INambat - i-marsupial eyingqayizivele evela e-Australia. Lezi zilwane ezinhle nezihlekisayo zilingana nosikwele. Kepha yize bancane, bayakwazi ukwelula ulimi lwabo uhhafu wobude bomzimba wabo, obenza bakwazi ukuzitika ngomuhlwa, okuyisisekelo sokudla kwabo. Yize ama-nambats aphakathi kwama-marsupials, awanaso isikhwama semifantu. Amawundlu amancane aphethwe yizinwele ezinde ezisontekile esiswini sikamama.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Nambat
INambat yaqala ukwaziwa ngabantu baseYurophu ngo-1831. I-marsupial anteater yatholwa yiqembu labacwaningi abaya e-Avon Valley ngaphansi kobuholi bukaRobert Dale. Babona isilwane esihle, okwathi ekuqaleni sabakhumbuza ingwejeje. Kodwa-ke, njengoba beyibambile, baqiniseka ukuthi kwakuyidlanzana eliphuzi elincane elinemithambo emnyama nokumhlophe ngemuva.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukwahlukaniswa kokuqala kwashicilelwa nguGeorge Robert Waterhouse, owachaza lolu hlobo ngo-1836. Futhi umndeni weMyrmecobius flaviatus wawufakwe engxenyeni yokuqala ye-John Gould's Mammals of Australia, eyashicilelwa ngo-1845, nemifanekiso kaH. Richter.
I-nambat yase-Australia, iMyrmecobius flaviatus, iyona kuphela i-marsupial eyondla cishe kuphela umuhlwa futhi ihlala kuphela ekusatshalalisweni komuhlwa. Izigidi zeminyaka zalokhu kuguqulwa kuholele kuzici ezihlukile ze-morphological and anatomical, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezimpawu zamazinyo ezenza kube nzima ukubona ukuzibandakanya okucacile kwe-phylogenetic namanye ama-marsupials.
Kusuka ekuhlaziyweni kokulandelana kwe-DNA, umndeni wakwaMyrmecobiidae ubekwa ku-marsupial dasyuromorph, kepha isikhundla ngqo siyahlukahluka kuye ngokufunda. Ukuhluka kweMyrmecobius kubonakala hhayi kuphela emikhubeni yabo ehlukile yokudla, kodwa futhi nasezimweni zabo ezikude ze-phylogenetic.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Isilwane saseNambat
INambat yisidalwa esincane esinemibalabala esukela kubude obusuka ku-35 kuye ku-45 cm, kufaka phakathi umsila waso, onesifonyo esikhonjwe kahle nomsila onamaqhuqhuva, onesihlahla, cishe ubude obulinganayo nomzimba. Isisindo se-marsupial anteater singama-300-752 g. Ubude bolimi oluncane futhi olunamathelayo bungafika ku-100 mm. Leli jazi liqukethe izinwele ezimfushane, ezimangele, ezibomvu ngokubomvu noma ezinsundu ezimakwe ngemivimbo eminingi emhlophe. Zigijima zehle ngemuva nezinqe, zinikeze umuntu ngamunye ukubukeka okuhlukile. Umugqa owodwa omnyama, ogcizelelwa umugqa omhlophe ngezansi kwawo, weqa ubuso bese uzungeza amehlo.
Ividiyo: INambat
Uboya obusemsileni bude kunasemzimbeni. Umbala womsila wehlukile kakhulu kumaNambats. Inombala onsundu ikakhulu onamachashaza amhlophe nansundu ngokusawolintshi ngaphansi. Izinwele esiswini zimhlophe. Amehlo nezindlebe kubekwe phezulu ekhanda. Izinyawo zangaphambili zinezinzwani ezinhlanu kuthi ezangemuva zibe nezine. Iminwe inezinzipho eziqinile ezibukhali.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Abesifazane abanaso isikhwama esifana namanye ama-marsupials. Esikhundleni salokho, kukhona amafolda esikhumba ambozwe ngezinwele zegolide ezimfushane, zikathayela.
