Imfene - uhlobo lwezinkawu ezivela emndenini we-hominid. Kubandakanya izinhlobo ezimbili: izimfene ezivamile neze-pygmy (aka bonobos). Lezi zinkawu ziyakwazi ukubonisa imizwa efana kakhulu nemizwa yabantu, zingabazisa ubuhle nobubele - futhi ngasikhathi sinye zilwe, zizingele ababuthakathaka ukuze bazijabulise futhi zidle izihlobo zazo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Shimpanzee
Ngokuya ngocwaningo lwe-DNA, okhokho bezimfene nabantu bahlukana eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-6 eyedlule - futhi lokhu kubenza babe yizihlobo ezisondelene, ngoba ukuhlukaniswa kwamanye ama-hominid kwenzeka phambilini. Ukuqondana kwe-genome kufinyelela ku-98.7%, kuningi ukufana komzimba - ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu egazi ezimfene ahambelana nabantu. Igazi leBonobo lingafakwa ngisho nakubantu.
Ividiyo: Shimpanzee
Ngemuva kokwehlukaniswa, okhokho bezimfene baqhubeka nokuvela - njengoba kwasungulwa yiqembu lososayensi baseChina abaholwa nguJianzhi Zhang, ukuziphendukela kwabo kwakushesha kakhulu, futhi abantu abaningi bakhukhuleka besuka kokhokho babo. Incazelo yesayensi negama lezimfene zesiLatini ezitholwe ngo-1799 emsebenzini wesazi semvelo saseJalimane uJohann Blumensbach. AmaBonobos, yize ayaziwa kusukela endulo, ahlukaniswa njengezinhlobo ezihlukile kamuva - ngu-Ernst Schwartz ngo-1929.
Isikhathi eside, babengafundiswanga kahle, ngoba ososayensi bahlola kuphela abantu ababethunjiwe. Lokhu kunikeze umbono omuhle wokwakheka kwezimfene, kepha akwanele ngokuziphatha kwabo nangesakhiwo senhlalo, futhi lezi zihloko zabacwaninga abanentshisekelo kuzo. Intuthuko yokuqala enkulu kulokhu yenziwa nguJane Goodall, obefunda lezi zinkawu ngokwemvelo iminyaka eminingi kusukela ngo-1960.
Ukungathembeki kwezilwane kwakunzima ukunqoba, kwathatha izinyanga ukujwayela abantu, kepha umphumela wedlula okulindelwe - isakhiwo senhlalo sezimfene sasingakaze sibonakale esimweni sanamuhla.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Imfene yezilwane
Umzimba wemfene umbozwe izinwele ezimnyama nsundu. Akukho kuphela eminweni, ebusweni nasethanjeni lomsila. Lesi sakamuva sinelukuluku lokwazi, ngoba izimfene ezincane zinezinwele ezimhlophe ku-coccyx wazo, futhi ukulahleka kwazo kukhuluma ngokuvuthwa komuntu.
Kungokuba khona noma ukungabikho kwezinwele lapho izinkawu uqobo zinquma ukuthi ngabe ingane iphambi kwazo noma umuntu omdala. Abantu abangakakhuli kubo bayaxolelwa imigilingwane eyahlukahlukene, kuncane kakhulu okudingekayo kubo - ngakho-ke, ababambiqhaza ekulweni phakathi kwamaqembu. Ezimfeneni ezivuthiwe ngokobulili, umbala wesikhumba nawo uyashintsha - kusuka kupinki uye komnyama.
I-dimorphism yezocansi ikhonjiswa ngokungafani ngosayizi nesisindo. Abesilisa bakhula bafike ku-150-160 cm, abesifazane kuze kufike ku-120-130, kanti isisindo sisuka ku-55-75 kuya ku-35-55 kg, ngokulandelana. Ekuboneni kokuqala, kuyamangaza ukuthi izimfene zinemihlathi enamandla - ziphumela phambili, amazinyo anamandla agqamile. Kodwa ikhala lazo lincane futhi liyisicaba. Isimo sobuso sithuthukiswe kahle, futhi izimfene zisebenzisa ngenkuthalo lapho zixhumana, kanye nokushukuma komzimba, imisindo. Bangamamatheka.
Inhloko inkulu kakhulu, kepha kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-cranium ayinalutho uhhafu - ngokwesibonelo, umuntu akanaso isikhala samahhala kuyo. Ubuchopho be-chimpanzee buphansi kakhulu ngevolumu ebuchosheni bomuntu, abenzi ngaphezu kwe-25-30% yabo.
