Isidlakela inkalankala yesicabucabu Yinhlobo enkulu kunazo zonke ezaziwayo futhi ingaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-100. Igama lesiJapane lale nhlobo lingu-taka-ashi-gani, elihumusha ngokoqobo ngokuthi "inkalankala enemilenze emide." Igobolondo lalo elixubekile lihlangana nolwandle olunamadwala. Ukuze ithuthukise ukukhohlisa, inkalankala ihlobisa igobolondo layo ngezipanji nezinye izilwane. Yize lezi zidalwa zithusa abaningi ngokubukeka kwazo njenge-arachnid, kuseseyisimangaliso esimangazayo nesithokozisayo esifihlwe olwandle olujulile.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Isicabucabu se-Crab
Inkalankala yaseJapan (タ カ ア シ ガ ニ noma "inkalankala yemilenze"), noma iMacrocheira kaempferi, iyinhlobo yenkalankala yasolwandle ehlala emanzini azungeze iJapan. Inemilenze emide kunanoma iyiphi i-arthropod. Kwezokudoba futhi kubhekwa njengesibiliboco. Kutholwe izinhlobo ezimbili zezinsalela zohlobo olufanayo, i-ginzanensis ne-yabei, zombili esikhathini seMiocene eJapan.
Ividiyo: I-Spider Crab
Kwakunempikiswano enkulu ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo ezisuselwa kwizibungu nakubantu abadala. Abanye ososayensi bayayisekela imfundiso yomndeni ohlukile walezi zinhlobo futhi bakholelwa ukuthi kudingeka olunye ucwaningo. Namuhla le nhlobo ukuphela kwelungu elaziwayo leMacrocheira, futhi ithathwa njengenye yezindlela zokuqala zeMajidae. Ngalesi sizathu, kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi izinsalela eziphilayo.
Ngaphezu kohlobo olulodwa olukhona, izinsalela eziningi ziyaziwa ukuthi ezake zaba zohlobo lweMacrocheira:
- IMacrocheira sp. - Ukwakhiwa kwePliocene Takanabe, eJapane;
- M. ginzanensis - Uhlobo lwe-Miocene lwe-ginzan, Japan;
- M. Yabei - Yonekawa Miocene Formation, Japan;
- M. teglandi - Oligocene, empumalanga yeTwin River, eWashington, e-USA.
Isigaxa sesicabucabu saqala ukuchazwa ngo-1836 nguCohenraad Jacob Temminck ngaphansi kwegama elithi Maja kaempferi, esuselwa ezintweni ezivela kuPhilip von Siebold ezaziqoqwe eduzane nesiqhingi saseDejima. I-epithet ethile yanikezwa inkumbulo ka-Engelbert Kaempfer, isazi semvelo esivela eJalimane esasihlala eJapan kusukela ngo-1690 kuya ku-1692. Ngo-1839, lolu hlobo lwafakwa endaweni entsha, iMacrocheira.
Le subgenus yenyuselwa ezingeni lohlobo ngo-1886 ngu-Edward J. Myers. Inkalakatha yesicabucabu (M. kaempferi) yawela emndenini wase-Inachidae, kepha ayihambisani kahle naleli qembu, futhi kungadingeka ukwakha umndeni omusha kuphela wohlobo lweMacrocheira.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Isicabucabu se-crab yezilwane
Inkalankala enkulu yaseJapan, nakuba ingeyona enzima kunazo zonke emhlabeni ongaphansi kwamanzi, iyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke eyaziwa njenge-arthropod. I-carapace ebalulwe kahle ingamasentimitha angama-40 kuphela ubude, kodwa ubude babantu abadala bungaba cishe amamitha ama-5 ukusuka esihlokweni esisodwa se-heliped (uzipho ngamazipho) kuye kolunye lapho seluliwe. Igobolondo linomumo oyindilinga, futhi eduze kwekhanda limise okwamapheya. Yonke inkalankala inesisindo esifinyelela ku-19 kg - isibili ilandelwa yi-lobster yaseMelika phakathi kwawo wonke ama-arthropods aphilayo.
Abesifazane banesisu esibanzi kodwa esincanyana kunesabesilisa. Amaqhuqhuva amancanyana nafushane (ukukhula) amboza i-carapace, esukela ku-orange omnyama kuye kobunsundu ngokukhanyayo. Ayinayo imibala engaqondakali futhi ayikwazi ukushintsha umbala. Ukuqhubeka kwe-carapace ekhanda kunezinsipho ezimbili ezincanyana eziphuma phakathi kwamehlo.