Lapho usemncane, ubude be-nambat bungaphansi kuka-20 mm. Lapho amawundlu efinyelela kubude obungu-30 mm, akhula nongqimba olukhanyayo olukhanyayo. Imivimbo emhlophe ebonakala ivela lapho ubude bucishe bube ngama-55 mm. Banobucayi bokubukwa okuphezulu kunanoma iyiphi i-marsupial, futhi lona ngumqondo oyinhloko osetshenziselwa ukubona izidlo ezingaba khona. AmaNambats angangena esimweni sokuba ndikindiki, okungahlala amahora afinyelela kwangu-15 ngosuku ebusika.
Ihlala kuphi inambat?
Isithombe: Nambat marsupial
Phambilini, ama-nambats ayesakazeke eningizimu ye-Australia nasezifundeni ezisentshonalanga, kusukela enyakatho-ntshonalanga New South Wales kuya ogwini loLwandlekazi i-Indian. Bebehlala ehlathini elomile futhi elingenamanzi kanye nehlathi, eliqukethe izihlahla eziqhakazayo nezihlahla zemikhakha efana no-eucalyptus ne-acacias. AmaNambats nawo atholakala ngobuningi emadlelweni akhiwe ngamakhambi iTriodia nePlectrachne.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Uhla lwabo lwehle kakhulu selokhu kwafika abaseYurophu ezwenikazi. Lolu hlobo oluyingqayizivele lusinde emapheshaneni womhlaba amabili kuphela eDryandra Forest nasePerup Wildlife Sanctuary, esentshonalanga ne-Australia. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva ibuyiselwe ngempumelelo futhi ezindaweni eziningana ezivikelwe zasogwadule, kufaka phakathi izingxenye zeNingizimu Australia kanye neNew South Wales.
Manje zingatholakala kuphela emahlathini e-eucalyptus, atholakala ebangeni elingamamitha angaba ngu-317 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, emaphethelweni amanzi omanzi wangaphambili. Ngenxa yobuningi bezihlahla ezindala neziwile, ama-marsupial anteaters azizwa ephephile lapha. Izingodo ezivela emahlathini e-eucalyptus zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusindeni kwezilwane. Ebusuku, ama-nambats acela ukuphephela ezingodweni eziyize, futhi emini angazifihla kuzo ezilwaneni eziyingozi (ikakhulukazi izinyoni nezimpungushe) ebe ezifihlwe ebumnyameni besigodo.
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, izingodo zinikeza indawo yokwakha isidleke. Okubaluleke kakhulu, umnyombo wezihlahla eziningi emahlathini udla umuhlwa, okuyisisekelo sokudla kwe-nambat. Ama-Marsupial anteaters ancike kakhulu ekubeni khona komuhlwa endaweni. Ukuba khona kwalesi sinambuzane kunciphisa indawo okuhlala kuyo. Ezindaweni ezinomswakama kakhulu noma ezibandayo kakhulu, umuhlwa awuhlali ngokwenani elanele ngakho-ke awekho ama-nambats.
Idlani i-nambat?
Isithombe: Nambat Australia
Ukudla kwe-nambat ikakhulu kuqukethe umuhlwa nezintuthwane, yize ngezikhathi ezithile zingagwinya nezinye izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla. Ngokudla umuhlwa ongu-15,000-22,000 ngosuku, ama-nambats athuthukise izici eziningana ze-morphological eziwasiza ukuthi ondle ngempumelelo.
Isifonyo esihlanganisiwe sisetshenziselwa ukungena ezingodweni nasemigodini emincane emhlabathini. Amakhala abo abucayi kakhulu, futhi ezwa ubukhona bomuhlwa ngephunga nokudlidliza okuncane emhlabathini. Ulimi olude olunomzimba omncane, olunamathe, luvumela ama-nambats ukuthi angene ezindimeni zomuhlwa futhi akhiphe ngokushesha izinambuzane ezinamathele ematheni anamathele.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Amathe e-marsupial anteater enziwa ngezindlala ezincanyana zamathe, futhi imilenze yangaphambili neyangemuva inezinzipho ezicijile ezikuvumela ukuthi ungene ngokushesha kuma-labyrinths womuhlwa.
