I-Orangutan - Izinkawu arboreal kusukela subfamily pongin. I-genome yabo ingenye esondelene kakhulu nomuntu. Banobuso obubonakala kakhulu - obubonisa kakhulu izinkawu ezinkulu. Lezi yizilwane ezinokuthula nezinokuthula, indawo yazo ehlala incipha ngenxa yomsebenzi wabantu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Orangutan
Ama-orangutan kwakuwukuphela kwamaphini okusinda. Phambilini, lo mndeni omncane wawufaka eminye imikhakha eminingi, eseyaphela, njengeSivapithecus neGigantopithecus. Umsuka wama-orangutan namanje awukwazi ukubizwa ucace bha - kunemibono eminingi ngokuqagela kuleli banga.
Ngokusho komunye wabo, ama-orangutan aphuma kuma-sivapithecs, izinsalela zawo ezitholakala eHindustan, zisondele kakhulu ezicini eziningi zamathambo ama-orangutan. Okunye kudonsa imvelaphi yabo kusuka eKoratpithecus - ama-hominoid ayehlala endaweni ye-Indochina yanamuhla. Kukhona ezinye izinguqulo, kepha akukho neyodwa yazo eye yamukelwa njengeyona eyinhloko.
Ividiyo: Orangutan
Incazelo yesayensi ye-orangutan yaseKalimantan yatholakala emsebenzini kaKarl Linnaeus "The Origin of Species" ngo-1760. Igama layo lesiLatin lithi Pongo pygmaeus. ISumartan orangutan (iPongo abelii) yachazwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi - ngo-1827 nguRene Lesson.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isikhathi eside babebhekwa njengezinhlobo ezincane zezinhlobo ezifanayo. Kakade ekhulwini lama-XX, kwasungulwa ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezihlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho: ngo-1997 kwatholakala, futhi ngo-2017 kuphela uhlobo lwesithathu olwamukelwa ngokusemthethweni - iPongo tapanuliensis, iTapanul orangutan. Abamele bayo bahlala esiqhingini saseSumatra, kepha abasondelene ngokofuzo hhayi eSumatran orangutan, kodwa naseKalimantan.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: I-DNA yama-orangutan ishintsha kancane, incane kakhulu kulokhu kuzimfene noma kubantu. Ngokuya ngemiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo, ososayensi basikisela ukuthi basondele kakhulu kunoma yiziphi ezinye izidalwa zanamuhla kokhokho babo abavamile.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Isilwane se-Orangutan
Incazelo inikezwa i-Kalimantan orangutan - lezi zinhlobo azifani kangako ngokubukeka komunye nomunye, ngakho-ke cishe zilungele ngokuphelele ezinye. Umehluko phakathi kwabo uzohlungwa ngokuhlukile.
Ukukhula kwale monkey lapho iphakanyiswe emilenzeni yayo yangemuva kufika ku-140-150 cm kwabesilisa no-105-115 kwabesifazane. Abesilisa banesisindo ngokwesilinganiso esingu-80 kg, abesifazane abangama-40-50 kg. Ngakho-ke, i-dimorphism yezocansi ivezwa ngosayizi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaduna amadala ahlukaniswa ngamazinyo amakhulu nentshebe ejiyile, kanye neziqu ezihlathini.
Ebusweni be-orangutan azikho izinwele, isikhumba simnyama. Unebunzi elibanzi namathambo obuso. Umhlathi mkhulu, futhi amazinyo aqinile futhi anamandla - aguqulelwe ukuqhekeza amantongomane aqinile. Amehlo abekwe asondelene kakhulu, kanti ukubuka kwesilwane kunengqondo kakhulu futhi kubukeka kunomusa. Azikho izipho eminweni - izipikili zifana nezabantu.
I-orangutan inengubo ende futhi eqinile, umthunzi wayo ubomvu nsundu. Ikhula ekhanda nasemahlombe, iye phansi kuzo zonke ezinye izitho zomzimba. Kunoboya obuncane ezintendeni zezandla zesifuba, esifubeni nasemzimbeni ongezansi; ujiyile kakhulu ezinhlangothini.