I-carapace ivame ukuhlala isayizi ofanayo phakathi nokuba mdala, kepha izinzipho zinde kakhulu njengoba iminyaka yenkalankala. Izinkalankala zesicabucabu zaziwa ngokuba nemilenze emide, ezacile. Njenge-carapace, nawo awolintshi, kepha angaba namabala: anezindawo zombili ziwolintshi nomhlophe. Izingcwecwe zokuhamba ziphela ngezingxenye ezihamba ngaphakathi ezigobekile ekugcineni kwethambo lokuhamba. Zisiza isidalwa sikhuphuke futhi sinamathele emadwaleni, kodwa ungavumeli isidalwa ukuthi siphakamise noma sithathe izinto.
Kwabesilisa abadala, ama-helipeds made kakhulu kunanoma imiphi imilenze yokuhamba, kuyilapho izingalo zesokudla nezesobunxele ezithwala izingcwecwe zama-helipeds zilingana ngokulingana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abesifazane banama-heliped amafushane kunezinye izitho zokuhamba. I-Merus (umlenze ophezulu) mude kancani kunentende (umlenze oqukethe ingxenye engaguquki yozipho), kepha iyafana nokuma.
Yize imilenze emide ivame ukuba buthakathaka. Ucwaningo oluthile lwabika ukuthi cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zalezi zinkalankala zilahlekile okungenani isitho esisodwa, imvamisa imilenze yazo yokuqala yokuhamba. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izitho zinde futhi azixhumene kahle nomzimba futhi zivame ukuphuma ngenxa yezilwane ezidla ezinye namanetha. Izinkalankala zesicabucabu zingaphila uma kunemilenze emi-3 yokuhamba. Imilenze yokuhamba ingakhula ibuye ngesikhathi se-molts ejwayelekile.
Ihlala kuphi inkalankala yesicabucabu?
Isithombe: Inkalankala yaseJapan
Indawo yokuhlala yomdondoshiya wase-Japan i-arthropod ilinganiselwe ohlangothini lwePacific lweziqhingi zaseJapan iHonshu ukusuka eTokyo Bay kuya eKafoshima Prefecture, imvamisa kububanzi obuphakathi kuka-30 no-40 degrees latitude latitude. Imvamisa zitholakala emachwebeni eSagami, eSuruga naseTosa, kanye nasogwini lwenhlonhlo yaseKii.
Inkalankala yatholakala eningizimu yeSu-ao empumalanga yeTaiwan. Lokhu kungenzeka kube umcimbi ongahleliwe. Kungenzeka ukuthi umkhombe wokudoba noma isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu sisize laba bantu bathuthela eningizimu kakhulu kunebanga labo lasekhaya.
Izinkalankala zaseJapane isicabucabu zivame ukuhlala phansi enhlabathini enamatshe eshalofini lasezwenikazi ekujuleni okungafika kumamitha angama-300. Bathanda ukucasha emigodini nasemigodini ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle. Izintandokazi zethempelesha azaziwa, kepha izinkalankala zesicabucabu zivame ukubonwa ekujuleni kwama-300m eSuruga Bay, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lizungeze u-10 ° C.
Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlangana nenkalankala yesicabucabu ngoba izulazula ekujuleni kolwandle. Ngokuya ngocwaningo ezindaweni zasemanzini zomphakathi, izinkalankala zesicabucabu zingakwazi ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa okungenani angama-6-16 ° C, kepha izinga lokushisa elinethezekile lika-10-13 ° C. Abancane bavame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezingajulile ezinamazinga okushisa aphezulu.
Idliwa yini inkalankala yesicabucabu?
Isithombe: I-Big crab spider
IMacrocheira kaempferi yisidlakudla esisebenzisa omnivorous esidla zombili izinto zezitshalo nezingxenye zezilwane. Akasona isilwane esidlayo. Ngokuvamile, la ma-crustaceans amakhulu avame ukungazingeli, kodwa ukukhasa nokuqoqa izinto ezifile nezibolile ngasolwandle. Ngokwemvelo yabo, bayizidambisi.
Ukudla kwenkalankala yesicabucabu kufaka:
- inhlanzi encane;
- isidumbu;
- ama-crustaceans asemanzini;
- ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle;
- izimila zasolwandle;
- i-macroalgae;
- i-detritus.
Kwesinye isikhathi kudliwa ulwelwe kanye ne-shellfish ephilayo. Yize izinkalankala ezinkulu zesicabucabu zihamba kancane, ziyakwazi ukuzingela izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezincane zasolwandle ezingazibamba kalula. Abanye abantu bathatha izitshalo ezibolayo no-algae kusuka olwandle, namanye amagobolondo avulekile ama-molluscs.
