzoba nzima kakhulu.
Izitha zemvelo zoshaka oshaka
Isithombe: UMako Shark Oyingozi
Kubantu abadala, cishe azikho izitha eziyingozi emvelweni, yize kuliwa nabanye oshaka, imvamisa yezinhlobo ezifanayo, kungenzeka. Le ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke kwi-mako, njengoba ubuzimuzimu benziwa cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zoshaka. Imikhomo ebulalayo noma izingwenya nakho kungaba yingozi kubo, kepha ukulwa phakathi kwabo akuvamile.
Kubantu abakhulayo, kunezinsongo eziningi kakhulu: ekuqaleni, cishe noma yimuphi umhlaseli omkhulu angabazingela. IMako encane isivele iyingozi kakhulu, kepha inzuzo yayo enkulu ize ikhule ijubane nokuqina - imvamisa kufanele izisindise.
Kepha isitha esiyinhloko sabo bobabili abasha nabadala mako ngumuntu. Zithathwa njengendebe ebucayi, futhi ukudoba kuzo kuvame ukujabulisa. Kangangokuthi lokhu kuthathwa njengesizathu esiyinhloko sokwehla kwesibalo sabantu babo: abadobi basebenzisa ithuba lokuthi imako kulula ukuyenga.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Inyama yeMako ibhekwa kakhulu futhi idliwa ezindaweni zokudlela e-Asia nase-Oceania. Ungayipheka ngezindlela ezahlukene: thumba, gazinga, isitshulu, somile. Ama-steak ama-Shark aziwa kakhulu futhi inyama yemako ingenye yezinqumo ezingcono kakhulu kubo.
Kubhakwa ku-breadcrumbs, kuphekwe nesosi yamakhowe, kwenziwa ophaya, kufakwe kumasaladi futhi kuvunyelwe nokudla okusemathinini, futhi isobho lenziwa nge-fin - ngamagama, kunezindlela eziningi zokusebenzisa inyama yemako.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Shark Mako ovela eRed Book
Abantu abathathu bahlukaniswa yizilwandle: i-Atlantic, i-Indo-Pacific neNyakatho-mpumalanga yePacific - laba ababili bokugcina bahluke ngokusobala esimweni samazinyo. Usayizi wesibalo ngasinye wabantu awusungulwanga ngezinga elanele lokuthembeka.
Imako ibijwayele ukudotshwa: imihlathi namazinyo, kanye nesikhumba sayo, kubhekwa njengokubalulekile. Inyama isetshenziselwa ukudla. Kodwa-ke, zazingakaze zibe phakathi kwezinto eziyinhloko zokudoba, futhi azizange zihlupheke kakhulu ngakho. Inkinga enkulu ukuthi zivame ukuba yizisulu zokudoba kwezemidlalo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, lo shaki ubanjwa ngenkuthalo, okuholela ekwehleni kwesibalo sabantu, ngoba uzala kancane. Ochwepheshe baqaphela ukuthi ngokuqhubeka kwamandla okushintsha kwamanje, ukwehla kwesilinganiso sabantu kuya kokucindezelayo kuyindaba yesikhathi esizayo esiseduze, khona-ke kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukuyibuyisa.
Ngakho-ke, kwathathwa izinyathelo: okokuqala, ama-mako afakwa kuhlu lwezinhlobo ezisengozini yokulwa - ngo-2007 babelwa isimo sezinhlobo ezisengozini (VU). ILongtip mako bathole isimo esifanayo, njengoba inani labo labantu lisongelwa ngokufanayo.
Lokhu akuzange kube nomthelela omkhulu - emthethweni wamazwe amaningi kule minyaka edlule kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, akukho mingcele eqinile ekubambeni ama-mako evelile, futhi inani labantu laqhubeka nokwehla. Ku-2019, zombili lezi zinhlobo zadluliselwa endaweni esengozini (EN), okufanele iqinisekise ukuqedwa kokubanjwa kwazo nokubuyiselwa kwabantu.
Ukuvikelwa koshaka iMako
Isithombe: Shark Mako
Ngaphambilini, ama-makos abengavikelekile ngokomthetho: noma ngabe esevele kwiRed Book, yidlanzana kuphela lamazwe elenza imizamo yokunciphisa ukubamba kwawo. Isimo esitholwe ngo-2019 sisho ukuvikelwa okubucayi kakhulu kunakuqala, kepha kuzothatha isikhathi ukwenza izindlela ezintsha.
Vele, akulula kangako ukuchaza ukuthi kungani kudingeka ukuvikela i-mako - lezi zilwane eziyizidlova eziyingozi ezidala umonakalo omkhulu ekudobeni kwezimboni. Kepha zingenye yezinhlobo ezithwala umsebenzi obalulekile wokulawula imvelo yasolwandle, futhi ngokudla izinhlanzi ezigulayo nezibuthakathaka kuqala, zisiza ekukhetheni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Igama elithi Mako uqobo livela olimini lwesiMaori - abantu bomdabu baseziqhingini zaseNew Zealand. Kungasho zombili izinhlobo zikashaka nabo bonke oshaka bebonke, ngisho namazinyo oshaka. Iqiniso ngukuthi amaMaori, njengabanye bomdabu abaningi base-Oceania, banesimo esikhethekile maqondana nemako.
Izinkolelo zabo ziphoqeleka ukuba zinikeze ingxenye yokubamba - ukwenza umhlatshelo ukuze kuvikelwe ulaka lonkulunkulu. Uma lokhu kungenziwanga, uzozibonakalisa engushaka: uzokweqa uphume emanzini bese uhudula umuntu noma ujike isikebhe - futhi lokhu ngokuyinhloko kuyisici semako.Kodwa-ke, yize izakhamizi zase-Oceania zazisaba imako, zazisazizingela, njengoba kufakazelwa ngamazinyo kamako asetshenziswa njengezinto zokuhloba.
Oshaka bakwaMako bayaphawuleka ngesakhiwo nokuziphatha kwabo, ngoba kuhluke kakhulu kwabamele ezinye izinhlobo - baziphatha ngolaka kakhulu. Kodwa ngisho nezidalwa ezinamandla nezesabekayo zacishe zaqothulwa ngabantu, ngakho-ke manje kuyadingeka ukwethula izindlela zokuzivikela, ngoba nazo ziyadingeka ngemvelo futhi zenza imisebenzi ewusizo kuyo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 22.09.2019 ngo-23: 29