Ubuchopho bale nkawu buyaphawuleka: buncane ngevolumu - kufika kuma-cubic sentimitha angama-500. Kukude nendoda ene-1200-1600 yayo, kepha uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinkawu ezikuma-orangutan ithuthuke kakhulu, inama-convolutions amaningi. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi abaningi bazibona njengezinkawu ezihlakaniphe kakhulu, yize kungekho mbono owodwa ngalolu daba - abanye abacwaningi banikeza izintende zezinkawu noma ama-gorilla.
Ama-orangutan amaSumatur ngaphandle ahluka kwaphela kunalokho ubukhulu bawo buncane. AmaTapanul anekhanda elincanyana kuneSumatran. Izinwele zabo zigobile kakhulu, kanti intshebe iyakhula ngisho nakwabesifazane.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Uma phakathi kwamadoda aseKalimantan avuthiwe ngokocansi, iziqu ezihlathini ziningi, futhi noma yibaphi kulabo abanabo bangashada nabesifazane, lapho-ke izinto zaseSumatran zihluke kakhulu - abesilisa abavamile kuphela abavamile bathola iziqu, ngasinye esilawula iqembu ngokushesha abesifazane.
Ihlala kuphi i-orangutan?
Isithombe: Monkey orangutan
Indawo yokuhlala - amaxhaphozi asezindaweni ezishisayo ezinamaxhaphozi. Kubalulekile ukuthi bakhuliswe ngamahlathi aminyene - ama-orangutan achitha cishe sonke isikhathi sawo ezihlahleni. Uma phambilini bebehlala endaweni enkulu ebandakanya iningi leNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, khona-ke kuze kube namuhla basinda eziqhingini ezimbili kuphela - iKalimantan neSumatra.
Kunamanye ama-orangutan amaningi aseKalimantan, angatholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi zesiqhingi ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwamamitha ayi-1,500 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Ama-subspecies pygmaeus ahlala engxenyeni esenyakatho yeKalimantan, i-morio ithanda umhlaba kancane eningizimu, kanti i-wurmbii ihlala endaweni enkulu eningizimu-ntshonalanga.
AmaSumatrani ahlala engxenyeni esenyakatho yesiqhingi. Ekugcineni, ama-orangutan aseTapanul nawo ahlala eSumatra, kepha ngokuzihlukanisa nabaseSumatran. Zonke zigxile ehlathini elilodwa - iBatang Toru, etholakala esifundazweni saseNingizimu Tapanuli. Indawo abahlala kuyo incane kakhulu futhi ayidluli amakhilomitha-skwele ayinkulungwane.
Ama-orangutan ahlala emahlathini aminyene futhi amakhulu ngoba awathandi ukwehlela phansi. Noma kunebanga elide phakathi kwezihlahla, zithanda ukugxuma zisebenzisa imivini emide yalokhu. Ayawasaba amanzi futhi awahlali eduze kwawo - awadingi ngisho nokuya endaweni yokuchelela, ngoba athola amanzi anele ohlangothini aludlayo noma aluphuza emihosheni yezihlahla.
Idlani i-orangutan?
Isithombe: Orangutan wesilisa
Isisekelo sokudla kungukudla kwezitshalo:
- Amaqabunga;
- Amahlumela;
- Bark;
- Izinso;
- Izithelo (iplamu, umango, ubhanana, umkhiwane, i-rambutan, umango, i-durian nezinye);
- Amantongomane.
Bathanda ukudla uju futhi bavame ukufuna isifuba sezinyosi, noma ngabe kunengozi ezayo. Imvamisa zidla ngqo ezihlahleni, ngokungafani nezinye izinkawu eziningi ezihlela lokhu. I-orangutan ingaya phansi kuphela uma ibone okuthile okumnandi phansi - ngeke nje ikwazi ukudonsa utshani.
Badla nokudla kwezilwane: badla izinambuzane ezibanjiwe kanye nezibungu, futhi lapho kutholakala izidleke zezinyoni, amaqanda namachwane. Ama-orangutan aseSumatran kwesinye isikhathi azingela ikakhulukazi ama-primates amancane - ama-lorises. Lokhu kwenzeka eminyakeni emincane lapho ukudla kwezitshalo kuyindlala. Ekudleni kwama-orangutan aseTapanul, izigaxa nezibungu kudlala indima ebalulekile.
Ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphansi kwamaminerali okudingekayo emzimbeni ekudleni, kwesinye isikhathi bangagwinya inhlabathi, ngakho-ke ukuntuleka kwabo kuyanxeshezelwa. I-Metabolism kuma-orangutan ihamba kancane - ngenxa yalokhu, bavame ukuvilapha, kepha bangadla okuncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziyakwazi ukungadli isikhathi eside, ngisho nangemva kwezinsuku ezimbili zendlala, i-orangutan ngeke iphele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Igama elithi "orangutan" livela ekukhaleni kwe-orang hutan, abantu bendawo ababekade bexwayisana ngayo ngengozi lapho beyibona. Lokhu kuhumusha ngokuthi "umuntu wehlathi". NgesiRashiya, enye inguqulo yegama elithi "orangutan" nayo isabalele, kepha ayifanele, futhi ngesiMalay leli gama lisho okweletayo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ama-Orangutan ase-Indonesia
Lezi zinkawu zihlala ikakhulukazi zodwa futhi cishe zihlala zihlala ezihlahleni - lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuzibona endle, ngenxa yalokho ukuziphatha kwazo emvelweni yemvelo kuhlala kungafundwanga kahle isikhathi eside. Emvelweni yabo yemvelo, basacwaningwa kakhulu kunezimfene noma ama-gorilla, kepha izici eziyinhloko zendlela yabo yokuphila ziyaziwa yisayensi.
Ama-Orangutan ahlakaniphile - amanye awo asebenzisa amathuluzi ukuthola ukudla, futhi lapho esekuthunjweni, ngokushesha enza imikhuba ewusizo yabantu. Baxhumana bodwa besebenzisa isethi ebanzi yemisindo eveza imizwa ehlukahlukene - intukuthelo, ukucasuka, ukusongela, ukuxwayisa ngengozi, nabanye.
Isakhiwo somzimba wazo sikulungele kahle ukuphila ezihlahleni; zingabambelela emagatsheni anokuxhuma okulinganayo zombili izingalo nangemilenze emide. Ziyakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade kuphela ezihlahleni. Emhlabathini, bazizwa bengavikelekile, ngakho-ke bakhetha ngisho nokulala endaweni ephakeme, emagatsheni.
Ngalokhu bakha izidleke zabo. Ikhono lokwakha isidleke yikhono elibaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke i-orangutan, lapho beqala ukuzijwayeza khona kusukela ebuntwaneni. Abantu abasha bakwenza lokhu ngaphansi kokugadwa ngabantu abadala, futhi kubathatha iminyaka eminingana ukuthi bafunde ukwakha izidleke eziqinile ezingasekela isisindo sabo.
Futhi lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba isidleke sakhiwe endaweni ephakeme kakhulu, futhi uma sakhiwe kabi, inkawu ingawa iphule. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi amawundlu efunda ukwakha izidleke zawo, alala nomama bawo. Kodwa kungekudala noma kamuva kufika umzuzwana lapho isisindo sabo siba sikhulu kakhulu, futhi umama wenqaba ukubavumela bangene esidlekeni, ngoba kungenzeka ingameli umthwalo - lapho-ke kufanele baqale ukuba ngabantu abadala.
Bazama ukuhlela indawo yabo yokuhlala ukuze ikhululeke - ziletha amanye amahlamvu ukulala kancane, zibheka amagatsha athambile anamaqabunga abanzi okucasha ngenhla. Ekuthunjweni, bafunda ngokushesha ukusebenzisa izingubo zokulala. Ama-Orangutan aphila aze afike eminyakeni engama-30 noma engama-40 ubudala, ekuthunjweni angafinyelela eminyakeni engama-50-60.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Orangutan Cub
Ama-Orangutan achitha iningi lesikhathi sawo eyedwa, abesilisa babelana insimu bodwa, futhi abazulazeli kokunye. Uma lokhu kusenzeka, futhi umuntu obengenayo eqashelwa, umnikazi naye wenza umsindo, akhombise amazinyo futhi asabisane. Lokhu kuvame lapho konke kugcina khona - omunye wesilisa uyavuma ukuthi ubuthakathaka futhi uhamba ngaphandle kokulwa. Ezimweni ezingavamile, ziyenzeka.
Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwama-orangutan kwezenhlalo kwehluke kakhulu kulokho okuyisici sama-gorilla noma ama-chimpanzee - awagcini ngamaqembu, futhi ingxenye enkulu yezenhlalo ingumama nengane, kuyaqabukela kube eziningana. Abesilisa bahlala ngokwehlukana, kuyilapho ama-orangutan aseSumatran enezinsikazi ezingafika kweshumi kowesilisa oyedwa okwazi ukukhwelana.
Ngaphandle kokuthi isikhathi esiningi la ma-orangutan asichitha ngokwahlukana, kwesinye isikhathi ahlangana ngamaqembu - lokhu kwenzeka eduze kwezihlahla zezithelo ezihamba phambili. Lapha bayasebenzisana ngokusebenzisa iqoqo lemisindo.
Ama-orangutan amaSumatran agxile kakhulu ekusebenzisaneni kweqembu; kumaKalimantan orangutan, akuvamile ukuthi kwenzeke. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi lo mehluko ubangelwa inala yokudla kanye nokuba khona kwezilwane ezidla ezinye eSumatra - ukuba seqenjini kuvumela ama-orangutan ukuthi azizwe evikeleke kakhulu.
Abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili ngeminyaka eyi-8-10, abesilisa eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva. Imvamisa kuzalwa izinyane elilodwa, kaningi kangako ngo-2-3. Isikhawu phakathi kwesizukulwane iminyaka engu-6-9, sikhulu kakhulu ezincelisayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuzivumelanisa nezikhathi zenala enkulu yokudla eyenzeka eziqhingini ezinesikhawu esifanayo - kungalesi sikhathi lapho kubonakala ukuqhuma kwezinga lokuzalwa.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi ngemuva kokuzalwa umama ubandakanyeka ekukhuliseni ingane iminyaka eminingana - eminyakeni yokuqala engu-3-4 uyondla ngobisi, futhi ama-orangutan amancane aqhubeka nokuhlala naye ngisho nangemva kwalokho, kwesinye isikhathi kuze kube yiminyaka engu-7-8.
Izitha zemvelo zama-orangutan
Isithombe: Animal orangutan
Njengoba ama-orangutan engaze ehle ezihlahleni, ayizisulu ezinzima kakhulu zezilwane ezizingelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zinkulu futhi zinamandla - ngenxa yalokhu, eKalimantan azikho nakancane izidumbu ezizingela abantu abadala. Udaba oluhlukile ama-orangutan amancane noma amawundlu, izingwenya, izinhlwathi nezinye izidalwa zingaba yingozi kuzo.
ESumatra, ngisho nama-orangutan amadala angazingelwa amahlosi. Kunoma ikuphi, izilwane ezidliwayo aziyona ingozi enkulu kulezi zinkawu. Njengezinye izilwane eziningi, abantu bayingozi enkulu kubo.
Noma behlala emahlathini aminyene asezindaweni ezishisayo kude nempucuko, ithonya lawo lisazwakala namanje. Ama-Orangutan ahlushwa ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi, amaningi awo afela ezandleni zabazingeli abangekho emthethweni noma agcine ephila emakethe emnyama - abaluleke kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ama-Orangutan abuye axhumane nokuthinta - abacwaningi bathole ukuthi basebenzisa inani elikhulu labo - ngaphezulu kwama-60. Ngosizo lwezandla, bangamenyana ukuzodlala noma ukubheka okuthile. Ukushukuma komzimba kusebenza njengokucela ukuzilungisa (leli igama lenqubo yokubeka uboya wenye inkawu ngokuhlelekile - ukususa ukungcola, izinambuzane nezinye izinto zangaphandle).
Baphinde baveze isicelo sokwabelana ngokudla noma ngesidingo sokushiya insimu. Zingasetshenziswa futhi ukuxwayisa ezinye izinkawu ngengozi ezayo - ngokungafani nokukhala, okusetshenziselwa nalokhu, ngosizo lwezandla, isexwayiso singenziwa singabonwa ngumzingeli.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: monkey orangutan
Isimo samazwe omhlaba sazo zontathu izinhlobo ze-orangutan yi-CR (Esengozini).
Inani labantu, ngokuya ngokulinganisela okulinganiselwe, limi ngokulandelayo:
- IKalimantansky - abantu abangu-50 000-60,000, kufaka phakathi cishe i-30,000 wurmbii, i-15,000 morio kanye ne-7,000 pygmaeus;
- ISumatran - cishe izinkawu ezingama-7,000;
- Tapanulsky - abantu abangaphansi kuka-800.