Emlonyeni kukhona "izikhonkwane" ezicijile ezingama-47 kuya kwezingu-50 esikhundleni samazinyo afanele, njengezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, ngoba ama-nambats awahlafune umuhlwa. Ukudla komuhlwa nsuku zonke kufana cishe no-10% wesisindo somzimba womuntu omdala i-marsupial anteater, kufaka phakathi izinambuzane ezivela esigabeni:
- AmaHeterotermes;
- AmaCoptotermes;
- Ama-Amitermies;
- Ama-Microcerotermes;
- Ithemu;
- Ama-Paracapritermes;
- I-Nasutitermes;
- I-Tumulitermes;
- Ama-Occasitermes.
Njengomthetho, ubukhulu bokusetshenziswa buncike kubukhulu bohlobo endaweni. Ngenxa yokuthi amaCoptotermes nama-Amitermies yizinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zomuhlwa endaweni yazo yemvelo, yiwona asetshenziswa kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ama-nambats anezintandokazi zawo ezithile. Abanye besifazane bakhetha izinhlobo zeCoptotermes ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, kanti amanye ama-marsupial anteaters ayenqaba ukudla izinhlobo zeNasutitermes ebusika.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi sokudla, lesi silwane asiphenduli nhlobo kulokho okwenzeka nxazonke. Ngezikhathi ezinjalo, i-nambata ingayinwa futhi ilandwe.
INambat ivumelanisa usuku lwayo nomsebenzi we-termite oncike emazingeni okushisa ebusika kusukela phakathi kwamabili kuya emini; ehlobo liphuma ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kuthi ngesikhathi sokushisa kosuku lilinde liphinde liphakele ntambama.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Nambat marsupial anteater
INambat iwukuphela kwe-marsupial esebenza ngokugcwele emini. Ebusuku, i-marsupial ihlehlela esidlekeni, okungaba ku-log, umgodi wesihlahla noma umgodi. Isidleke imvamisa sinomnyango omncane, onamamitha ayi-1-2 ubude, ogcina egumbini eliyindilinga elinombhede wezimila othambile wamaqabunga, utshani, izimbali kanye namagxolo agayiwe. INambat iyakwazi ukuvimba ukuvuleka kwesikhala sayo ngesikhumba esijiyile sesinqe sayo ukuvimbela izilwane ezidla ezinye ukuthi zingafinyeleli emgodini.
Abantu abadala yizilwane ezihlala zodwa. Ekuqaleni kwempilo, abantu basungula indawo efinyelela ku-1.5 km² futhi bayivikele. Imikhondo yazo iyanqamuka phakathi nesikhathi sokuzala, lapho abesilisa bephumela ngaphandle kwebanga labo elijwayelekile ukuthola umlingani. Lapho ama-nambats enyakaza, ahamba ngamajezi. Ukudla kwazo kuyaphazamiseka ngezikhathi ezithile ukuhlaziya indawo eziyizungezile ezidla ezinye.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Ukuhlala kumile ngemilenze yabo yangemuva, ama-nambats agcina amashiya awo ephakanyisiwe. Lapho zijabule noma zicindezelekile, zigobisa umsila wazo emhlane bese ziqala ukudabula uboya bazo.
Uma bezizwa bekhathazekile noma besatshiswa, babaleka ngokushesha, bathuthukise ijubane lama-32 km ngehora, baze bafike ogodini olungenalutho noma umgodi. Lapho nje usongo seludlulile, izilwane ziyaqhubeka.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Isilwane saseNambat
Ngokulindela isikhathi sokukhwelana, esiqala ngoDisemba kuya kuJanuwari, ama-nambats angamadoda akhipha into enamafutha endlaleni etholakala esifubeni esingenhla. Ngaphandle kokuheha owesifazane, iphunga liphinde lixwayise nabanye abafake izicelo ukuthi bangasondeli. Ngaphambi kokukhwelana, ama-nambats abo bobabili abesilisa enza imisindo equkethe uchungechunge lokuchofoza okuthambile. Ukudlidlizela okunjalo kwezwi kuvamile ngenkathi yokuzala nasebusaneni lapho inkonyane lixhumana nonina.
