Yak isilwane esikhulu esifakwe inselo, izinhlobo ezingaphandle kakhulu. Isici esingahlukaniswa ngaso nabanye abameleli bohlobo lwejazi yibhantshi elide nelishubile, elenga cishe phansi. Ama-yaki asendle ake ahlala kusukela emaHimalaya kuya eLake Baikal eSiberia, kwathi ngawo-1800 ayesekhona amaningi awo eTibet.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Yak
Izinsalela ze-yak ezifuywayo kanye nokhokho basendle babuyela ePleistocene. Phakathi neminyaka eyizi-10 000 eyedlule, i-yak yathuthuka eQinghai-Tibet Plateau, efinyelela cishe ezigidini ezingama-2,5 km 2.5. Yize iTibet iseyisikhungo sokusatshalaliswa kwe-yak, ama-yak afuywayo asevele etholakala emazweni amaningi, kufaka phakathi nezwekazi laseMelika.
Ividiyo: Yak
I-yak ivame ukubizwa ngezinkomo. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlaziywa kwe-mitochondrial DNA ukuthola umlando wokuvela kwama-yaks bekungacaci. Mhlawumbe i-yak yehlukile ezinkomeni, futhi kukhona iziphakamiso ukuthi ibukeka njengenyathi kunamanye amalungu ohlobo lwayo eyabelwe.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isihlobo esiseduze sezinsalela zezinhlobo zezilwane, iBos baikalensis, sitholakale empumalanga yeRussia, siphakamisa indlela okungenzeka ukuthi okhokho abanjengo-anak benyoni yaseMelika yamanje bangene eMelika.
I-yak yasendle yathanjiswa futhi yafuywa ngabantu baseQiang basendulo. Imibhalo yamaShayina evela ezikhathini zasendulo (ngekhulu lesishiyagalombili BC) ifakazela iqhaza elibekiwe kudala le-yak emasikweni nasempilweni yabantu. I-yak yasekuqaleni yasendle yaqokwa nguLinnaeus ngo-1766 njengo-Bos grunniens ("ama-subspecies we-domestic yak"), kodwa leli gama manje sekukholelwa ukuthi lisebenza kuphela efomini efuywayo, kanti iBos mutus ("inkabi eyisimungulu") igama elithandwayo lasendle amafomu.
Abanye ososayensi bezilwane bayaqhubeka nokubheka i-yak yak yasendle njenge-subspecies yeBos grunniens mutus, ngo-2003 i-ICZN yakhipha umthethonqubo osemthethweni ovumela ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi Bos mutus ezilwaneni zasendle, futhi namuhla sekusetshenziswa kabanzi.
Kukholakala ukuthi i-yak yasekhaya (B. grunniens) - inkunzi enezinwele ezinde etholakala esifundeni saseHimalaya e-Indian subcontinent, ethafeni laseTibetan ngisho nasenyakatho yeMongolia naseRussia - ivela ku-yak yasendle (B. mutus). Okhokho be-yak yasendle nabasekhaya bahlukana futhi basuka eBos primigenius kusuka eminyakeni eyodwa kuya kweziyisihlanu edlule.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Animal yak
Ama-Yaks yizilwane ezakhiwe kakhulu ezinomzimba oqinile, imilenze eqinile, izinselo eziyindilinga, noboya obukhulu obukhulu obukhulu obulenga ngaphansi kwesisu. Ngenkathi ama-yaks asendle evame ukuba mnyama (amnyama ansundu), ama-yaks asekhaya angahluka kakhulu ngombala, anezimagqabhagqabha ezibomvu, ezinsundu no-khilimu ngombala. Zinezindlebe ezincane nebunzi elibanzi elinezimpondo ezimnyama.