Ezinsukwini zakudala, amatilosi axoxa izindaba ezethusayo ngokuthi inkalankala yesicabucabu esabekayo yahudula kanjani itilosi ngaphansi kwamanzi futhi yazitika ekujuleni kolwandle enyameni yayo. Lokhu kuthathwa njengokungelona iqiniso, yize kungenzeka ukuthi esinye salezi zinkalankala singazitika ngesidumbu setilosi elaminze phambilini. I-crustacean ithambile emvelweni yize ibukeka inolaka.
Inkalankala yaziwa amaJapane isikhathi eside ngenxa yomonakalo engawenza ngezinzipho zayo eziqinile. Kuvame ukubanjelwa ukudla futhi kubhekwa njengesibiliboco ezindaweni eziningi zaseJapan nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Sea crab spider
Izinkalankala zezidalwa zesicabucabu izidalwa ezolile ezisebenzisa kakhulu izinsuku zazo zifuna ukudla. Zizulazula olwandle, zihamba kalula emadwaleni nasemabhampini. Kepha lesi silwane sasolwandle asikwazi ukubhukuda nhlobo. Izinkalankala zesicabucabu zisebenzisa uzipho lwazo ukuklebhula izinto bese lizinamathisela kumagobolondo azo. Lapho zikhula, zikhula ubukhulu bazo. Le nkalankala yesicabucabu ichitha amagobolondo ayo, kuthi emisha ikhule ngisho nangaphezulu ngokuguga.
Enye yezinkalankala ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezake zabanjwa yayineminyaka engamashumi amane kuphela ubudala, ngakho-ke akekho owaziyo ukuthi zingaba usayizi onjani lapho zifinyelela eminyakeni eyikhulu ubudala!
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngokuxhumana kwenkalankala yesicabucabu komunye nomunye. Imvamisa baqoqa ukudla bodwa, futhi kunokuxhumana okuncane phakathi kwamalungu ale nhlobo, noma ngabe ehlukanisiwe nasemanzini. Njengoba lezi zinkalankala zingabazingeli abakhuthele futhi zingenazo izidliwayo eziningi, amasistimu azo wezinzwa awacijile njengalawo amanye ama-decapod amaningi esifundeni esifanayo. ESuruga Bay ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-300, lapho izinga lokushisa lingaba ngu-10 ° C, kungatholakala abantu abadala kuphela.
Izinhlobonhlobo zaseJapan izinkalankala ziseqenjini lezinkalankala ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-decorator crabs. Lezi zinkalankala zibizwa kanjalo ngoba ziqoqa izinto ezahlukahlukene endaweni yazo futhi zimboze amagobolondo azo ngazo ukuze zifihle noma zivikele.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Isicabucabu esibomvu esibomvu
Eminyakeni eyi-10 ubudala, inkalankala yesicabucabu iyavuthwa ngokocansi. Umthetho waseJapan unqabela abadobi ukuthi babambe uM. Kaempferi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kusuka ngoJanuwari kuya ku-Ephreli, ukuze kulondolozwe abantu bemvelo futhi kuvumele lolu hlobo luzale. Izinkalankala ezinkulu zihlangana kanye ngonyaka, ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izinkalankala zichitha isikhathi sabo esiningi emanzini angajulile cishe ngamamitha angama-50 ukujula. Insikazi izalela amaqanda ayisigidi nesigamu.
Ngesikhathi sokufukamela, abesifazane bathwala amaqanda emhlane nasemzimbeni ophansi baze bachanyuselwe. Umama usebenzisa imilenze yakhe yangemuva ukunyakazisa amanzi ukuze anikeze amaqanda umoya-mpilo. Ngemuva kokuthi amaqanda achanyuselwe, imizwa yabazali isuke ingekho, futhi izibungu ziyekelwa isiphetho sazo.
Izinkalankala zabesifazane zibeka amaqanda avundisiwe anamathiselwe ezithweni zawo zesisu kuze kube yilapho izibungu ezincane zeplanktonic ziqubuka khona. Ukukhula kwezibungu ze-planktonic kuncike ekushiseni futhi kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-54 kuya kwezingama-72 ngo-12-15 ° C. Ngesikhathi sesibungu, izinkalankala ezincane azifani nabazali bazo. Zincane futhi zisobala, zinomzimba oyindilinga, ongenamlenze okhukhuka njengeplankton ngaphezulu kolwandle.
Lezi zinhlobo zidlula ezigabeni eziningana zokukhula. Ngesikhathi se-molt yokuqala, izibungu zikhukhuleka kancane ziye olwandle. Lapho, amawundlu agijimela ezindaweni ezehlukene aze achofoze ameva egobolondweni lawo. Lokhu kuvumela ama-cuticles ukuba ahambe aze akhululeke.