Ngemuva kokuhlangana, okuhluka kusuka kumzuzu owodwa kuya ehoreni, owesilisa angashiya ukuyohlangana nomunye wesifazane, noma ahlale emgodini kuze kuphele isikhathi sokukhwelana. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuphela kwenkathi yokuzala, owesilisa uyashiya insikazi. Insikazi iqala ukunakekela amawundlu yodwa. AmaNambat yizilwane ezinesithembu kanti kwisizini ezayo abesilisa nabesifazane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Imijikelezo yokuzala yeNambat yonyaka, owesifazane ukhiqiza udoti owodwa ngonyaka. Unemijikelezo eminingi ye-estrous phakathi nenkathi eyodwa yokuzalanisa. Ngakho-ke, abesifazane abangakhulelwe noma abalahlekelwe yizingane zabo bangaphinda bakhulelwe nomlingani ohlukile.
Abesifazane bazala ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ubudala, kanti abesilisa bavuthwa ngokocansi ezinyangeni ezingama-24. Ngemuva kwesikhathi sokumitha sezinsuku eziyi-14, abesifazane baseNambat bazala amazinyane amabili noma amane ngoJanuwari noma ngoFebhuwari. Imvuthuluka engathuthuki kangako engamamilimitha angama-20 ubude eya ezingonweni zikanina. Ngokungafani nama-marsupial amaningi, ama-nambats esifazane awanaso isikhwama sokuhlalisa izingane zawo. Esikhundleni salokho, izingono zakhe zimbozwe ngoboya begolide obuhluke kakhulu kunoboya obude obumhlophe esifubeni sakhe.
Lapho, izingane ezincane ziluka izingalo zazo zangaphambili, zinamathela ezinweleni zezindlala ezincelisayo, bese zinamathisela izingono izinyanga eziyisithupha. Kuze kube yilapho zikhula kakhulu kangangokuba umama ngeke akwazi ukuhamba ngokujwayelekile. Ekupheleni kukaJulayi, izingane ziyahlukaniswa nezingono bese zifakwa esidlekeni. Yize behlukaniswe nezingono, bayaqhubeka nokuncelisa kuze kube izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye. Ekupheleni kukaSepthemba, ama-nambats eshumini nambili aqala ukuzimela ngokwabo futhi ashiye umgodi kanina.
Izitha zemvelo zama-nambats
Isithombe: Nambat wase-Australia
AmaNambats anokujwayela okuningana ukuwasiza agweme izilwane ezizingelayo. Okokuqala, iphansi lehlathi liyabasiza ukuba bazifihle, ngoba Ijazi le-anteater liyifanisa ngombala. Izindlebe zabo eziqonde phezulu zibekwe phezulu ekhanda, futhi amehlo abo abheka ezinhlangothini eziphambene, okuvumela lezi zinkanyezi ezizayo ukuba zizwe noma zibone abantu abangaqondile beza kubo. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obuncane, ziba isisulu esilula sezilwane ezizingelayo.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezilwane ezizingela ama-nambats:
- Izimpungushe ezibomvu ezethulwe zivela eYurophu;
- Izinhlwathi zekhaphethi;
- Okhozi abakhulu, oklebe, izinkozi;
- Amakati asendle;
- Izibankwa ezifana nezibankwa zesihlabathi.
Ngisho nezinhlobo ezincane zezilwane ezidla ezinye, njengezinkozi ezincane, ezinobukhulu obusuka ku-45 cm kuye ku-55 cm, zingahlula kalula ama-nambats.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngenxa yenani elinyuke ngokweqile lezilwane ezidla amahlathi emahlathini, inani lama-nambat lehla ngokushesha njengoba lihlala lizingelwa.