Kwabesilisa (izinkunzi) izimpondo ziphuma ezinhlangothini zekhanda, bese ziyagoba phambili, zibe nobude obungu-49 to 98 cm. Izimpondo zezinsikazi zingaphansi kuka-27-64 cm, futhi ziqonde ngqo. Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane banentamo emfushane ene-hump evelele emahlombe, noma lokhu kubonakala kakhulu kwabesilisa. Ama-yak wesilisa asekhaya anesisindo esiphakathi kuka-350 no-585 kg. Abesifazane banesisindo esincane - kusuka ku-225 kuya ku-255 kg. Ama-yaks asendle asinda kakhulu, izinkunzi zinesisindo esifinyelela ku-1000 kg, abesifazane - ama-350 kg.
Ngokuya ngohlobo, ama-yaks abesilisa asekhaya anokuphakama okungu-111-138 cm lapho kubuna, kanti abesifazane - cm 105-117. Ama-yaks asendle yizilwane ezinkulu kakhulu ebangeni lawo. Abantu abadala bangaba ngu-1.6-2.2 m ukuphakama. Ubude bekhanda nomzimba kusuka ku-2.5 kuye ku-3.3 m, ngaphandle komsila kusuka ku-60 kuye ku-100 cm. Abesifazane banesisindo esingaphansi kwesithathu futhi banosayizi oqondile Ngaphansi ngo-30% uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Ama-yaks asemakhaya ayakhononda futhi, ngokungafani nezinkomo, awakhiqizi umsindo wezinkomo ophansi we-mooing umsindo. Lokhu kugqugquzele igama lesayensi le-yak, i-Bos grunniens (inkunzi ekhalayo). UNikolai Przhevalsky uqambe inguqulo yasendle ye-yak - B. mutus (inkunzi ethule), ekholelwa ukuthi akenzi nhlobo imisindo.
Bobabili abesilisa banengubo ende ejiyile enengubo yangaphansi enoboya obukhulu esifubeni, emaceleni nasemathangeni ukuwavikela emakhazeni. Ehlobo, ingubo yangaphansi iyawa bese isetshenziswa abahlali bendawo ngezidingo zasekhaya. Ezinkunzi, ijazi lingakha "isiketi" eside kwesinye isikhathi esifinyelela phansi.
Umsila mude futhi uyafana nowehhashi, hhayi umsila wezinkomo noma wezinyathi. Imibele yezinsikazi kanye nesigaxa samaduna sinoboya futhi sincane ukuvikelwa emakhazeni. Abesifazane banezingono ezine.
Ihlala kuphi i-yak?
Isithombe: Wild yak
Ama-yaks asendle atholakala enyakatho yeTibet + entshonalanga yeQinghai, kanti abanye abantu basakazekela ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeXinjiang naseLadakh eNdiya. Inani elincane, elingalodwa lezinhlobo zasendle nalo liyatholakala kude, ikakhulukazi entshonalanga yeTibet + empumalanga yeQinghai. Esikhathini esedlule, ama-yaks asendle ayehlala eNepal naseBhutan, kepha manje abhekwa njengashabalalayo kuwo womabili la mazwe.
Indawo yokuhlala iqukethe ukuphakama okungenamithi phakathi kuka-3000 no-5500 m, obuswa izintaba namathafa. Zivame ukutholakala e-alpine tundra enekhaphethi elincane kakhulu lotshani nama-sedges, kunokuba kutholakale ezindaweni ezingenalutho.
Iqiniso elithandekayo! I-physiology yesilwane iguqulelwe ekuphakameni okuphezulu, ngoba amaphaphu ayo nenhliziyo kukhulu kunezinkomo ezisezingeni eliphansi. Futhi, igazi linekhono eliyingqayizivele lokuthwala inani elikhulu lomoya-mpilo ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-hemoglobin ye-fetus (fetal) impilo yonke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-yak ahlangabezana nezinkinga ezindaweni eziphansi futhi ahlushwa ukushisa emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-15 ° C. Ukuzivumelanisa namakhaza kuqukethe - ungqimba olunzima lwamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba kanye nokungabikho ngokuphelele kwezindlala zomjuluko.
