I-macaque yaseJapane Ingabe inkawu engavamile kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokungafani nozakwabo abamnene nabano-thermophilic, ihlala ezimeni ezinzima zentaba-mlilo iKattara elele nobusika obuneqhwa. IMacaca fuscata ihlala esikhaleni somgodi omkhulu kunayo yonke oshisa ngokushisa komhlaba.
Isithwathwa nokushisa okubandayo ebusika kuhlangana nezinsika zomusi nentuthu eqhuma emathunjini omhlaba. Izinkawu azigcinanga ngokufunda ukuhlala ezimweni ezinzima zesiqhingi, kodwa futhi zajwayela ukusebenzisa amandla omhlaba. Izithombe ezingajwayelekile zezinkawu ezigcwala emanzini phakathi kweqhwa ne-steam ziyamangala ngokuzicabangela. Izivakashi ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba ziya zibabaza isithombe esingajwayelekile kangako.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: macaque waseJapane
IMacaca fuscata iyisilwane esincelisayo esilandelanayo esivela ku-oda lwezinkawu. Kungumndeni omkhulu wezinkawu, oqukethe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-20. Ekuqaleni kuka-19, ososayensi bathola futhi bachaza izinhlobo ezimbili ze-macaque yaseJapan, kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bahlanganisa lawa magama ezincwadini zezilwane:
- IMacaca fuscata fuscata, 1875;
- IMacaca fuscata yakui Kuroda, ngo-1941.
Izinkawu zeqhwa zitholakala cishe kuyo yonke insimu enkulu yeziQhingi zaseJapan.
Amakholoni amakhulu agxile emapaki kazwelonke:
- IHell Valley, iqembu lesizwe iSikotsu-Toya laseHokkaido Island;
- IJigokudani, iMonkey Park edumile eseNyakatho yeHonshu;
- IMeiji No Mori Mino Quasi-National Park eduzane nase-Osaka.
Izinsalela ezitholakele zama-macaque okuqala zibuyela emuva ePliocene yokuqala. Izinhlobo zineminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezinhlanu ubudala. Izinsalela zabamele bakudala bohlobo lwezinhlobo zikhomba ukuthi lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zasinda ezincelisayo futhi zabona amaNeanderthal okuqala. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ama-macaque aseJapan afinyelela eziqhingini zaseJapan ngokunqamula i-isthmus esuka eKorea ngesikhathi se-Middle Pleistocene eminyakeni engama-500,000 eyedlule.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ama-macaque aseJapan emthonjeni
Ngaphandle, ama-macaque aseJapan ahlukile kokuzalwa kwawo ngesikhumba sawo eside, esimbaxa esiyisithupha nesibomvu. EJapan, babizwa ngobuso obomvu. Ubuso bezinkawu, izidladla nezinqe zihlala zingamboziwe ngezinwele. Uboya obujiyile buvele ngenxa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi busiza ukuhlala ezimweni zezulu ezinzima zalesi silwane. Umbala usukela kokunsundu kuya kokumpunga kuya konsundu ophuzi.
AmaMacaque anomzimba omncane, omfushane. Zinomsila omncane, izindlebe ezincanyana kanye nogebhezi oluvulekile olufana nama-macaque. Amehlo ansundu afudumele anombala ophuzi. Izinkawu zalolu hlobo zinokubukeka okungajwayelekile futhi okucacile.
Ividiyo: Ama-macaque aseJapan
Isisindo salolu hlobo asidluli amakhilogremu ayi-12. Kuma-macaque aseJapan, kuvezwa i-dimorphism yezocansi. Abesilisa bade futhi bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane. Abesilisa abakhulu bafinyelela ku-11.5 kg futhi bakhule bafike kuma-60 cm ukuphakama. Abesifazane banesisindo ngokwesilinganiso esingu-8.4 kg ngobude obungu-52-53 cm.
Ososayensi baphawula ubudlelwano phakathi kwesisindo somzimba sama-macaque aseJapan nesimo sezulu. Ama-macaque aseJapan ezifundeni eziseningizimu avame ukukala ngaphansi kwezifunda ezisenyakatho ezinokuphakama okuphezulu, lapho kuneqhwa eliningi phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika.