Imilenze yangemuva neyangemuva icishe ilingane ngobude. Isithupha siphikisana nakho konke - lokhu kusho ukuthi izimfene ziyakwazi ukuphatha izinto ezincane. Njengabantu, izimfene zinendlela eyodwa yesikhumba ezintendeni zezandla, okungukuthi, kungenzeka ukuthi zihlukaniswe yizo.
Lapho behamba, abahambanga entendeni, kodwa ezincomeni zeminwe. Njengoba zingaphansi kwabantu ngosayizi, izimfene zinemisipha ekhule kahle, ngenxa yokuthi ziphakeme ngamandla. Izimfene zohlobo lwePygmy, nazo zingamabhonobos, zicishe zilingane nezingejwayelekile, futhi zenza ukubonakala nje kube sengathi zincane kakhulu. Agqame ngezindebe ezibomvu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimfene zinezindlela zokwenza imisindo eminingi ehlukene, kepha ngisho nezisekelo zenkulumo yomuntu ngeke zikwazi ukuzifundisa, ngoba abantu bakhuluma ngokuhogela futhi bayakhipha.
Zihlalaphi izimfene?
Isithombe: Imfene imfene
Zitholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-Afrika, ngaphandle kwethiphu yasenyakatho naseningizimu. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi uhla lwezimfene lubanzi, indawo okuhlala kuyo incishiswe kakhulu ngezizathu eziningi. Lezi zinkawu zihlala emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi lapho zanda ngokwengeziwe, ziba ngcono, ngoba zidinga ukudla okuningi. Izimfene ezivamile, nakuba zitholakala kakhulu emahlathini anomswakama, nazo zitholakala ezindaweni ezingama-savanna ezomile, ezingenakushiwo ngama-bonobos.
Izindawo zokuhlala ze-subspecies zanamuhla ziyahlukahluka kakhulu:
- okuhlala e-Equatorial Africa - eCongo, eCameroon nakwamanye amazwe angomakhelwane;
- Izimfene ezisentshonalanga, njengoba igama lisho, zihlala ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga yezwekazi, nasenyakatho yazo, ezisogwini;
- ububanzi be-subspecies vellerosus buhlangana kancane nendawo okuhlala kuyo, kepha buphansi kakhulu endaweni. Ungahlangana nabamele le subspecies eCameroon noma eNigeria;
- Izinkawu iSchweinfurth (schweinfurthii) zihlala empumalanga yezihlobo zazo - ezindaweni ezisukela eSouth Sudan enyakatho ziye eTanzania naseZambia eningizimu. Kumephu, uhla lwazo lubukeka lubanzi impela, kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi ziningi zazo - zihlala ezindaweni ezincane, ezivame ukuqhela kakhulu, futhi ezindaweni eziningi ezisebangeni umuntu angahle angayitholi imfene eyodwa;
- Ekugcineni, ama-bonobos ahlala emahlathini aphakathi kwemifula iCongo neLualab - indawo abahlala kuyo incane kakhulu.
Idlani imfene?
Isithombe: IChimpanzee Ejwayelekile
Yidla kokubili ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane. Ngokuvamile, imenyu yabo ifaka phakathi:
- iziqu namaqabunga;
- izithelo;
- amaqanda ezinyoni;
- izinambuzane;
- uju;
- inhlanzi;
- izimbaza.
Izimfene nazo zingadla izimpande, kepha azizithandi, ngaphandle kwezinye, futhi zizisebenzise kuphela uma kungekho ukukhetha. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukudla kwezilwane kuyingxenye yokudla kwezinkawu njalo, futhi ngosuku olungavamile kufanele bakwenze kuphela ukudla kwezitshalo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi abasebenzeli ekudleni kwezilwane njalo, kepha ekwindla kuphela, lapho inani lokudla kwezitshalo ezitholakalayo lincipha.
Imvamisa babandakanyeka ekuqoqeni, bezungeza isifunda befuna ukudla, bakhumbule ama-groove akhiqiza kakhulu, futhi benze umzila wansuku zonke ukuze ubadlule kuqala. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi bangahlela ukuzingela, imvamisa ngezinkawu noma i-colobus - kwenziwa iqembu futhi kuhlelwa kusengaphambili.
Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, isisulu sizungezwe, bese kuthi abesilisa abakhulu baqedele inqubo ngokugibela esihlahleni basibulale. Ngaphezu kwezinkawu ezincane, ingulube yasendle ingaba yisisulu, imvamisa isencane - iyingozi kakhulu ukuzingela izingulube ezindala. AmaBonobos akenzi ukuzingela okuhlelekile, kepha kwesinye isikhathi angabamba izinkawu ezincane.