ERussia, ngaphezu kwama-zoo, ama-yak atholakala kuphela emakhaya asezindaweni ezinjengeTyva (cishe amakhanda ayi-10 000) + i-Altai neBuryatia (ngamakhophi owodwa).
Ngaphandle kweTibet, i-yak yasekhaya ithandwa ngabahambahamba:
- India;
- China;
- ITajikistan;
- IBhutan;
- Kazakhstan;
- Afghanistan;
- Iran;
- Pakistan;
- EKyrgyzstan;
- ENepal;
- Uzbekistan;
- EMongolia.
Ngaphansi kwe-USSR, izinhlobo ezifuywayo ze-yak zashintshwa eNyakatho Caucasus, kepha azange zigxile e-Armenia.
Idla ini i-yak?
Isithombe: Yak ngokwemvelo
I-yak yasendle ihlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezintathu ezinezimila ezihlukile: izimfunda eziphakeme, i-alpine steppe ne-desert steppe. Indawo yokuhlala ngayinye inezindawo ezinkulu zotshani, kepha yehluka ngohlobo lotshani / izihlahlana, inani lezimila, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile nemvula.
Ukudla kwama-yaks asendle kuqukethe ikakhulukazi utshani nama-sedges. Kepha babuye badle izihlahlana ze-moss ngisho nobulembu. Ama-ruminants athutha ngezikhathi ezithile aye emathafeni aphansi ayodla utshani obumnandi kakhulu. Uma kufudumele kakhulu, zihlehlela emathafeni aphakeme ukuze zidle ubulembu nobulembu, eziqothula amatshe ngolimi lwazo olunolaka. Lapho bedinga ukuphuza amanzi, badla iqhwa.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nemfuyo, isisu se-yaks sikhulu ngokungajwayelekile, okukuvumela ukuthi udle inqwaba yokudla okungekho kahle ngasikhathi sinye bese ukugaye isikhathi eside ukukhipha inani eliphezulu lezakhamzimba.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-Yaks adla u-1% wesisindo somzimba wawo nsuku zonke, ngenkathi izinkomo zidinga u-3% ukugcina isimo sazo sokusebenza.
Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo evamile, i-yak nomquba wayo akunaphunga elincane elingatholwa uma ligcinwe kahle emadlelweni noma edokweni elinokufinyelela okwanele kokondla namanzi. Uboya be-Yak buyamelana nephunga.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Yak Red Book
Ama-yaks asendle achitha isikhathi sawo esiningi edlisa, kwesinye isikhathi ehambisa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene kuye ngesizini. Bayizilwane ezifuywayo. Imihlambi ingaba nabantu abangamakhulu amaningana, yize eminingi incane kakhulu. Ngokuyinhloko bahlala emihlambini yabantu aba-2 kuye kwabangu-5 bemfuyo eyodwa eyisi-8 kanye nabantu abayi-8 kuye kwangama-25 emihlambini yabesifazane. Abesifazane nabesilisa bahlala ngokwehlukana cishe unyaka wonke.
Imihlambi emikhulu iqukethe ikakhulukazi abesifazane nezinsana zabo. Abesifazane badla ngamamitha ayi-100 ukuphakama kunabesilisa. Izinsikazi ezinama-yaks amancane zivame ukudla emadlelweni aphakeme kakhulu. Amaqembu kancane kancane aya ezindaweni eziphansi phakathi nobusika. Ama-yaks asendle angaba nolaka lapho evikela abancane noma ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, imvamisa ayabagwema abantu futhi angakwazi ukugijima amabanga amade uma kuthintwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokusho kobufakazi bukaN.
B. ama-grunniens afinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi eneminyaka engu-6-8 ubudala. Ngokuvamile abanendaba nesimo sezulu esifudumele futhi bakhetha amazinga okushisa abandayo. Isikhathi sokuphila se-yak cishe iminyaka engama-25.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Baby Yak
Ama-Wild yaks ahlangana ehlobo, kusuka ngoJulayi kuya kuSepthemba, kuya ngemvelo yendawo. Kuzalwa ithole elilodwa entwasahlobo ezayo. Unyaka wonke, izinkunzi zama-bull ziyazulazula ngamaqembu amancane ama-bachelors kude nemfuyo emikhulu, kepha njengoba isikhathi sokukhwelana sisondela, ziba nolaka futhi zilwe njalo ukuze zenze ukubusa.