Ama-macaque aseJapan ahlala ezimweni ezikahle anezingebhezi ezinkulu kunalezo ezihlala ezimeni ezinzima. Esikhathini esidlule, ubude begebhezi lowesilisa lilinganiselwa ku-13.4 cm, kwabesifazane abayi-11.8 cm.Kuqembu lesibili, ugebhezi luyehla kancane: kwabesilisa - 12.9 cm, kwabesifazane - 1.5 cm.
Ahlala kuphi ama-macaque aseJapan?
Isithombe: ama-macaque aseJapan ebusika
Indawo yokuhlala iMacaca fuscata - iziqhingi zaseJapan. Ama-Macaque ale nhlobo atholakala kuso sonke isifunda sesiqhingi naseziqhingini eziqhamuka kulezi ziqhingi. Uhlala emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo nezingaphansi komhlaba. Ingxenye esenyakatho kakhulu yebanga iwela emahlathini apholile ashubile anqabile futhi anqabile. Lesi sifunda sinokushisa okuphakathi kuka-10.9 ˚C kanye nemvula emaphakathi ngonyaka eyi-1,500 mm.
Engxenyeni eseningizimu yebanga labo, ama-macaque aseJapan ahlala emahlathini ahlala eluhlaza okotshani. Kulesi sifunda, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lingu-20 ˚C, kanti imvula emaphakathi yonyaka ifinyelela kuma-3000 mm. Ububanzi bonke bebanga buchazwa ubusika obukhulu. Amaqembu wezinambuzane ehla ngo-2000 m phansi ebusika. Onke ama-macaque aseJapan achitha izinyanga zasebusika ezindaweni eziphansi.
Ehlobo, izinkawu zingabonakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingafika kumamitha angama-3200. Phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika, amaqembu ngokuvamile ehlela ezindaweni ezifudumele, kumamitha ayi-1800 ngaphezu kolwandle. Ama-macaque aseJapan awatholakali kuphela engxenyeni emaphakathi yalezi ziqhingi. Bahlala ogwini, endaweni yamachibi ngisho nasezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi.
Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-70s yekhulu lama-XX, njengokuzama, ngazimbili ezingama-25 zeMacaca fuscata zayiswa epulazini laseTexas. Izinkawu zazithola sezimweni ezazingafani neze nezinhlobo zazo. Ushintsho olukhulu kusimo sezulu nokuthandwa kokudla kusongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Abaningi babo bafa. Kepha inkawu yeqhwa ikhombise izakhiwo ezihlukile zokusinda. Izithandani sezijwayele futhi zanda.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-20, abantu balulama futhi bakhula. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokungaziphathi kahle kwabantu abangasakwazi ukulawula leli qembu, izilwane zibalekele ezilwaneni zasendle zaseTexas ezomile. Izinkawu ezawela endle zahlushwa indlala nokoma. Babezingelwa ngabantu nezilwane. Ngemuva kokungenelela ngesikhathi esifanele kwezishoshovu ezilwela amalungelo ezilwane, izinkawu zabanjwa zabuyiselwa endaweni evikelekile.
Adla ini ama-macaque aseJapan?
Isithombe: I-Snow Macaque yaseJapan
I-macaque yaseJapan inomdla omkhulu futhi idla ukudla okuhlukahlukene. Kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-200 ekudleni kwazo. Ukudla kuqukethe izidlo zasentwasahlobo, ehlobo nasekwindla-ebusika. Kunensada emahlathini aseJapan ekwindla. Imifino yezimpande enamanzi amaningi, izithelo ezivuthiwe nezivuthiwe. Ama-Macaque awawanaki amaqabunga ezitshalo ezivuthiwe, imbewu, amantongomane nezimpande ezinamakha.
Ngentwasahlobo, izinkawu zibheka amahlumela okuqala oqalo no-fern emahlamvu wonyaka odlule. Bamba utshani obusha, umatasa ubheka amahlumela amasha ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni. Okunye ukudla kusale emahlathini kusukela ngonyaka odlule. Izinkawu ziyithola ngaphansi kweqhwa, amaqabunga awile, ubulembu. Ngentwasahlobo, izilwane ziqala ukuhlangabezana nokusweleka kokudla. Kudliwa izinambuzane ezincane, ezikhuphuka ebusika ngenxa yokulindela imfudumalo.