Izinga lokushisa elihle lokukhulisa zonke izigaba zezibungu ngu-15-18 ° C, kanti izinga lokusinda lingama-11-20 ° C. Izigaba zokuqala zezibungu zingalandelwa ekujuleni okungajulile, bese kuthi abantu abakhulayo bathuthele emanzini ajulile. Izinga lokushisa lokusinda lalezi zinhlobo liphakeme kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zama-decapod esifundeni.
Elabhorethri, ngaphasi kobujamo obukhulako bokulunga, ama-75% kwaphela asinda esigabeni sokuqala. Kuzo zonke izigaba ezilandelayo zokukhula, inani lamachwane asindile lehla laya cishe ku-33%.
Izitha zemvelo zenkalankala yesicabucabu
Isithombe: I-Giant Japanese Spider Crab
Inkalankala yesicabucabu esidala inkulu ngokwanele ukuba nezilwane ezimbalwa ezidlayo. Uhlala ekujuleni, nakho okuthinta ezokuphepha. Abantu abasha bazama ukuhlobisa amagobolondo abo ngezipanji, ulwelwe, noma ezinye izinto ezifanele ukufihlwa. Kodwa-ke, abantu abadala abavamile ukusebenzisa le ndlela ngoba usayizi wabo omkhulu ugcina iningi lezilwane ezizingelayo zingahlaseli.
Yize izinkalankala zihamba kancane, zisebenzisa uzipho lwazo ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. I-exoskeleton ephethe izikhali isiza isilwane ukuthi sivikele ezilwaneni ezinkulu. Kepha noma lezi zinkalankala zinkulu, kusamele ziqaphele umhlaseli wesikhathi esithile njenge-octopus. Ngakho-ke, badinga ukuyifihla kahle imizimba yabo emikhulu kahle. Benza lokhu ngezipanji, i-kelp nezinye izinto. Igobolondo labo elinamabala futhi elingalingani libukeka kakhulu njengedwala noma ingxenye yolwandle.
Abadobi baseJapan bayaqhubeka nokubamba izinkalankala zesicabucabu, yize izibalo zabo zehla. Ososayensi besaba ukuthi inani labantu kungenzeka lehle kakhulu eminyakeni engama-40 edlule. Imvamisa ezilwaneni, kukhulu, isikhathi eside siphila. Bheka nje indlovu, engaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-70, negundane, eliphila ngokwesilinganiso esifinyelela eminyakeni emibili. Futhi njengoba inkalankala ifika ebusheni sekwephuzile sekwephuzile, kunethuba lokuthi izobanjwa ingakafiki kuyo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Crab spider and man
IMacrocheira kaempferi iyi-crustacean ewusizo kakhulu futhi ebalulekile kumasiko aseJapan. Lezi zinkalankala zivame ukunikezwa njengomuthi wokwelapha ngezikhathi ezithile zokudoba futhi zidliwa zombili ziluhlaza futhi ziphekiwe. Ngenxa yokuthi imilenze yenkalankala yesicabucabu mide kakhulu, abacwaningi bavame ukusebenzisa imisipha evela emilenzeni njengesifundo sokufunda. Kwezinye izingxenye zeJapane, kuyisiko ukuthatha nokuhlobisa igobolondo lesilwane.
Ngenxa yobumnene bezinkalankala, izicabucabu zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni zasemanzini. Kuyaqabukela bahlangane nabantu, futhi izinzipho zabo ezibuthakathaka azinabungozi. Kunemininingwane enganele ngesimo kanye nenani lenkalankala yesicabucabu saseJapan. Ukubanjwa kwalolu hlobo lwehle kakhulu eminyakeni engama-40 edlule. Abanye abacwaningi baphakamise indlela yokubuyisela okubandakanya ukugcwalisa isitoko ngezinkalankala ezisencane ezifuyiwe.
Ingqikithi yamathani angama-24.7 aqoqwa ngonyaka we-1976, kodwa kuphela amathani ayi-3.2 ngo-1985. Indawo yokudoba igxile eSuruga. Izinkalankala zibanjwa zisebenzisa amanetha amancane okudoba. Abantu banciphile ngenxa yokudoba ngokweqile, bephoqa abadobi ukuthi bathuthele indawo yabo yokudoba baye emanzini ajulile ukuthola nokubamba isibiliboco esibizayo. Ukuqoqa izinkalankala akuvunyelwe entwasahlobo lapho ziqala ukuzala emanzini angajulile. Kwenziwa imizamo eminingi manje yokuvikela lolu hlobo. Usayizi omaphakathi wabantu ababanjwa ngabadobi njengamanje u-1-1.2 m.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 28.04.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 07