Bangakuthola ukudla ngezinye izindlela, kufaka phakathi ukusebenzisa amaqhinga ahlukahlukene nezindlela ezithuthukisiwe: ngokwesibonelo, bathatha utshani bese behlisa kube indlwana, bese bekhotha izintuthwane ezingene kubo, noma bahlukanise amagobolondo ngamatshe ukuze baye ezingxenyeni ezithambile zama-mollusks.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izimfene zinokusetshenziswa okuningi kwamaqabunga - zimboza izidleke ngazo, zenze izambulela ngazo ukuvikela emvuleni, ziziphephethe njengabalandeli ekushiseni, futhi zize zizisebenzise njengephepha langasese.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-chimpanzee primate
Bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi ezihlahleni. Ziyehla njalo, futhi azizizwa zikhululekile phansi, ngoba kungezansi ukuthi zisongelwa kakhulu yizilwane ezizingelayo. Isizathu esikhulu sokuthi behle phansi ukuya emgodini wokunisela. Bahamba emhlabathini ngemilenze emine, ukuhamba okuqondile kuvamile ezimfeneni kuphela ekuthunjweni.
Ngqo emagatsheni amakhulu, bahlela izidleke, nazo ezakhiwe ngamagatsha namahlamvu. Balala kuphela ezidlekeni. Bayakwazi ukubhukuda, kepha abakuthandi kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile bakhetha ukungamanzisi uboya babo futhi.
Benza kakhulu ukudla futhi bayakufuna - kuthatha iningi losuku. Konke kwenziwa kancane, futhi ukuphela kwento ephazamisa ukuthula eqenjini ukuvela kwezitha - lezi kungaba yizilwane ezidlayo, abantu, izimfene ezinenzondo. Ngokubona usongo, izinkawu ziqala ukukhala kakhulu ukuze zixwayise wonke umuntu ngengozi bese zidida umhlaseli.
Bona uqobo bangakhombisa indlela yokuziphatha ehluke kakhulu: kusuka ekuthandeni izimbali - lezi yizilwane ezingavamile lapho into enjalo ibhaliswe khona, futhi isiza amawundlu amakati ashiywe ngaphandle komama, ekubulaleni nasekudleni izihlobo, ukuzingela izinkawu ezincane ukuzijabulisa.
Izimfene zihlakaniphile futhi zikwazi ukufunda ngokushesha, futhi uma zihlala zibona abantu, zisebenzisa imikhuba yazo namasu azo. Ngenxa yalokhu, lezi zinkawu zingafundiswa ngezenzo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: ngokwesibonelo, usosayensi waseFrance wekhulu le-18 uGeorges-Louis Buffon wafundisa izimfene imikhuba nemisebenzi yenceku, futhi waziphakela yena nezivakashi zakhe etafuleni. Enye inkawu eqeqeshiwe yayibhukuda emkhunjini futhi yayazi ukwenza imisebenzi esemqoka yetilosi - ukulawula oseyili nokushisa isitofu.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izimfene zingafundiswa ulimi lwezandla - ziyakwazi ukufunda ukuthinta okungamakhulu amaningana futhi zixhumane kahle ngosizo lwazo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Baby Chimpanzee
Izimfene zihlala ngamaqembu, okukhona kuzo abantu abayishumi nambili - imvamisa abekho ngaphezu kwama-30. Iqembu ngalinye elinjalo linomholi. Uqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhleleka kugcinwa ngaphakathi kweqembu, isigaba sabaphathi siyahlonishwa, futhi izingxabano eziphakathi kwezinye izimfene ziyaxazululwa. Abaholi besilisa kulula ukubabona ngaphandle, bazama ngazo zonke izindlela ukubukeka bekhudlwana, beziphahlaza izinwele. Bonke abanye bakhombisa inhlonipho kubo ngazo zonke izindlela.
Umehluko ophawulekayo kuma-gorilla: umholi weqembu imvamisa akayena umuntu onamandla kunabo bonke, kodwa onobuqili kunabo bonke. Ngaphezulu kunendima yobudlelwano ngaphakathi kweqembu, futhi imvamisa umholi unabaningana abasondelene, uhlobo lonogada abagcina bonke abancintisana nabo bebenza futhi balalele.