Entwasahlobo, izinkawu zizitika ngamaqanda, izinyoni ezizalela ezihlahleni nasemifantwini yezintaba. Izinkawu zeqhwa ziyawathanda amakhowe, atholakala kakhulu emahlathini anomthunzi futhi anomswakama waseJapan unyaka wonke. Amakhowe akhula kokubili phansi nasezihlahleni. Izinkawu ziyazi ukuthi zingazithola kanjani nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka.
Cishe unyaka wonke, lokhu kudla kusekelwe kumantongomane namajikijolo. Ebusika nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, amantongomane ashiye ekwindla nasefriziwe, amajikijolo angadliwe awela ekubhaleni kwami. Kuqaphelile ukuthi izinkawu azikuphikisi ukuhlafuna amagxolo nenhlabathi. Zizingela izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla. Ama-macaque asogwini athanda ukuzingela ama-oysters, inhlanzi, izinkalankala nezinye izidalwa zasolwandle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: i-Animal Japanese macaque
I-macaque yaseJapan iyisilwane esihlakaniphe ngokungajwayelekile, esizolile futhi esinobungane ngendlela yaso yokuphila. Ukuhlakanipha okuphezulu kuvumela iMacaca fuscata ukuba iphile ebusika obude obuhlala izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-120. Ukuhleleka nemithetho eyenziwe ngamaqembu ezilwane zasolwandle isiza ukuphila emazingeni okushisa abandayo.
Yize ama-macaque aseJapane enoboya obukhulu obukhulu futhi obuchumayo, awaxoshe amanzi. Ziphuma ezindaweni zokugeza ezishisayo ebusika, izinkawu ziba yiqhwa futhi zingagula. Ukuze abantu besizwe esithile bakwazi ukuhlala emanzini afudumele isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka, umuntu ngamunye usemsebenzini. Ukuhlala ngaphandle kwamanzi, baqapha umkhawulo, babheke ukuphepha, futhi baphake ukudla kulabo abasele kubhavu. Lapho kuyithuba labo lokuphumula, bagxumela emanzini.
Ama-macaque aseJapan ajwayele amakhono enhlanzeko. Bageza ukudla kwabo, bakukhuculule ngenhlabathi eseleyo, babuye bakuhlanze ngaphambi kokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-macaque aseJapan angasebenzisa amanzi ukuthambisa ukudla. Ososayensi baqaphele ukuthi bacwilisa okusanhlamvu ngaphambi kokuwadla.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: IMacaca fuscata yazi ukuthi ithanda kanjani ukuzijabulisa. Ubumnandi babo buyisizini. Ebusika, ziyakujabulela ukushushuluza zehle intaba futhi zidlale amabhola eqhwa. Ukuhlakanipha okuphezulu okunjalo kuye kwaphawulwa enkolweni, emlandweni nakubuciko baseJapan, kanye nasezaga nasezichosheni zezisho.
Inkawu yeqhwa ihola impilo yansuku zonke, eyenzeka kakhulu ezihlahleni. Ama-macaque aseJapan anezindlela zawo zokuxhumana. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi izinkawu zinezilimi zazo lapho zidlala imisindo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basebenzisa ubuso nobuso, ngosizo lwabo lokudlulisa imininingwane nokuxhumana. Ukuveza imicabango nemizwa, ama-macaque asebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zobuso, akhombisa amazinyo, aphakamise amashiya, aze aphakamise nezindlebe.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Baby Japanese Macaque
Amaphara ahlala ngamaqembu. Baye bakha isigaba sabaphathi esiqinile. Abesilisa be-Alpha baqala bathole ukudla kuqala, bese kuba ngamanye amalungu ephakethe, ngokwesimo sabo.
Ama-Macaque adlulisela amakhono nolwazi olutholwayo enzalweni yabo. Vikela intsha, yabelana ngokudla, yabelana ngezimpawu ezijwayelekile ukuxwayisa ngengozi. Amalungu eqembu ayabhekelana, asize ekuzingeleni ama-parasites, futhi akhe futhi agcine izibopho zomphakathi ngaphakathi kwesikwati. Ukunakekelwa okuningi kwenziwa phakathi kwezelamani, imvamisa omama namadodakazi.