Ngaphezu kwezinsongo ezingenabudlova, ukubhonga nezimpondo ziklabalasa phansi, izinkunzi ze-yak nazo ziyaqhudelana ngokuthintana ngokomzimba, zishaya amakhanda azo kaninginingi noma zisebenzisana nezimpondo eziphikisanayo. Njengezinyathi, abesilisa bagingqika enhlabathini eyomile phakathi nomsele, okuvame ukunuka umchamo noma ubulembu.
Abesifazane bangena e-estrus kuze kube kane ngonyaka, kepha bathinteka kuphela amahora ambalwa emjikelezweni ngamunye. Isikhathi sokumitha sithatha ukusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-257 kuya kwezingama-270, ukuze kuzalwe amathole amancane phakathi kukaMeyi noJuni. Insikazi ithola indawo ecashile lapho ingabelethela khona, kodwa ingane ikwazi ukuhamba cishe imizuzu eyishumi ngemuva kokuzalwa, bese kuthi lezi zithandani zihlangane ngokushesha nomhlambi. Izinsikazi, zombili zasendle nezasekhaya, zivame ukuzala kanye kuphela ngonyaka.
Amankonyane alunyulwa ngemuva konyaka bese azimela ngemuva nje kwalokho. Amankonyane asendle aqala ngokusobala ngombala, futhi kuphela kamuva lapho eba nezinwele ezindala ezimnyama. Izinsikazi zivame ukuzala okokuqala eminyakeni emithathu noma emine ubudala futhi zifinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme lokuzala cishe eminyakeni eyisithupha ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo zama-yak
Isithombe: Yak isilwane
I-yak yasendle inomuzwa ojulile wokuhogela, iyaxwayisa, inamahloni futhi ifuna ukubaleka ngokushesha lapho izwa ingozi. Isilwane esinezinselo zibaleka kalula, kodwa uma sithukuthele noma sivalwe ekhoneni, siba nodlame bese sihlasela lowo ongenayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-yak enza ezinye izenzo zokuzivikela, njengokuthimula okukhulu nokuhlasela usongo olubonakalayo.
Izilwane ezidumile:
- Izimpisi zaseTibetan (Canis lupus);
- Abantu (Homo Sapiens).
Ngokomlando, impisi yaseTibetan ibilokhu iyisidlakela semvelo se-yak yasendle, kepha amabhere ansundu nezingwe zeqhwa nakho kubhekwe njengezilwane kwezinye izindawo. Cishe bazingela ama-yaks amancane noma abuthakathaka asendle.
Ama-yak abantu abadala ahlome kahle, anolaka kakhulu futhi aqinile. Iphakethe lezimpisi lingawahlasela kuphela esimweni esikhethekile, uma inani lepakethe likhulu ngokwanele noma eqhweni elijulile. Ama-Bull yaks awangabazi ukuhlasela noma ngubani obalandelayo, kufaka phakathi abantu, ikakhulukazi uma belimele. I-yak ehlaselayo ibamba ikhanda phezulu, futhi umsila wayo onamahlathi uyabhakuzisa ngenqwaba yezinwele.
Ukuzingelwa kwabantu ngokungemthetho kucishe kwabangela ukunyamalala okuphelele kwesilwane. Ngemuva kuka-1900, abelusi baseTibet nabaseMongolia nabezempi babazingela kwaze kwaba sekuqothulweni. Abantu babecishe bacishe babhujiswa futhi yimizamo kuphela yabalondolozi bemvelo eyanikeza ama-yak ithuba lokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Big yak
Kunezici eziningi ezinomthelela ekwehleni kwama-grunniens asendle B. Abantu abakhona balinganiselwa kwabangu-15 000. Ngemisebenzi yabo yokudla kwamadlelo, ama-yak adlala indima ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwezakhi zomzimba emvelweni.