Ngakho-ke, izinga lokuhleleka kwezimfene liphakeme kunalelo lezinye izinkawu ezinkulu. Uma ososayensi bephikisana ngokuthi yiziphi izinkawu ezihlakaniphe kakhulu - ama-orangutan, izimfene, noma ngisho nama-gorilla, khona-ke umbuzo onjalo ngeke uyiqale inhlangano yezenhlalo - izimfene ziseduze kakhulu nokwakha uhlobo lwe-proto-umphakathi.
Uma umholi eguga kakhulu noma elimala, kuvela omunye ngokushesha endaweni yakhe. Isigaba sabaphathi esihlukile sakhelwe abesifazane - phakathi kwabo kukhona abesilisa abaningana abathola ukunakwa okuyinhloko nokudla okumnandi kakhulu. Imvamisa kuba ngabesifazane abaphambili abakhetha umholi weqembu lonke, futhi uma-ke engabajabulisi ngokuthile, bashintshela kwelinye. Esigabeni sabesifazane, isikhundla esiphakeme kakhulu ezimweni eziningi sidluliselwa ezinganeni.
Eqenjini, izinkawu zikuthola kulula ukuzingela nokuvikela inzalo, futhi nazo ziyafunda komunye nomunye. Ngokuya ngocwaningo, izimfene ezinesizungu aziphilile njengalezo eziseqenjini, zine-metabolism ehamba kancane kanye nesifiso esibi kakhulu. Abesilisa banolaka ngokwengeziwe, abesifazane bahlukaniswa ngokuthula kwabo, babonakala ngemizwa efana nozwelo lomuntu - ngokwesibonelo, kwesinye isikhathi babelana ngokudla nezihlobo ezilimele noma ezigulayo, banakekele amawundlu abanye abantu. Lapho uxhumana nabantu, abesifazane balalela kakhulu, banamathele kakhulu.
Asikho isikhathi esithile sokuzala - singenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Ngemuva kokuqala kwe-estrus, abalingani besifazane nabesilisa abaningana abavela eqenjini. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyi-7.5, ngemuva kwalokho ingane ivele. Uqale angabi namandla okusiza. Ijazi layo liyingcosana futhi likhanya, ngobudala liyaqina liya liba mnyama.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Omama bezinkawu bawanakekela kakhulu amawundlu abo, bahlale bewanakekela, bewathwala emhlane baze bafunde ukuhamba - okungukuthi, cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha.
Bondla izimfene ezincane kuze kube yiminyaka emithathu ubudala, futhi noma lesi sikhathi sesiphelile, bayaqhubeka nokuhlala nomama babo eminye iminyaka eminingana, bayabavikela futhi babasekele ngazo zonke izindlela. Ngeminyaka eyi-8-10, izimfene zingena ebusheni. Impilo yabo ngokwesilinganiso yinde kakhulu kunaleyo yezinye izinkawu ezinkulu - zingafinyelela eminyakeni engama-50 noma engama-60.
Izitha zemvelo zezimfene
Isithombe: Shimpanzee
Abanye bezilwane zase-Afrika badla izimfene. Kepha kwabaningi, azizona ezinye zezinto eziyinhloko zokuzingela, ngoba zihlala ezihlahleni futhi azivamile ukutholakala phansi endaweni esengozini. Ngenkathi abantu abasha bengabanjwa yizilwane ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi abadala basongelwa yizingwe. Lezi zinsimbi ziqinile futhi ziyashesha, zihlanganiswe kahle futhi zihlala zingabonakali. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, bayakwazi ukugibela ezihlahleni, futhi banobungcweti kangangokuba bangabulala izimfene ngqo kubo.
Lapho ingwe ihlasela, izinkawu zingaphunyuka kuphela ngosizo lwezenzo zeqembu lonke: ziqala ukumemeza kakhulu, zibize izihlobo zisize. Uma labo abaseduzane, nabo bephakamisa ukukhala okukhulu, bezama ukwethusa ingwe, baphonse amagatsha kuyo. Yize izimfene zingasakwazi ukumphikisa, kepha imizwa yesilwane esimweni esinjalo iyamphoqa ukuthi ahlehle inyamazane.
Izimfene zivame ukushayisana zodwa - kungubutha obungenakuqhathaniswa obungenye yezimbangela ezivame kakhulu zokufa kwabo. Esinye seziqephu ezinje zachazwa ngokuningiliziwe nguJane Goodall: "impi" phakathi kwalezi zingxenye ezimbili zeqembu elake lahlukana selilokhu liqhubeka kusukela ngo-1974 iminyaka emine.