AmaMacaque akha isibopho sokubhanqa phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ukukhwelana, ukondla, ukuphumula nokuhamba ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Abesilisa be-Alpha banelungelo lokukhetha owesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bavame ukuphula ubuhlobo nabesilisa abangaphansi kwabo esigabeni sabaphathi. Abesifazane bakhwelana nabesilisa banoma isiphi isikhundla, kepha bakhetha okuphezulu. Kodwa-ke, isinqumo sokushada senziwa ngowesifazane.
Ukukhulelwa kuphetha ngokubeletha ezinsukwini ezingama-180 ngemuva kokukhulelwa. Insikazi izala izinyane elilodwa, kuyaqabukela kube mabili. Abesilisa bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ngemuva kweminyaka eyisithupha, abesifazane ngemuva kweminyaka emi-4. Amathole azalwa enezinwele ezimnyama nsundu. Phakathi kwamasonto amahlanu kuya kwayisithupha ubudala, amawundlu aqala ukudla ukudla okuqinile futhi angazondla ngokuzimela komama bawo kungakapheli amasonto ayisikhombisa.
Abesifazane bathwala izingane zabo ngesisu emasontweni amane okuqala. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi ngemuva. Abesilisa asebekhulile nabo babamba iqhaza ekukhuliseni isizukulwane esisha. Basebenza nezingane, bazondle futhi baze bazithwale nasemhlane, njengoba kwenza abesifazane.
Izitha zemvelo ze-macaque yaseJapan
Isithombe: Incwadi Ebomvu YaseJapane Macaque
Ngenxa yendawo ethile encane, inani lezitha zemvelo zezinkawu emvelweni lilinganiselwe. Amaqembu ahlukene ezinkawu angaba nezinsongo zemvelo ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala kwezilwane uqobo.
Ingozi ingavela emhlabathini, ezihlahleni ngisho nasesibhakabhakeni:
- UTanuki yizinja ze-raccoon. Bahlala cishe kulo lonke elaseJapane;
- Amakati asendle - atholakala eziqhingini zaseTsushima naseIriomote. Kusele okungaphansi kwama-250 endle;
- Izinyoka ezinobuthi zihlala kuyo yonke ingxenye yezwe enamahlathi futhi eyixhaphozi;
- Izimpungushe Zesiqhingi SaseHonshu;
- I-Mountain Eagle - izinyoni zihlala ezifundeni zezintaba zalesi siqhingi.
Ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke ezinkawini, noma kunjalo, ngabantu. Bahlupheka ngabalimi, abagawuli bezingodo nabazingeli. Uhla lwezilwane luyancipha ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwamapulazi, ukwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa koxhumano lwemigwaqo.
Isizathu esiyinhloko sokwehla kwenani lama-macaque aseJapane ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo yabo yokuhlala. Lokhu kuphoqa inkawu ukuzivumelanisa nokuthola ukudla ngaphandle kwendawo yayo ejwayelekile. Ama-macaque alinganiselwa ku-5 000 abulawa minyaka yonke, yize kuyizinhlobo ezivikelwe, ngoba ahlasela amapulazi aseduze efuna ukudla abese ecekela phansi izitshalo.
Njengoba ama-macaque athathwa njengezilokazane zezolimo futhi abangela ukulimala okukhulu kubahlali, ukuzingela okungalawulwa kwavulwa kubo. Ngo-1998, kwabulawa ama-macaque aseJapane angaphezu kuka-10 000. Ngemuva kokubhujiswa okungenangqondo, uhulumeni wezwe wathatha inkinga yokuvikela i-macaque yaseJapan.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Monkey Japanese macaque
Inani eliphelele lama-macaque eqhwa asendle eziqhingini zoLwandle lwaseJapan endaweni yawo yemvelo ingaphezu kwezinkawu eziyi-114,430. Eminyakeni edlule, lesi sibalo siyakhula noma sehle kuye ngezimo zemvelo.