Zonke lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zivikelwe ngokulinganayo, ngoba ngisho nezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu, iKalimantan, ziyafa ngokushesha. Ngisho eminyakeni engama-30 kuya kwengu-40 edlule, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi manje ama-orangutan azonyamalala endle, ngoba amandla ezinombolo zawo ngaleso sikhathi akufakazela lokhu.
Ngenhlanhla, lokhu akwenzekanga, kepha izinguquko ezibalulekile zokuba ngcono azange zenzeke - isimo sisaqhubeka sibucayi. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, lapho ukubalwa okuhlelekile kwaqala ukwenziwa, inani le-orangutan lehle ngamahlandla amane, futhi lokhu noma ngabe kunjalo nangaleso sikhathi kwacekelwa phansi kakhulu.
Okokuqala, kulimaza izilwane ngokunciphisa insimu efanele indawo yazo, ngenxa yokugawulwa okunamandla nokubonakala kwamasimu esundu kawoyela esikhundleni samahlathi. Esinye isici ukuzingela ngokungemthetho. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje kuphela, amashumi ezinkulungwane zama-orangutan abulewe ngabantu.
Inani lama-orangutan aseTapanul lincane kakhulu kangangokuba lisongelwa ukwehla ngenxa yokuzalanisa okungenakugwenywa. Kubamele bezinhlobo, izimpawu ziyabonakala ezibonisa ukuthi le nqubo isiqalile.
Ukuvikelwa kwe-Orangutan
Isithombe: I-Orangutan Red Book
Naphezu kwesimo sezinhlobo ezisengozini enkulu, izinyathelo ezithathiwe ukuvikela ama-orangutan azisebenzi ngokwanele. Okubaluleke kakhulu, indawo abahlala kuyo iyaqhubeka nokucekelwa phansi, futhi iziphathimandla zamazwe ezisalondolozwe endaweni yazo (i-Indonesia neMalaysia) zithatha izinyathelo ezimbalwa zokushintsha isimo.
Izinkawu uqobo zivikelwe yimithetho, kepha ukuzingelwa kwazo kuyaqhubeka, futhi zonke zithengiswa njenge-hedgehog emakethe emnyama. Mhlawumbe, kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, izinga lokuzingelwa ngokungekho emthethweni liyehla. Lokhu sekuyimpumelelo ebalulekile, ngaphandle kwawo ama-orangutan abengasondela nakakhulu ekuqothulweni, kodwa ukulwa nabazingeli abazingela ngokungemthetho, ingxenye enkulu yabo okungabahlali bendawo, akukabi ngokwanele ngokuhlelekile.
Ngasohlangothini oluhle, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zokuvuselela ama-orangutan eKalimantan naseSumatra. Bazama ukunciphisa imiphumela yokuzingela ngokungemthetho - baqoqa amawundlu ayizintandane bese bewakhulisa ngaphambi kokuba badedelwe baye ehlathini.
Kulezi zikhungo, izinkawu ziqeqeshwa kukho konke okudingekayo ukuze ziphile endle. Izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zabantu zidlule kulezi zikhungo - umnikelo wokudalwa kwazo eqinisweni lokuthi inani lama-orangutan lisalondoloziwe likhulu kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Amandla ama-orangutan ngezixazululo ezingavamile abonakala kakhulu kunalawo ezinye izinkawu - ngokwesibonelo, ividiyo ikhombisa inqubo yokwakha i-hammock nguNemo wesifazane ohlala ekuthunjweni. Futhi lokhu kude nokusetshenziswa kwamafindo ngama-orangutan kuphela.
I-Orangutan - uhlobo lwezinkawu oluthakazelisa kakhulu futhi olusalwanele. Ubuhlakani babo kanye nekhono labo lokufunda liyamangalisa, banobungane kulowo muntu, kepha ukubuya kwabo bavame ukuthola isimo esihluke ngokuphelele. Kungenxa yabantu ukuthi basengozini yokuqothulwa, ngakho-ke umsebenzi oyinhloko womuntu ukuqinisekisa ukusinda kwakhe.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 13.04.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-16: 46