Ngezinselo ezibanzi nokuqina, ama-yak afuywayo awukukhululeka okukhulu kubahlali basezintabeni zaseTibetan. Uboya obuncane bezilwane ezisencane busetshenziselwa ukwenza okokugqoka, kuyilapho uboya obude bama-yaki abadala busetshenziselwa ukwenza izingubo zokulala, amatende, njll. Ubisi lwe-Yak luvame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza inqwaba yebhotela noshizi ezothunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Kwezinye izindawo lapho izinkuni zokubasa zingatholakali khona, umquba usetshenziswa njengophethiloli.
Umlingani wasendle we-B. grunniens wenza imisebenzi eminingi yezomnotho efanayo, yize kungaphansi kancane. Ngaphandle kokuthi iChina isungule izinhlawulo zokuzingela ama-yaks asendle, zisazingelwa. Abalimi abaningi bendawo bababheka njengowukuphela komthombo wabo wenyama phakathi nezinyanga ezinzima zasebusika.
Kukhona nemiphumela engemihle evela emihlambini yezilwane ezinenselo ehlukanisiwe. Ama-yaki asendle aqeda uthango futhi, kwezinye izimo ezimbi kakhulu, abulala ama-yak afuywayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona ama-yak asendle nawasekhaya eduzane, kunethuba lokudluliswa kwezifo.
Yak unogada
Isithombe: Yak esencwadini ebomvu
I-Tibetan Forestry Bureau yenza imizamo ebalulekile yokuvikela ama-yak, kufaka phakathi inhlawulo efinyelela ku- $ 600. Kodwa-ke, kunzima ukucindezela ukuzingela ngaphandle kokuhambahamba okuhambayo. I-yak yasendle ibhekwa njengengavikelekile yi-IUCN namuhla. Phambilini bekuhlukaniswa ukuthi kusengozini enkulu, kepha ngo-1996 lesi silwane sanezelwa ohlwini ngokuya ngesilinganiso esinciphile sokwehla.
I-yak yasendle isongelwa yimithombo eminingana:
- Ukuzingela ngokungekho emthethweni, kufaka phakathi ukuzingela ngokungemthetho, kusalokhu kuyisongo esibi kakhulu;
- Ukucekelwa phansi kwabesilisa ngenxa yomkhuba wabo wokuzula bodwa;
- Ukuwela kwabantu basendle nabasekhaya. Lokhu kungafaka ukudluliswa kwezifo ezilwaneni zezinkomo;
- Ukungqubuzana nabelusi, okudala ukubulala okuphindiselayo ngokuthunjwa kwama-yaks asekhaya ngemihlambi yasendle.
Ngo-1970, i-yak yasendle yayisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Ukuzingela ngokweqile ama-yaks asendle befuna ukudla kubaphoqe ukuba bashiye izindawo ezisethafeni bayozinza ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, ngaphezulu kwama-4500 m nangaphezulu eziqongweni zezintaba endaweni ephakeme ye-6000 m. Abanye abantu basinda ezintabeni zaseChina Kunlun, futhi ngenxa yezindlela zokuvikela zikahulumeni wase-China , namuhla imihlambi yasendle iphinde yavela ezindaweni eziphakathi kwamamitha angu-4000 kuya ku-4500.
Ngenxa yezinyathelo ezifika ngesikhathi zokuvikelwa, i-yak yaqala ukwakha kabusha inani labantu bayo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwasabalala izinhlobo nezinhlobo zokukhula ezingabalulekile. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokufinyelela okuthuthukile ezindaweni eziningi ngokuthuthwa komgwaqo nokwanda kokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho, ukusinda kwama-yaks asendle akuqinisekisiwe.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09.04.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 19.09.2019 ngo-15: 42