Izilwane zivamile kuzo zonke iziqhingi ezinkulu eJapan:
- Hokkaido;
- Honshu;
- Shikoku;
- Kyushu;
- Yakushima.
Inani labantu elisenyakatho kakhulu lama-macaque aseJapan litholakala echosheni elisenyakatho yesiqhingi saseHonshu - ngaphezu kwamakhanda ayi-160. Eningizimu kakhulu isesiQhingini saseYakushima ngasogwini oluseningizimu yeJapan. Abantu babelwa imiphakathi yabo - M.f. Yakui. Kunabantu abangaphezu kuka-150 eqenjini eliseYakushima. Inani elincane labantu abangama-600 lihlala eTexas, e-USA futhi livikelwe yizinhlangano zokongiwa kwendawo.
Ngaphezu kwezilwane zasendle, ama-macaque aseJapan ahlala ezimeni zawo ezijwayelekile endaweni yamapaki kazwelonke aseJapan. Ngokuyinhloko, ungabona izinkawu zeqhwa ngokufika eSikotsu-Toya Lake National Park eHokkaido Island, eMeiji No Mori Mino Quasi-National Park phansi kweNtaba iMino enyakatho ne-Osaka noma esiQhingini saseHonshu eJigokudhani Park.
Ngokusho kososayensi, inani labantu lizinzile, alibangeli ukukhathazeka okukhulu, kepha lidinga ukulawulwa nokunakekelwa kwabantu.
Ukulondolozwa kwe-macaque yaseJapan
Isithombe: ama-macaque aseJapan avela kwiRed Book
Uhulumeni waseJapan uqinisekisa ukuphepha kwalezi zinhlobo. Iziqhingi ezintathu zaseJapan iHonshu, iShikoku neKyushu zineziqiwu kanye namapaki kazwelonke lapho izinkawu zingathuthuka futhi zizalane khona endaweni yazo yemvelo. Amakholoni amancane ama-macaque ahlala kuzo zonke iziqhingi zoLwandle lwaseJapan.
IMacaca fuscata ibhalwe kuRed Book. Isimo sezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo sizinzile futhi singakhathazwa kangako ngokwezinga lomhlaba jikelele. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ngenxa yokuziphatha komuntu okungenangqondo, i-macaque yaseJapan yayisengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Ngokusho kwe-ESA yase-US, inkawu yeqhwa ibhalwe njengosengozini. Ama-subspecies Macaca fuscata yakui avela esiQhingini saseYakushima afakwa kuhlu njengezilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala yi-IUCN. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kwakukhona ama-macaque aphakathi kuka-35,000 no-50 000 eJapan. Ngandlela thile, imisebenzi yabantu ithinta ukukhula nokuncipha kwenani labantu abaneqhwa.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Kuke kwaba nezimo lapho amaqembu ama-macaque ehlasela amadolobhana futhi asabisa abantu basemakhaya, ebajaha futhi ehlwitha ukudla ezandleni zezingane. AmaMacaque ahlasela insimu yabantu hhayi nje kuphela ukuthola ukudla, kepha futhi nokufuna imithombo efudumele. Ukuvikela ukuhlasela kusuka ezinkawini, kwathathwa isinqumo sokuhlomisa imithombo eminingana yama-macaque aseNagano. Lokhu kwenzeke ngemuva kokuthi izinkawu zizame ukuthatha indawo yendawo edumile.
Ukusungulwa kweziteshi zokuphakela ukuhlenga ama-macaque nokuvimbela ukungena kwawo emapulazini aseduze kubuyisele emuva ngandlela thile, ngoba inani le-macaque kulezi zindawo lenziwa ngendlela yokuzenzela.
I-macaque yaseJapane Isilwane esiyingqayizivele. Lesi ukuphela kwesidalwa esiphilayo emhlabeni ngaphandle kwabantu, sisebenzisa ngokuhlakanipha ukushisa komhlaba ukuphila. Ithuthukise kakhulu amakhono engqondo. Ayesabi amanzi futhi ibhukuda ingene olwandle oluvulekile isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhilomitha ifuna ukudla futhi kwesinye isikhathi nokuzijabulisa. Inkawu yeqhwa ixhumana kahle nabantu nezinye izilwane.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 04/14/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-20: 37