Ekuqhubekeni kwayo, zombili izinhlangothi zisebenzise ubuqili, zabamba izitha ngamunye ngamunye, ngemuva kwalokho bazibulala bazidla. Ingxabano yaphela ngokuqothulwa ngokuphelele kweqembu elincane. Ngemuva kwalokho, abanqobi bazama ukuthatha indawo yesitha, kepha babhekana nelinye iqembu futhi baphoqeleka ukuba bahlehle.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Izinkawu zezimfene
Kokubili izimfene namabhonasi afakwe ohlwini lweRed Book futhi anesimo sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokushabalala ye-EN. Vele, bazala ngokuphumelelayo ekuthunjweni, kepha umsebenzi wokuzigcina endle ubukeka unzima kakhulu - inani lezimfene zasendle lehla unyaka nonyaka.
Kwezinye izindawo, ukwehla kubalulekile - ngokwesibonelo, eCôte d'Ivoire, emashumini ambalwa nje eminyaka, inani labo lehle izikhathi eziyishumi. Lokhu kwenziwa lula umsebenzi wabantu kanye nobhadane oluqubuka phakathi kwezinkawu. Isibonelo, i-Ebola fever eyaziwayo inciphise inani labo cishe ngama-30%.
Ngenxa yalokho, inani lezimfene endle liyancipha. Izilinganiso zamanje zobuningi zisukela kubantu abayi-160,000 kuya kwabangu-320,000. Azihlali ngokuhlangana, kepha zihlakazeke eningi le-Afrika ezindaweni ezincane, futhi ingxenye enkulu yazo isongelwa ngokubhujiswa okuphelele.
AmaBonobos mancane kakhulu: inani lawo eliphelele, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, lisukela ku-30,000 kuya ku-50,000 ngokuthambekela okucacile kokunciphisa - kwehla ngo-2-3% ngonyaka. Isibalo sezimfene sehle kakhulu eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, kungaba nesilinganiso esibi kakhulu, kodwa noma kunjalo, abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi babehlala endle. Mhlawumbe ngisho nesigidi esingu-1.5-2.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Izimfene zisebenzisa ngenkuthalo izindlela ezithuthukisiwe ukwenza impilo ibe lula, futhi zize zizenzele amathuluzi. Imisebenzi yabo ihlukahlukene - kusuka ekumbeni izimbobo zokuqongelela amanzi kuye ekucijeni amagatsha, ngenxa yalokho okutholwa imikhonto eyehlukile kubo. Badlulisela lokho okutholwa kusizukulwane esizayo, isizwe siqoqa ulwazi kancane kancane futhi sithuthuke. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ucwaningo oluningiliziwe lokuziphatha okunjalo luzocacisa inkambo yenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu.
Ukuvikelwa kweChimpanzee
Isithombe: Incwadi Ebomvu YeChimpanzee
Njengoba izimfene zibhalwe kuRed Book, zingaphansi kokuvikelwa. Kepha empeleni, emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika ahlala kuwo, akukho mzamo omncane wokuwavikela.Vele, indlela yokwenza ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene yehlukile, futhi kwenye indawo kugcinwa izindawo zokulondolozwa kwemvelo neziteshi zosizo, kuqiniswa umthetho wokulwa nabazingeli abazingela ngokungemthetho.
Kepha nalawa mazwe awanakukwazi ukusebenzisa imali enkulu emisebenzini yokongiwa kwemvelo ukuvikela izilwane ngempumelelo, kufaka phakathi izimfene. Futhi cishe akukho lutho olwenziwa nhlobo, futhi izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke kuphela ezibandakanya ukuvikelwa kwezilwane.
Minyaka yonke, izimfene eziningi eziye zahlupheka ngabantu ziwela eziteshini zokuhlenga ezihlelwe yibo: kunezinkulungwane zezinkawu. Ukube bekungekho okwenzelwe ukuvuselelwa kwabo, inani eliphelele lezimfene e-Afrika belizobe selibucayi.
Kumele sivume ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwezimfene akwanele, nokuqothulwa kwabo kuyaqhubeka: zombili aziqondile, ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yabo yimpucuko eqhubekayo, futhi eqondile, okungukuthi, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho. Kuze kuthathwe izinyathelo ezihlelekile nezikhulu zokuvikela, izimfene zizoqhubeka nokufa.
Imfene Ingenye yezinhlobo zezilwane ezithakazelisa kakhulu zocwaningo. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ososayensi bakhangwa ukwakheka kwabo nokuziphatha kwabo, ngezindlela eziningi kufana kakhulu nokwabantu. Kepha ngocwaningo, okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukulondolozwa kwabo endle - futhi kuze kube manje imizamo eyenziwayo yalokhu ayanele.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 04/27/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-23: 13