Uma ama-nambats ezwa ingozi noma ehlangana nomzingeli othile, ayaqina futhi alale anganyakazi ize ingozi idlule. Uma beqala ukusukelwa, bazobaleka ngokushesha. Ngezikhathi ezithile, ama-nambats angase azame ukuvikela izilwane ezidla ezinye ngokukhipha ukubhonga okuhoshozelayo. Banemiphimbo embalwa uma kuqhathaniswa. Zingenza umlozi, ukubhonga, noma imisindo ephindaphindayo "ethule" lapho iphazamisekile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Nambat
Isibalo sabantu baseNambat saqala ukwehla maphakathi nawo-1800, kodwa isigaba sokuqothula esisheshayo senzeka endaweni eyomile ngawo-1940 nango-1950. Isikhathi salokhu kwehla kwaqondana nokungeniswa kwezimpungushe esifundeni. Namuhla, inani lama-nambat lilinganiselwe emahlathini ambalwa eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Australia. Futhi bekunezikhathi zokwehla ngawo-1970, lapho izinhlobo zezilwane zanyamalala ezindaweni eziningi ezingazodwa.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ubuthi obukhethiwe be-fox kusukela ngo-1983 buhambisane nokwanda okukhulu kwenani le-nambat, nokwanda kwenani lezilwane kwaqhubeka, yize kuneminyaka eyalandela enemvula encane. Ukubuyiselwa kwabantu ezindaweni ezazakhelwa amaNambats phambilini kwaqala ngonyaka we-1985. Izilwane zaseHlathini iDryandra zasetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa iBoyagin Reserve, lapho loluhlobo lwaphela khona ngawo-1970.
Izimpungushe zibhekwa njalo. Ukushintsha kwamaphethini omlilo nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo okuhlala kuyo kwaqala ukuthinta ukwehla kwenani labantu, okwaba nomthelela ekwehleni kwenani lezingodo ezisetshenziswa yiNambats njengendawo yokukhosela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, ukuphumula nokuba ngumthombo womuhlwa. Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-nambats nokuvela kwenzalo kufakazela ukusebenza kwama-marsupial anteaters. Namuhla kunamathuba amakhulu okuhamba kwezilwane ziye kwezinye izindawo.
UNambat unogada
Isithombe: INambat Red Book
AmaNambats abhalwe kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN lwezinhlobo ezisengozini. Ukwehla kwamanani esikhathini esiyiminyaka emihlanu (phakathi kuka-2003 no-2008) kwenzeke ngaphezu kwama-20%. Lokhu kuholele kwinamba yabantu abangaba yinkulungwane abavuthiwe emhlabeni jikelele. Emahlathini aseDryand, amanani ayaqhubeka ukwehla ngezizathu ezingaziwa.
Inani labantu ePerup lizinzile futhi mhlawumbe liyanda. Ezindaweni ezisanda kwakhiwa ezenziwe ngabantu, kunabantu abaphakathi kuka-500 no-600, futhi abantu babonakala bezinzile. Kodwa-ke, izilwane ezitholakala lapho azanele ngokwazo, ngakho-ke, ukuba khona kwazo akubhekwa njengokuvikelekile.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Ukwethulwa kwezilwane eziningana ezidliwayo, njengezimpungushe ezibomvu nezinyoni ezidla inyama, kube nomthelela ekwehleni kwenamba yabantu. Ukungeniswa konogwaja namagundane kube nomthelela ekwandeni kwamakati asendle, okungenye yezilwane ezinkulu ezidla izidleke zemarsupial.
Kuthathwe izinyathelo zokulondoloza izinhlobonhlobo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuzalanisa abathunjiweyo, izinhlelo zokubuyisa kabusha, izindawo ezivikelekile nezinhlelo zokulawula izimpungushe ezibomvu. Ukubuyisa inani labantu, kwacatshangelwa zonke izici ezinomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwesilwane ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Kukhona nemizamo yokwandisa inani lamaqembu azidingayo okungenani abe yisishiyagalolunye, futhi isibalo sibe ngabantu abayi-4000. Imizamo ejulile yokuvikela lezi zilwane manje iyisinyathelo esilandelayo nesibalulekile sokugcina isilwane esiyingqayizivele - i-nambat, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zemarsupials.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 15.04.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 19.09.2019 ngo-21: 24
